Sophisticated yet simple. THE one stop shop for every leisure centre and municipal pool operator. Saving energy, saving money, saving the planet.

1. Leisure Centres
Heat Pumps, Dehumidifiers,
Heat Recovery & Indoor Pools

2. Agenda
 Company Profile
 What is a heat pump?
 How do they work?
 Leisure Centres - Setting the Scene
 Air Source Heat Pumps
• Space heating and hot water
• Outdoor Pools
• Space cooling and waste heat recovery
 Heat Pump Dehumidifiers
• Indoor Pools & Heat Recovery

3. Heat Pump
Dehumidifiers AW Heat Pumps

4. • UK manufacturer and market leader
in heat pump technology
• Established for over 35 years
• Supplied more Heat pumps in
UK than any other manufacturer
• Manufactured over 250,000 heat pumps to date
• Based at 80,000 sq ft facility in Maldon Essex
• Currently producing circa 10,000 units pa
• Export circa 65% of finished goods
Calorex Profile

5. Calorex
Heat Pumps
Indoor
Swimming Pools
Environmental Climate
Control Systems.
Heat Recovery
&
Dehumidification
Outdoor
Swimming Pools
Air source
heat pumps
Portable
Equipment
Building Dryers
Air Conditioners
Air Movement
Domestic
Heating
Ground & Air source
Heat pumps
Dehumidification
Dehumidifiers
Humidifiers
Heat Recovery
Calorex Product
Applications

6. Services
• Calorex are a UK manufacturer
• Free project appraisals - including site visits
• Free sizing advice and product selection
• Commissioning
• Maintenance contracts
• Extended warranty
• Nationwide service network.
• Over 30 service agents covering UK & Ireland

7. Subject Matter
• Public pools & leisure centres
• Large Indoor pools
• High energy use
• High running costs
• High carbon emissions
• Dehumidification & ventilation
• Heat recovery
• Boiler substitution – replacement or bi-valent
• Case studies

8. South Moorlands
Leisure Centre

9. Setting the Scene
• Large number of Leisure Centres 20-30 yr old
• Existing AHUs often use full fresh air
• Energy use in Leisure Centre with pools is high
• Energy costs rising
• Need to find ways of reducing running cost
• Associated CO2 emissions
• Environmental impact
• Carbon footprint
• Best practice

10. Benchmarks - Dry v Wet
Annual Energy
Use (kWh/m2)
Dry Sports Centre Leisure Pool Centre
Typical Good
Practice
Typical Good
Practice
Electricity 105 64 258 164
Heating Fuel 343 158 1321 573
Ref: ECG078

11. Benchmarks
Leisure Centre with Pools
• Total Area = 2500m2 (pool hall 1090m2)
• Pool Area = 540m2
Leisure Centre
with Pools
Annual Energy Use (kWh/m2)
Typical Good Practice
Electricity 258 164
Heating Fuel 1321 573
Costs £119,250 £59,800
CO2 905 tonne 448 tonne

12. Energy Use
Leisure Centre with Pool

13. Energy Use
Leisure Centre with Pool
2 main uses of energy
• Air Heating 42%
– Ventilation and building losses
• Water heating 17%
– evaporation, back wash & dilution
• Potential for 50% reduction in air heating and pool water
energy use
• Potential to reduce energy use of centre by 29.5%
• Reduction in running costs
• Reduction in associated CO2 emissions

14. Air to Water (Air Source)
Heat Pumps
Heat Pumps can be utilised to provide:-
• Space heating
• Hot water for domestic usage, e.g. bathing, dish
washing etc
• Pool water heating – outdoor & indoor
• Space cooling
• Heat recovery

15. What is a heat pump?
• A heat pump is a thermodynamic device capable of
recovering energy from one medium, enhancing it
and transferring it to another
• Heat pumps are usually based on a refrigeration cycle
• They are often viewed as a ‘fridge in reverse’
• Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of a heat pump is
to provide heating

16. What is a Heat Pump?

17. Air Source

18. Electricity in Heat out
2 kW
8 kW
6 kW
Solar energy from the
air/earth
COP = Energy Out
Energy In
e.g. 8 kW Heat out
2 kW Electricity In
COP = 4 or Efficiency = 400%
Coefficient of Performance

19. COP = Coefficient of
Performance
COP = Total Heat Output
Energy Consumed

20. Space Heating
• Range of commercial heat pumps available
• Heat outputs up to 70kW
• Replace or supplement boilers
• Simple controls, reliable operation

21. Hot Water Production
• Heat Pumps can produce
water at up to 70oC
• Hot water can be used
directly or to pre-heat
incoming mains water
• Energy can be taken form
ambient air
• Energy can be taken from
an internal space to recover
waste heat
• Can be used in conjunction
with, or to replace boiler
• Can be used in conjunction
with solar energy

22. Outdoor Pool
• Pool water heated directly
• Titanium heat exchangers
• Ideal for summer time use
Also applicable to pool water
heating for indoor pool

23. Running Cost Savings
Source:- EON
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
FuelCost(£pa)
Average Annual Fuel Cost Comparison -
Domestic 100m2 New Build (underfloor heating) - (Mar. 2010)
Maintenance
Space Htg
HWS
Cooking
Ltg.+Pwr
Possible
Savings
v Gas - 20%
v Oil - 35%
v LPG - 50%
v Solid - 60%
v Elec - 70%

24. Carbon Emissions Savings
Source:- EON
Comparison of Average Annual CO2 Emissions - 100m2 New Build (underfloor heating) - (Mar. 2010)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
G
SHP
G
SHP(E7)
ASHP
ASHP
(E7)
Electric
Elec.(E7)
G
as(Cond)
G
as
O
il
LPG
Solid
AnnualCO2Emissions(kg)
Space Htg
HWS
Cooking
Ltg.+Pwr
Possible
Savings
v Gas - 25%
v Oil - 40%
v LPG - 40%
v Elec - 60%
v Solid - 70%

25. Space Cooling
Applications
– Cellar cooling
– Kitchen cooling
– Walk in fridge
• Primary goal to cool space
• Either for comfort cooling or to maintain
a storage temperature
• Waste heat is dissipated to hot water
circuit
• No external refrigeration condenser
required
• Sized and controlled on cooling demand
• Ideal for high latent energy cooling loads

26. Waste Heat Recovery
• Primary use to recover waste heat
from an overheated area
• Waste energy is transformed into
useful heat
• Hot water is produced
• Pre-heats buffer tank prior to
calorifiers
• Cooling stops when water up to
temperature
• Sized and controlled on hot water
usage

27. Benefits of Heat Pumps
• Running cost saving
– Dependant on replaced energy
• Payback less than 3 years
– Cooling and waste heat recovery applications
• Significant Carbon savings
– Up to 50% reductions possible
– Helps to achieve carbon reduction targets
• Reduced maintenance costs
– No boiler servicing
• Grants, loans and subsidies available

28. Public Swimming Pools
Municipal Pools and Leisure Centres
• Large surface area
• High usage
• Long hours
• Additional water features
• Large number of occupants
• Spectators

29. Fundamental Requirements
for Pool Complexes
• WATER HEATING
Replenish pool water heat losses
• AIR HEATING
Replenish/maintain pool air above pool temperature
• DEHUMIDIFICATION
Remove moisture from pool hall air
• FRESH AIR
Ventilate at minimum acceptable rates
• HEAT RECOVERY
Use available latent heat

30. Dehumidification
Affects of Uncontrolled Humidity
• Condensation
• Damage to building
• Structural damage
• Damage to fabric, fixtures and fittings
• Mildew and mould growth
• Personal discomfort

31. What do indoor
swimming pools require?
1. A pool temperature of between 28ºC and 30ºC
to make swimming pools suitable for swimmers
2. Pool hall air at 1ºC above pool temperature
to minimise evaporation of pool water
to minimise transmission loss to air
to provide a comfortable condition for occupants
3. Relative Humidity of 55-65%RH
to prevent condensation and damage to building
to provide a comfortable condition for occupants
4. Fresh Air Ventilation at 10 litres/sec/person or
3 litres/sec/m2 pool area
Dilute CO2 build up
reduce airborne chemical build up

32. Fresh Air Requirements
• Number of guides state ventilation rates based on air
change rates in the pool hall
• Traditionally based on using fresh air for dehumidification
• CIBSE Guide B2, section 3.21.7
Overall 4-6 or 8-10 ac/h dependant on use
Fresh Air at 10 l/s/m2 pool hall area & 12 l/s/pers
• SPATA Standard Vol 2, section 3
Fresh Air at 10 l/s/pers & 3 l/s/m2 pool area for dilution of CO2 and
chemicals
• ISRM & ILAM – advice based on air changes
• Any fresh air introduced will need to be heated
• Should be kept to a minimum for occupancy & dilution only

33. Heat Losses from a Pool
There are three major sources of heat loss
• Evaporation from pool – 65%
• Radiation – 20%
• Conduction into ground – 15%
Note
Use of a pool Cover will significantly reduce the
heat losses from a pool and therefore the heat
input required

34. Typical Swimming Pool
Losses
• At 28ºC a pool loses an average of 20 litres/hour
per 100 square metres of pool area
• For a 6 lane 25m standard pool, area 325sqm, this
equates to 65 litres per hour
• The energy content of this moisture is 0.627kWh
per litre
• This equates to 65 x 0.677 = 44kW available to be
recovered
• Recovering this energy will make a significant
contribution to the pool energy usage

35. Dehumidification Systems
There are several types of dehumidification systems
available:-
• 100% Fresh air
• Fresh air and heat recovery
• Partial re-circulation
• Mechanical dehumidifier
• Heat pump dehumidifier
Some offer heat recovery

36. 100% Full Fresh Air

37. 100% Full Fresh Air
• Simple supply and extract AHU
• No heat recovery
• Large air heater battery to maintain pool hall
temperature
• All moisture and heat exhausted
• Approx 6-8 air changes required to give sufficient
dehumidification at peak ambient dew point
• Many existing pools still using this type

38. 100% Full Fresh Air

39. Recuperator
• 100% fresh air, no recirculation
• Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger
• 50-60% efficiency
• At what condition?
• Supply air at -5oC and extract air at 30oC
• Possible modulation of air flow volume to suit duty; eg
lower air flow at night
• Also used; run round coils & rotary wheels

40. Run-around Coils

41. Rotary Wheel
ss ss
ss
ssss
ss
ssss

42. Recuperator &
Recirculation

43. Recuperator &
Recirculation
• Recirculation to give fixed air flow volume
• Fresh air volume modulated to suit DH duty
• Minimum fresh air approx 30% of day time duty during
night time operation
• Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger
• Heat recovery to air only
• Up to 75% efficiency claimed for double pass recuperator
• At what condition? Inlet -5oC, extract 30oC?
• Little or no latent heat recovery

44. Recuperator & Heat Pump

45. Recuperator & Heat Pump
• Heat pump added after recuperator
• Additional heat recovery
• Some latent heat recovery
• Only used on exhaust air
• No heat recovery on by-pass path
• Heat recovery by-passed in summer
• Can offer option of heat recovery to water

46. Desiccant
Fresh Air
Inlet
Heater
Heater
Pool Hall
Wet Air
Exhaust
Exhaust
Air

47. Desiccant
• Uses desiccant dehumidifier to do some DH duty
• Fresh air modulated to suit extra duty required
• Fresh air can be reduced to minimum during
unoccupied periods
• No heat recovery to air or water
• Heat gain through rotor only 50% of regeneration heater
energy use
• Pay twice to evaporate water. Once for pool heating &
then for regen heater to evaporate from desiccant rotor
• Life of rotor 7-10 years

48. Calorex Systems
• Based on heat pump dehumidifiers
• Recovery of Latent heat
• Recovered heat returned to air or water
• Air re-circulated
• Fresh air introduced when required
• Units available for all pool sizes from small domestic
to Olympic sized public pools
• Stand alone units to fully packaged AHUs

49. Calorex HRD System

50. What is a Heat Pump?
• A heat pump is a thermodynamic device capable of
recovering energy from one medium, enhancing it and
transferring it to another
• Heat pumps are usually based on a refrigeration cycle
• They are often viewed as a ‘fridge in reverse’
• Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of a heat pump is
to provide heating

51. A Heat Pump is a
fridge in reverse

52. Types of Heat Pump
• Usually described on
basis of mediums
between which heat is
transferred
• Air to air
• Air to water
• Water to air
• Water to water
• Geothermal or ground
source

53. Heat Pump Cycle

54. COP = Coefficient of
Performance
COP = Total Heat Output
Energy Consumed

55. Why use a Heat Pump?
• Recovered energy
• Energy efficient
• Environmentally friendly
• Lower running costs
• Swimming pool water usually at 28-30oC
• Air temp usually 30oC
• Ideal operating conditions for heat pump
• COP of approx 5
• Efficiency 500%
• Subtract fan energy use, efficiency still 300%

56. Heat Pump Dehumidifier

57. Calorex Variheat System

58. Calorex HRD

59. Calorex HRD

60. Calorex HRD

61. Benefits of HRD
• HRD controls air temp, water temp, humidity and fresh air introduction
• Pool hall air re-circulated
• Fresh air modulated to keep to minimum
• Fresh air volume dependant on air temp, humidity or occupancy
(AQ/CO2) sensor
• Fresh air volume of up to 72% of re-circulated volume
• Energy saving due to latent heat recovery
• Heat recovery to water and air
• Heat recovery to water sufficient to make up all of operational pool
water heat losses
• Save 30-40% of running cost compared to recuperator based system
with variable fresh air
• Significant reduction in associated CO2 emissions

62. Benefits of HRD
• Compact size
• Fully packaged unit including controls
• Controls can be stand alone or utilise local BMS controller
• Smaller LPHW air heater required due to lower fresh air
volumes
• Boiler capacity required therefore reduced compared to
AHU with recuperator
• Associated project costs lower:-
• Boiler
• Controls
• Plant room space

63. HRD Kimbolton School

64. Advantages of Calorex
• Wide product range
• Comprehensive range of options
• Specifically designed for swimming pools
• Established reputation
• High quality and reliability
• Excellent product support, before & after sale
• Continuous product development
• All units factory tested prior to despatch

65. Case Study
Typical Local Authority Leisure Centre
• Main Pool; 25m x 13m
• Learner pool; 13m x 8.5M
• Deck level type
• Water in main pool at 28oC and learner pool at 30oC
• Air at 30oC & 60%RH
• Pool hall volume; 5000m3
• Municipal use, high activity, 16 hrs per day
• No pool covers

66. Willowburn Sports and LC

67. Sizing of Heat Pump
Dehumidifier
Dehumidifiers are sized to cope with the average evaporation
from a pool over a 24 hour period and maintain the correct
humidity, usually 60%RH.
Fresh air is used to assist with humidity loads at times of peak
usage
Factors that influence selection are:-
• Pool surface area
• Water temperature
• Air temperature
• Pool hall volume
• Building heat losses and gains
• Pool cover
• Usage
• PoolCalc selection programme

68. PoolCalc

69. Equipment Selection:-
Calorex
HRD30

70. Evaporation

71. Calorex HRD 30 Data
• Airflow = 9.7m3/s (35,000m3/h)
• Power consumption = 44kW
• Heat recovery = 131kW
(mode A; 117kW to water & 14kW to air)
• Efficiency = 297%
• Air heater = 210kW
• Size = 4.15m l x 1.75m w x 2.53m h

73. Energy Analysis
Energy Usage - kWh
Comparative Energy Use per Annum
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
Full Fresh Air Desiccant AHU Recuperator
AHU
Heat Pump
HRD30
EnergyUse-kWhperannum
Gas Regen
Heater
Gas water
heating
Gas air heating
only, building
losses not
included
Electricity
compressors &
fans included

74. Energy Analysis
Running Costs
Running Cost per Annum
Full Fresh Air
£94,746
Desiccant
AHU
£69,334
Recuperator
AHU
£50,407
Heat Pump
HRD30
£31,885
£-
£10,000
£20,000
£30,000
£40,000
£50,000
£60,000
£70,000
£80,000
£90,000
£100,000
Costperannum
Elec = 6.2p/kWh
Gas = 2.4p/kWh

75. Energy Analysis
CO2 Emissions
CO2 Emissions per Annum
Full Fresh Air
1048
Desiccant
AHU
723
Recuperator
AHU
510
Heat Pump
HRD30
229
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TonnesCO2perannum

76. Leisure Centres
• In Britain there are 1,650 public sites with a total of
2,541 pools (source; Leisure Database Company)
• CO2 saving per site when adopting Heat Pump
technology from 281 to 819 tonnes per annum
• A potential UK wide reduction of between 464,000 and
1,350,000 tonnes CO2 per annum

77. Health Clubs &
School Pools
• There are a further 1,362 private sites with a total of
1,508 pools (source; Leisure Database Company)
• Assume CO2 saving per site is half that of Leisure
Centre, i.e. from 140 to 410 tonnes per annum
• An additional potential UK wide reduction of between
191,000 and 558,000 tonnes CO2 per annum

78. Reference Projects - UK
• Cally Pool, Islington – HRD30
• St Helens Pool, Huntingdon – HRD15
• Camberwell Baths – HRD25
• William de Ferrers Centre, Essex – HRD20
• RJ & AH Hospital Hydrotherapy Pool – HRD25
• Queens Drive Recreation Centre, Liverpool – HRD20
• Pontypool Leisure Centre – HRD30
• Royal Wolverhampton School – HRD20
• Over 250 HRD units installed in pools, worldwide
• 10,000s of Calorex heat pump ventilation units operating in
pools of all sizes in UK and overseas

79. Cally Pool, Islington

80. Running Costs
£64,469
£42,333
£-
£10,000
£20,000
£30,000
£40,000
£50,000
£60,000
£70,000
Energy Cost
Total 08-09
Total 09-10
Reduction: £22,135 in first 7 months or 34%
Project annual reduction: £38,000

81. CO2 Reduction
513
tonne
335
tonne
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
Total CO2 Emission kg
Total 08-09
Total 09-10
Reduction: 177 tonne in first 7 months or 35%
Project annual reduction: 305 tonne

82. • GSHP providing LPHW at 50-55oC in place of
conventional boiler
• Output of LPHW coils reduced, usually flow temperature
80oC.
• 40-50% of rated output!!
• Need to check changed capacity against building and
pool heat loads
• Calorex are only company that can offer complete 100%
heat pump only solution for an indoor pool
• Good viable solution, particularly off gas network
Air/Ground Source Heat Pump
with a swimming pool AHU

83. Ground Source Heat Pump
with a Delta pool AHU

84. GSHP & Variheat

85. ASHP & Variheat

86. GSHP for Indoor Pool
Water Heating
• Operational heat losses of pool made up from recovered energy
if using heat pump heat recovery AHU
• Only water heat load comes from back wash of filters and
dilution for chemical treatment
• Heat up from cold done rarely
• Cost prohibitive to size GSHP for rapid heat up time.
• Limited usage if installed just for limited pool water heat load
• GSHP combined with other loads e.g. pool hall air heating, main
dwelling space heating would be OK

87. GSHP for Outdoor Pool
• Summer Season; March - October
• Use Air Source Heat Pump; e.g. Calorex PPT range
• COP of GSHP fixed at 4
• COP of ASHP variable from 4 when air at 10oC to 6 with
air at 25oC
• Installation cost of ASHP cheaper than GSHP
• Running cost of ASHP cheaper than GSHP
• Conclusion - Install ASHP

88. Funding
• Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs)
– ETL categories for heat pump dehumidifiers – DT14/16
• Carbon Trust & Siemens interest free loan scheme
– Interest free loan over 4 years – Ltd company only
– Payback based on energy saving achieved
– Covers installation costs
• Salix Finance
– Loans and grants for public sector
– Can assist Local Authorities with Carbon and energy saving projects
• Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) - commercial
– Subsidy based on ‘metered’ renewable heat generated
– <100kW; GSHP 4.7p/kWh for 20 years – current
– ASHP; 1.7p/kWh for 20 years - due summer 2013

89. Time for a break
Any Questions?