This document discusses demand-driven acquisition (DDA) models for scholarly books. It provides data from the University of Denver showing high percentages of unused books purchased between 2000-2009, particularly for university press titles. It then outlines the University of Denver's plans to implement a DDA program with YBP and EBL in 2010, including record loading, user request workflows, and assessment measures. Key considerations for implementing DDA programs are discussed. The impacts of DDA on academic publishing, book vendors, collections, and scholars are also addressed.

1. Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for Scholarly Books Becky Clark, Johns Hopkins University Press RBC@press.jhu.edu Matt Nauman, YBP mnauman@ybp.com Michael Levine-Clark, University of Denver michael.levine-clark@du.edu Stephen Bosch, University of Arizona boschs@u.library.arizona.edu Kim Anderson, YBP kanderson@ybp.com

2. Why Demand-Driven Acquisition?

3. University of Denver Data – All Books 2000-2009 252,718 titles (25,272 a year) 46.9% unused (118,387) 2000-2004 126,953 titles 39.6% unused (50,226) FY 2010 Approx $1 million spent on monographs

4. University of Denver Data – University Press Books* 2000-2009 40,058 titles (8,012 a year) 39.7% unused (15,883) 2000-2004 20,277 titles 31.0% unused (6,278) *“University Press” in publisher field

5. University of Denver Use Data (Titles Cataloged 2000-2004) All U.P. 4+ 23,854 (18.8%) 4,029 (19.9%) 3 10,461 (8.2%) 1,954 (9.6%) 2 16,257 (12.8%) 3,134 (15.5%) 1 26,155 (20.6%) 4,882 (24.1%) 0 50,266 (39.6%) 6,278 (31.0%)

6. University of Denver Use Data (U.P. Titles Cataloged in 2000) Ever Used Used 2005 or Later 4+ 932 (22.1%) 882 (20.1%) 3 424 (10.0%) 349 (8.3%) 2 682 (16.1%) 439 (10.4%) 1 968 (22.9%) 475 (11.2%) 0 1,217 (28.8%) 2,078 (49.2%)

7. The Universe of Titles 170,663 books published in the U.S. in 2008* 53,869 books treated on approval by Blackwell in FY 2008 (North America) 23,097 forms generated in FY 2008 4,687 titles ordered from forms *Library and Book Trade Almanac 2009, p. 506 (preliminary data).

8. Everything is Different Users expect everything instantly Born-digital books shouldn’t go out of print We’re more accountable to our administrations Budget Shelf space

9. Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model Two basic reasons for changing models: ROI – return on investment In a digital world dominated by network level discovery and access - it is not about the local collection anymore, follow the users.

11. Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model Circulation data by publisher is hard to gather since publisher is not a field in a MARC record that is “normalized” so many versions of a publisher could exist. A rough working of our data shows that overall the average rate for circulating titles was about 55% for University Presses. The larger University Presses do have higher rates of circulation than do the smaller presses.

12. Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model ROI – in since 2000: Total # of books purchased 448,840 Total exp for books $ 24,531,340 Total # 0 circ books 237,885 Total exp for 0 circ books $ 13,001,610 Shelving costs $ 2,440,582 Processing costs $ 3,394,622 Total cost of 0 circ books $ 18,836,814

13. Rethinking Monographic Acquisition: Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model Network level discovery and access: This is where our users are going and we need to have business models that support that type of user experience - not building local collections. Users must have the broadest possible access w/o dead ends – one way or another they need to be able to quickly obtain the discovered information.

14. Is this what the digital natives will find useful as a library? OR

15. Is this the future “collection”?

16. How We’re Implementing Demand-Driven Acquisition

18. Developing a DDA Plan for DU Jan 2009: Begin conversations with Blackwell Spring 2009: Begin conversations with EBL Summer/fall 2009: EBL/Blackwell platform development Dec 2009: YBP/Blackwell announce merger Jan 2010: Begin conversations with YBP Spring 2010: Implement DDA with EBL Spring 2010: Plan DDA with YBP

19. The University of Denver Plan Program will begin July 2010 Print and Electronic Books YBP and EBL Forms No fiction, reprints, or textbooks Discovery through the catalog POD (eventually) Automatic approval books will continue to come automatically (for now)

20. The User Experience Discovery (catalog) Print and/or ebook(s) Request (catalog) Fast, seamless Ordering Baker & Taylor and Alternative Sources Rush (in some cases) Drop Ship (in some cases)

21. Assessment Feedback Form (p) At Request At Delivery Slip “Ordering” (p) Use Data (p and e)

22. Developing the Demand Driven Acquisitions Program

23. What Does Demand Driven Mean? Possible Workflows YBP provides the title catalog records Profiled each week from approval plan input Weekly batch record load based on that title list Library loads records into catalog Full Record (OCLC Plus service from YBP) Brief records Load to OCLC WorldCat Local

24. What Does Demand Driven Mean? Possible Workflows Button for users to request the book Options available to user (format, rush, normal, notify, don’t notify?) Acquisitions retrieves requests daily and places orders

25. University of Kansas DDA Workflow

26. KU Uses a Special Location for Patron Choice Titles

27. Full record in KU OPAC Identifier in catalog record so Patron Choice records can easily be removed after 6 months

29. Considerations for DDA Allow duplication between e and print formats? Mirror existing approval plan profile, or set up a separate profile? Budget control – monitoring so funds are available for duration of program or fiscal year Must patrons authenticate to request a title?

32. Metrics What type of material was requested? By subject By publisher By Format What was the ratio of records to requests? By Subject For Print For Digital

33. Metrics What were the fulfillment times? To the library To the Patron What was the Patron Type? Faculty Graduate Students Undergraduate Students

34. Metrics What was the distribution of requests across subjects? How did DDA requests compare to Librarian selections? What savings did the institution experience? Materials costs Staff costs

35. Was the Patron Satisfied?

36. Implications

37. Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model What about? Collections of record Current structures and processes in collection management and acquisitions Traditional user expectations

38. Impact on Scholars Will they be able to browse the collection? get books as needed? get older books?

39. Impact on Libraries What about Interlibrary Loan? Blur between ILL/Acquisitions eBook Rental Replaces ILL? Are we still building collections, or are we just buying books?

40. PDA will force changes in the way content moves from publishers to academic libraries There will be implications throughout the supply chain Four reasons PDA may be the way of the future: Current model breaking down Better technology exists for library decisions Changing mission of academic libraries Economic conditions

41. How we got here and where we might be going Collections have been built by Approval Plans “Just in Case” Collections Problems include budgets, space & usage statistics Better technology makes new models possible One model for getting started Core, must have titles PDA based on subject & publisher profiles Includes print and ebooks Integration with aggregator partners “Just in Time” Ordering

42. Impact on Academic Publishing Print Books “Fewer books, fewer copies, higher prices” Frontlist sales will be reduced Possible reduction in total copies sold Both can lead to higher prices Maybe some titles won’t be published, or Published in another format

43. Impact on Academic Publishing Ebooks Pilot libraries want E-Preferred PDA Libraries and vendors working on electronic collection development services Increased pressure for simultaneous P and E Increased pressure on vendor for discovery and delivery systems Potential for Ebooks first backed by POD Usage-based pricing

44. Impact on Book Vendors New value and service proposition Must provide an infrastructure for PDA MARC records prior to purchase Rush order and delivery for print Improved discoverability & delivery Print on Demand options Direct to Consumer options New processing options for print books

45. Impact on Book Vendors Vendors also forced to replace lost revenue Potential for a new business model Based on charging for services Decrease library’s cost-per-use Vendors and publishers will cooperate to make sure titles are discovered PDA has to be built while maintaining traditional services