trabalho 9º ano inglês. realizado por tiago dias

1. Trabalho realizado por Tiago Dias 9º B
Ano lectivo 2010/2011
Professora Manuela Quelhas, Disciplina de
inglês

2. “let us place there, carved high, as close to heaven as we
can, the works of our leaders, their faces, to show posterity
what manner of men they were. Then breathe a prayer that
these records will endure until the wind and the rain alone shall
wear them away"
The
black
hills

3. Mount Rushmore national memoiral is a sculpture of the
heads of some USA presidents with 18 meters occupying
an area of 5.17Km² .
It’s a national and universal icon of the USA which was built
during the American supremacy after WW I.
(left to right)
Sculptures
of George
Washington,
Thomas
Jefferson, Theodore
Roosevelt and
Abraham Lincoln
“America will march along that skyline”

4. • Mount Rushmore national memoiral is carved in mount
rushmore (granite), in the black hills(near keystone, south
Dakota, USA.

5. • The sacred territory of mount rushmore belonged
to the lakota tribes and had been granted to them
in the treaty of fort laremy from 1866 but it was
conquered between 1876-1877 during the great
sioux war (Manifest destiny – the American
westward expansionist idea and resources)
Manifest Destiny - An Allegorical Painting by John Gast 1872

6. Map Legend:
Yellow - Lakota Nation:
Reserved by the 1868
Treaty
orange - 1876: Lakota
reservation after the US
ocupation
Red - Lakota
reservations after 100
years of court actions
Later, sioux build a monument

7. 1885 – Charles Rushmore, a
businessman and lawyer goes
in an expedition to the
mountains previously known by
the Lakota Sioux as “Six
grandfathers” to see the mine
Etta (gold) in which he was
investing
Charles rushmore
• During a trip he asked the name of the mountain to his
friend, Mr.Challis who was a guide. Challis answered:
"Never had any but it has now - we'll call the thing
Rushmore."

8. • In 1923, after reading about stone mountain, South
Dakota historian Doane robinson was the first having the
idea of carving notable Sioux such as Red Cloud" and
other Western figures into the needles (mountain in
black hills)in order to promote tourism in the region
Left- the
needles
Right –
Doane
Robinson

9. • In 1924, Gutzon Borglum, who
was descrived as
stubborn, insistent, temperame
ntal, perfectionist and
proud, was invited by
Robinson.
(Artist and painting)

10. • This memoiral was mainly
financialy supported by the klu-
klux-klan.
• A tension between him and the
officials of stone mountain grew
and he smashed the plaster
models
Civil war confederation
• None of his work remains, as it heroes:Thomas Jefferson,
was all cleared General Robert E. Lee,
“Stonewall” jackson
it isn’t clear if he was
associated to kkk just
because some of his chiefs
at stone mountain were
too. (bootlicker)

11. • August 1925 - Borglum
realizes that the needles
weren’t the suitable place
to carve.
• He chooses the mount
rushmore, a bigger
mountain which faces
southeast and has
maximum exposition to
Mt. Rushmore before carving
the sun
Borglum also decided that the monument should have a
national theme and chose four important presidents
"America will march along that skyline.”

12. • George Washington
was selected for
Mount Rushmore
because he was the
father of USA and
represents the struggle
for independence,
constitution and liberty

13. • Thomas Jefferson was to
be honored on Mt.
Rushmore as the author of
the Declaration of
Independence and for the
expansion of USA through
the Louisiana Purchase.

14. Theodore Roosevelt, the
third bust on Mount
Rushmore was selected
because he acquired
Panama Canal linking the
oceans and opening the
connecting waters of the
East and the West.

15. Lincoln was chosen for
preserving the Union
through one of America's
darkest hours and for the
ideals of freedom and
equality for all. (civil war)

16. • 1927 President Coolidge
spends the summer in the
black hills
• August 1927 – Borglum
invites Coolidge to write the
entablature
• 4 October 1927 – Carving
starts
Calvin Coolidge

17. • the entablature -
explanatory inscription
• “You can’t “send that carved
mountain in to the future
without identification.
• In his imagination, the
inscription would be written
in English, Latin, and
Sanskrit (wife had studied)
– like roseta stone
First, he asked Coolidge to write it: (1927)
"Mr. Coolidge! As the first president who has taken part in this great
undertaking, please write the inscription to be carved on that mountain!
We want your connection with it shown in some other way than just by
your presence! I want the name of Coolidge on that mountain!"

18. June 1929 -In the last days of his presidency, Coolidge
established The Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Commission and John Boland is named president of it
The bill also provided a quarter million dollars for the
project.
• (official and financial support)
1930 Borglum releases the entablature text written by
coolidge with some “edits” which provoked some polemics
“perhaps Coolidge should edit Borglum's designs for
Rushmore? “

19. 1931 Thomas jefferson would be at
washington’s right, but the rock was
found to be unsuitable and the initial
work demolished with dynamite
With this change of place, the
entablature couldn’t be included on
the front side and borglum insisted
carving it on mountain’s
backside, facing the hall of
records.???
1933 stone at washington’s left is
removed to carve there Thomas
Jefferson

20. • 1934 One year after Coolidge death
(legal problems),Borglum
announces in Hearst newspapers
that the text for the Entablature will
be written by the winner of a
national contest;
• the challenge is to write a history of
the U.S. in five hundred words.
(polemics)
An judjing comittee with VIP’s like Roosevelt is constituted and the contest gets
extremely popular, (nathional news and 100.000 entries).
Winners in several age groups)
As it happened, Borglum read the winning essays, and
rejected them all. He had no desire to carve any of them on
his monument, and would write another text himself.
4 July 1934 –washington face is dedicated

21. • 1935 Lincoln is carved where the
entablature was meant to be
• 1936 –thomas Jefferson face is
dedicated
• 1936, engineer julian spotts
joined the team to improve
infrastructure and access to the
monument.
• 1937 request for financial help for
the face of Susan Anthony but the
Susan Brownell
congress denies it, demanding Anthony was a
that the money must only be prominent women
spent on the figures already rights leader
started (wwII and depression) (suffrage)

22. When he was at Rushmore, Borglum would
be climbing all over the mountain and all
over the hills, to determine the best angle
for each feature, and advising
the carvers on how to create the nuanced
details that might not even be visible from
below.
"I must see, think, feel and draw in Thor's
dimension”
there were long periods in which Borglum
was lobying for money in washington Dc
and around the world where he leaved his
assistents (including his son, lincoln) to

23. 1939 - July 2: The Theodore Roosevelt
head is dedicated.
Work on the Hall of Records is stopped
because of the dangerous working
conditions.
Korczak Ziolkowski is hired as an
assistant, but works there only 19 days,
and leaves after a brawl with Lincoln
Borglum. Ziolkowski will go on to carve
a bigger memoiral for Crazy Horse on
another mountain in the Black Hills.

24. 1939- The Sculptor's studio
display of unique plaster
models and tools related to
the sculpting was built under
the direction of Borglum.
“Borglum favored
muscular, dynamic poses for his
subjects, and he also liked to
make art on a large scale.”

25. 1941 - March 6: Gutzon Borglum dies from complications from
surgery (anembolism).
Lincoln Borglum is asked by the Park Service to finish the heads.
The Memoiral should be from waist to head but financial
complications don’t allow to do that.
Borglum had also planned a massive panel commemorating
territorial acquisitions
October 31: Last day of carving.

26. 1959 – Mount Rushmore is (isn´t) the
site of a climactic chase in Alfred
Hitchcock's thriller, North by Northwest.

27. • 1973 The history of Wounded Knee
(1970) would spur American Indian
Movement (A.I.M.) activists to occupy
the site in 1973. The FBI became
involved and a tense standoff
resulted in the death of two Native
Americans and injury to others on
both sides.
• 1975 - A bronze plate with Burkett's
winning Entablature essay is erected
in the sculptor’s studio.
• (Burkett’s fame and death –monterey
– california)
• 1991 George Bush officialy dedicates
mount rushmore

28. • Borglum literally had in mind to
send the history of USA to future
civilizations
• 1998- August 9:
• The Hall of Records is completed
as a time-capsule containing a
vault with sixteen porcelain enamel
panels. The panels include the text
of the Declaration of
Independence and the
Constitution, biographies of the
four presidents and Borglum, and
the history of the U.S
• Access to the Hall of Records is
closed to the public
• (national treasure II)

29. • Sculptor Gutzon Borglum began drilling
into the 1,74km mountain in 1927, at the
age of 60.
• Creation of the Shrine of Democracy took
14 years and cost a mere $1 million.
• Rushmore's granite faces are
1,68kmabove sea level.
• The carvings on Mount Rushmore are
scaled to men who would stand 141,73m
tall.
• Each head on Mt. Rushmore is as tall as
a six-story building.
• More that 362 873 896 kilograms of stone
were removed from Mount Rushmore
while carving the presidents.
• Each president's face is as tall as the
entire Great Sphinx of Egypt, measuring
18 m from the chin to the top of the head.
• The president's noses are 6m long, each
mouth 5.5m wide and the eyes are 3,4m
feet across.
• The workers had to climb 506 steps daily
to get to the top of Mount Rushmore.
• No workers died

30. • The Avenue of Flags leads from
the Concession Building to the
Grandview Terrace. The flags of
the 56 states and territories line
either side of the walkway
Nowadays, Mounth Rushmore
is the top tourist attraction and
receives two million visits
(2004)

31. • The Lincoln Borglum
Museum is located in the Mount
Rushmore National Memorial. It
features two 125-seat theaters
that show a 13-minute movie
about Mount Rushmore. One of
the best viewpoints is located at
Grandview Terrace, above the
Museum. The Presidential Trail,
a walking trail and boardwalk,
starts at Grandview Terrace and
winds through thePonderosa
pine forests to the Sculptor's
Studio, providing close-up views
of the memorial

32. • The newly renovated Carvers
Café, with seating for
300, offers visitors a delicious
array of food
selections, served with a
commanding view of the
presidential sculptures.

34. • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/sfeature/pop_c
arving.html
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/sfeature/sf_foot
age.html

35. • I appreciated this work proposition about an icon
because it enriches us culturally.
• Mount Rushmore symbolizes America and her history
and is a beautiful and mysterious monument which not
everyone know about; This is why I chose Rushmore
memoiral