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Social Kapital i
organisationer


         Thomas Møldrup
    Stud. Cand. Informationsvidenskab
      thomas.moeldrup@gmail.com
             +45 61304987
Dagsorden

• Hvad er social kapital?
• Hvad betyder social kapitalorganisation?
                              for evnen til
  at skabe og dele viden i en
• Hvordan kansocial kapital? at
              IT anvendes til
  understøtte
Konkurrencemæssige fordele opnås gennem bedre interaktioner

                                                  •   Jo mere vidensintensiv en
                                                      branche jo større forskel i
                                                      konkurrenceevne

                                                  •   Organisationer som er bedre til
                                                      at understøtte “tacit
                                                      interactions” besidder en vigtig
                                                      og ikke kopierbar
                                                      konkurrencefordel

                                                  •   Hvad er det der gør at
                                                      medarbejdere i nogle
                                                      organisationer har mere
                                                      værdifulde ‘tacit interactions’
                                                      end andre?

                                                  •   Human kapital?

                                                  •   Psykologisk kapital?

                                                  •   Social kapital (S.C.)?
Det er en kombination af indstilling (psykologisk
 kapital), viden (human kapital) og evnen til at skabe
resultater igennem værdifulde relationer med andre
                    (social kapital)
Hvad er social kapital?
•   En definition: “the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded
    within, available thorugh, and derived from the network of relationships
    possessed by an individual or social unit” (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998, p.243)

•   er akkumulativ (jo mere man har jo større vækst)

•   er en produktiv kraft på linje med human kapital og finansiel kapital

•   kan konverteres til andre kapitalformer

•   Mindskes ikke ved brug (tværtimod, use it or loose it)

•   Er et udtryk for sammenhængskraft (organisatorisk lim bestående af
    tillid, normer og sociale netværk)

•   Skabelse af S.C. (tillid, normer, soc. netværk) bygger på et princip om
    reciprocitet

•   Et eksempel på S.C. betydning for individet (dette oplæg)
Forskellige typer af social kapital


•   Bonding S.C: Relationer mellem homogene
    grupper (ex. familie, nære venner m.m)
•   Bridging S.C: Relationer mellem heterogene
    grupper (ex. venner, bekendte, kollegaer)
Fordele ved social kapital i organisationer

 •   Studier viser at virksomheder med en større social kapital kan opnå og
     vedligeholde en større konkurrenceevne (Cohen & Prusak, 2001; Greve & Bonassi, 2006; Nahapiet
     & Ghoshal, 1998; Fukuyama, 1999 m.fl)


 •   Styrker videndeling (pga. af netværk, tillid, normer)

 •   Reducerer transaktionsomkostninger (tillidsfulde relationer reducerer
     behov for kontrolstrukturer)

 •   Reducerer omkostninger forbundet med rekruttering, træning og
     fastholdelse af medarbejdere (pga. større trivsel)

 •   Øger sammenhæng i beslutninger (pga. fælles referencerammer og mål)
Hvad kan vi anvende teorien om social
              kapital til?



•   S.C. giver en forståelsesramme for videndelingsprocesser mellem
    individer og større netværk

•   Som med andre kapitalformer kan man demonstrere, analysere,
    investere, og arbejde med S.C.
Hvad betyder social kapital for evnen til
at skabe og dele viden i en organisation?
Social kapital fremmer skabelsen af viden
                                           Nahapiet and Ghoshal

                                                FIGURE 1
                          Social Capital in the Creation of Intellectual Capital
                                                                                                                          • Skabelsen af
                                                        Combination and                          Creation of new
                                                                                                                             organisatorisk viden
                                -
                                b
               Social capital                              exchange of                             intellectual
                                                                              ------)
                                                                                                                             forløber gennem en
                                                       intellectual capital                          capital
                                                                                                                             kombination og
                                                                                                                             udveksling af
                                                                                                                             eksisterende viden.

                                                                                                                          • Mængden og
                                                                                                                             sammensætningen af
                                                                                                                             S.C. i en organisation har
       (B)Cognitive dimension                                                                                                stor indflydelse på
                                                                                                                             processens succes
   Shared codes and language
            Shared narratives
                                                                                                                          • S.C. understøtter og
                                                                                                                             maksimerer denne
                                                                                                                             videnskabelsesproces
      (C)Relational dimension




                                                                                        Kilde: Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998


                                                       therefore limits the richness of the present ex-
titular structural configurations, such as those
                                                       ploration a n d identifies a n important area for
displaying strong symmetrical ties, have consis-
                                                       future work.
tently been shown to be associated with such
relational facets a s interpersonal affect a n d
trust (Granovetter, 1985; Krackhardt, 1992). Simi-
Social kapital understøtter læring og vækst
                                                                                                             I JK9$3$&%L1/9



                                            !quot;#$quot;%&'()$*
                                                                                                                              • Ikke-fysiske ressourcer
                                                                                                                                har indflydelse på
                                                                                                                                bundlinjen
                    /$+)72-&3&-@(A-$#-quot;'@                                                        *$+,-.(A-$#-quot;'@
                                                             !+%'JHquot;$8
                                                          A.#$quot;.+5)quot;$(B#57quot;
 9&%#%2&#5
                                                                                                                              • S.C. understøtter
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;       481$+3quot;(6+0-                 4%2$quot;#0quot;(D00quot;-               LM1#%)(?quot;3quot;%7quot;                  L%.#%2quot;
                                                                                                                                Human og
                    A-$72-7$quot;                    K-&5&=#-&+%                 <11+$-7%&-&quot;0               670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;

                                                                                                                                Organisatorisk kapital
                                                      670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;(/$+1+0&-&+%
                                                                                                                              • Organisationer med en
 670-+8quot;$          /$&2quot;        C7#5&-@    D3#&5#E&5&-@   Aquot;5quot;2-&+%   97%2-&+%#5&-@   Aquot;$3&2quot;    /#$-%quot;$0.&1      F$#%)
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;                                                                                                                     større S.C. har en
                                  /$+)72-(G(Aquot;$3&2quot;(D--$&E7-quot;0                            ?quot;5#-&+%0.&1           48#'quot;
                                                                                                                                forøget evne til at
                                          670-+8quot;$(>#%#'quot;8quot;%-                 4%%+3#-&+%            ?quot;'75#-+$@(#%)(A+2&#5
               <1quot;$#-&+%0(>#%#'quot;8quot;%-
                                                                                                                                konvertere ikke-fysiske
                                               /$+2quot;00quot;0                       /$+2quot;00quot;0                 /$+2quot;00quot;0
                      /$+2quot;00quot;0
 4%-quot;$%#5                                                                                                                       ressourcer til
               +!,**-'                     +!%-%1quot;2/3                   +?**/#quot;,32quot;'(@4              +F3D2#/39%3quot;
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;                                                                                                                     handlinger, der giver
               +.#/0,1quot;2/3                 +:1;,252quot;2/3                 +7A4(./#quot;B/-2/               +!$B%quot;'($30(G%$-quot;>
               +425quot;#26,quot;2/3               +7%quot;%3quot;2/3                   +4%52&3C4%D%-/*              +F9*-/'9%3quot;
                                                                                                                                konkurrencefordele
               +7258()$3$&%9%3quot;            +<#/=quot;>                      +E$,31>                      +H/99,32quot;'



                                                             :78#%(6#1&-#5
!quot;#$%&%'(#%)
   *$+,-.                                                  4%;+$8#-&+%(6#1&-#5

 /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;                                            <$'#%&=#-&+%(6#1&-#5
                      675-7$quot;                    !quot;#)quot;$0.&1              D5&'%8quot;%-                        Hquot;#8,+$I




                                                            Social Capital
Udfordringer ved måling af S.C.


•   Ikke færdigudviklet teoriapparat

•   Ingen standard formel til at måle S.C.

•   Yderst kontekstuel (en given form af S.C. kan være gavnlig i én kontekst
    men ligegyldig eller ligefrem skadelig i en anden)

•   Svært at adskille årsag og virkning (ex. er tillid både en betingelse og
    effekt af S.C.)

•   En ikke-fysisk resource (viden er svær at måle, S.C. endnu sværere)
Metoder til at måle S.C.


•   En kombination af kvantitative og kvalitative metoder

•   Visuel kortlægning af relationer og netværk (SNA)

•   Spørgeskemaer

•   Deltagende observation

•   Dybdegående Interviews
Hvordan kan IT anvendes til at understøtte skabelsen
       og vedligeholdelsen af social kapital?
IT understøttelse af forretningdomæner

                                                                                                             I JK9$3$&%L1/9



                                            !quot;#$quot;%&'()$*                                                                      • Udbredt IT-
                                                                                                                                understøttelse af tre
                                                                                                                                øverste domæner
                    /$+)72-&3&-@(A-$#-quot;'@                                                        *$+,-.(A-$#-quot;'@
                                                             !+%'JHquot;$8
                                                          A.#$quot;.+5)quot;$(B#57quot;
 9&%#%2&#5                                                                                                                    • Større behov for at
                                          ERP
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;                                                                                                                     understøtte “Tacit
                  481$+3quot;(6+0-                 4%2$quot;#0quot;(D00quot;-               LM1#%)(?quot;3quot;%7quot;                  L%.#%2quot;
                    A-$72-7$quot;                    K-&5&=#-&+%                 <11+$-7%&-&quot;0               670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;
                                                                                                                                Interactions”

                                                                                                                              • Læring af tavs viden er
                                                      670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;(/$+1+0&-&+%
 670-+8quot;$          /$&2quot;        C7#5&-@    D3#&5#E&5&-@   Aquot;5quot;2-&+%   97%2-&+%#5&-@   Aquot;$3&2quot;    /#$-%quot;$0.&1      F$#%)
                                                                                                                                en social proces som
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;
                                                                                                                                kræver interaktion
                                  /$+)72-(G(Aquot;$3&2quot;(D--$&E7-quot;0                            ?quot;5#-&+%0.&1           48#'quot;


                                               CRM
                                          670-+8quot;$(>#%#'quot;8quot;%-                 4%%+3#-&+%            ?quot;'75#-+$@(#%)(A+2&#5
               <1quot;$#-&+%0(>#%#'quot;8quot;%-

                                                                                                                              • IT understøttelse af
                                               /$+2quot;00quot;0                       /$+2quot;00quot;0                 /$+2quot;00quot;0
                      /$+2quot;00quot;0
 4%-quot;$%#5
                                                                                                                                læring - Sociale medier
               +!,**-'                     +!%-%1quot;2/3                   +?**/#quot;,32quot;'(@4              +F3D2#/39%3quot;
/quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;    +.#/0,1quot;2/3                 +:1;,252quot;2/3                 +7A4(./#quot;B/-2/               +!$B%quot;'($30(G%$-quot;>
               +425quot;#26,quot;2/3               +7%quot;%3quot;2/3                   +4%52&3C4%D%-/*              +F9*-/'9%3quot;
               +7258()$3$&%9%3quot;            +<#/=quot;>                      +E$,31>                      +H/99,32quot;'



                                                             :78#%(6#1&-#5


                                              Social Media
!quot;#$%&%'(#%)
   *$+,-.                                                  4%;+$8#-&+%(6#1&-#5

 /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot;                                            <$'#%&=#-&+%(6#1&-#5
                      675-7$quot;                    !quot;#)quot;$0.&1              D5&'%8quot;%-                        Hquot;#8,+$I
Hvordan påvirker Internettet S.C?


•   Diskussionens to poler
     •   Internet skader S.C. Internet ses som en platform for
         underholdning og informationssøgning, og er en asocial aktivitet
         (Putnam, 2000)


     •   Internet fremmer S.C. Internet ses som et social medie der
         fremmer interaktioner og kommunikation (Williams, 2006)

•   Social software kan booste skabelsen af især
    bridging S.C.         (KPMG, 2007; Vilanova et al. 2003; Ellison & Steinfeld, 2007, Williams 2006)
Hvordan kan vi målrettet anvende IT til at understøtte
          forskellige dimensioner af S.C?
Komponenter i Social Software understøtter
               forskellige dimensioner af social kapital

                                           Komponenter     Dimensioner
                                              Groups
                Presence
                                                            Strukturel
                                            Reputation
                                           Relationships
   Sharing                 Relationships

                                             Presence        Kognitiv
                Identity
                                              Sharing
                                           Conversations
                                                            Relationel
Conversations                Reputation

                                              Identity
                Groups




        Technology Platform
Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis


                             Presence



                Sharing                 Relationships



                             Identity



             Conversations                Reputation


                              Groups




                             Flickr
Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis


                              Presence


                Sharing                  Relationships



                              Identity



             Conversations                 Reputation


                              Groups




                             Twitter
Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis


                             Presence



                Sharing                 Relationships



                             Identity



             Conversations                Reputation


                             Groups




                             Digg
Referencer
•   The McKinsey Quarterly, “Competitive advantages from better interactions” 2006, number 2

•   Nahapiet, Janine and Sumantra Ghoshal, “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the
    Organizational Advantage”, Academy of Management review, 1998 (23:2), p. 244-266

•   Cohen, D., Prusak, L. In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work,
    Harvard, Harvard Business School Press 2001

•   Greve, A. Benassi, M. & Sti, A.D. “Exploring the contributions of human and social capital to
    productivity”. Forlag ukendt, 2006.

•   Fukuyama, F. The great disruption: human nature and the reconstitution of social order. New
    York, The Free Press. 1999 368p.

•   Kaplan, R., and Norton, D. Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Harvard
    Business Review, July 2004 pp. 52-63.

•   Williams, D. On and off the 'net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer-
    Mediated Communication, 2006, 11(2), article 11.

•   KPMG Rapport, Enterprise 2.0. Fad or Future, 2007

•   Vilanova, E. & Josa, R. Social capital as a managerial phenomenonTampere University of
    Technology, 2003

•   Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. The benefits of Facebook quot;friends:quot; Social capital and
    college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated
    Communication, 2007, 12(4), article 1.

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Social Kapital I Organisationer

  • 1. Social Kapital i organisationer Thomas Møldrup Stud. Cand. Informationsvidenskab thomas.moeldrup@gmail.com +45 61304987
  • 2. Dagsorden • Hvad er social kapital? • Hvad betyder social kapitalorganisation? for evnen til at skabe og dele viden i en • Hvordan kansocial kapital? at IT anvendes til understøtte
  • 3. Konkurrencemæssige fordele opnås gennem bedre interaktioner • Jo mere vidensintensiv en branche jo større forskel i konkurrenceevne • Organisationer som er bedre til at understøtte “tacit interactions” besidder en vigtig og ikke kopierbar konkurrencefordel • Hvad er det der gør at medarbejdere i nogle organisationer har mere værdifulde ‘tacit interactions’ end andre? • Human kapital? • Psykologisk kapital? • Social kapital (S.C.)?
  • 4. Det er en kombination af indstilling (psykologisk kapital), viden (human kapital) og evnen til at skabe resultater igennem værdifulde relationer med andre (social kapital)
  • 5. Hvad er social kapital? • En definition: “the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available thorugh, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or social unit” (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998, p.243) • er akkumulativ (jo mere man har jo større vækst) • er en produktiv kraft på linje med human kapital og finansiel kapital • kan konverteres til andre kapitalformer • Mindskes ikke ved brug (tværtimod, use it or loose it) • Er et udtryk for sammenhængskraft (organisatorisk lim bestående af tillid, normer og sociale netværk) • Skabelse af S.C. (tillid, normer, soc. netværk) bygger på et princip om reciprocitet • Et eksempel på S.C. betydning for individet (dette oplæg)
  • 6. Forskellige typer af social kapital • Bonding S.C: Relationer mellem homogene grupper (ex. familie, nære venner m.m) • Bridging S.C: Relationer mellem heterogene grupper (ex. venner, bekendte, kollegaer)
  • 7. Fordele ved social kapital i organisationer • Studier viser at virksomheder med en større social kapital kan opnå og vedligeholde en større konkurrenceevne (Cohen & Prusak, 2001; Greve & Bonassi, 2006; Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998; Fukuyama, 1999 m.fl) • Styrker videndeling (pga. af netværk, tillid, normer) • Reducerer transaktionsomkostninger (tillidsfulde relationer reducerer behov for kontrolstrukturer) • Reducerer omkostninger forbundet med rekruttering, træning og fastholdelse af medarbejdere (pga. større trivsel) • Øger sammenhæng i beslutninger (pga. fælles referencerammer og mål)
  • 8. Hvad kan vi anvende teorien om social kapital til? • S.C. giver en forståelsesramme for videndelingsprocesser mellem individer og større netværk • Som med andre kapitalformer kan man demonstrere, analysere, investere, og arbejde med S.C.
  • 9. Hvad betyder social kapital for evnen til at skabe og dele viden i en organisation?
  • 10. Social kapital fremmer skabelsen af viden Nahapiet and Ghoshal FIGURE 1 Social Capital in the Creation of Intellectual Capital • Skabelsen af Combination and Creation of new organisatorisk viden - b Social capital exchange of intellectual ------) forløber gennem en intellectual capital capital kombination og udveksling af eksisterende viden. • Mængden og sammensætningen af S.C. i en organisation har (B)Cognitive dimension stor indflydelse på processens succes Shared codes and language Shared narratives • S.C. understøtter og maksimerer denne videnskabelsesproces (C)Relational dimension Kilde: Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998 therefore limits the richness of the present ex- titular structural configurations, such as those ploration a n d identifies a n important area for displaying strong symmetrical ties, have consis- future work. tently been shown to be associated with such relational facets a s interpersonal affect a n d trust (Granovetter, 1985; Krackhardt, 1992). Simi-
  • 11. Social kapital understøtter læring og vækst I JK9$3$&%L1/9 !quot;#$quot;%&'()$* • Ikke-fysiske ressourcer har indflydelse på bundlinjen /$+)72-&3&-@(A-$#-quot;'@ *$+,-.(A-$#-quot;'@ !+%'JHquot;$8 A.#$quot;.+5)quot;$(B#57quot; 9&%#%2&#5 • S.C. understøtter /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; 481$+3quot;(6+0- 4%2$quot;#0quot;(D00quot;- LM1#%)(?quot;3quot;%7quot; L%.#%2quot; Human og A-$72-7$quot; K-&5&=#-&+% <11+$-7%&-&quot;0 670-+8quot;$(B#57quot; Organisatorisk kapital 670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;(/$+1+0&-&+% • Organisationer med en 670-+8quot;$ /$&2quot; C7#5&-@ D3#&5#E&5&-@ Aquot;5quot;2-&+% 97%2-&+%#5&-@ Aquot;$3&2quot; /#$-%quot;$0.&1 F$#%) /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; større S.C. har en /$+)72-(G(Aquot;$3&2quot;(D--$&E7-quot;0 ?quot;5#-&+%0.&1 48#'quot; forøget evne til at 670-+8quot;$(>#%#'quot;8quot;%- 4%%+3#-&+% ?quot;'75#-+$@(#%)(A+2&#5 <1quot;$#-&+%0(>#%#'quot;8quot;%- konvertere ikke-fysiske /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 4%-quot;$%#5 ressourcer til +!,**-' +!%-%1quot;2/3 +?**/#quot;,32quot;'(@4 +F3D2#/39%3quot; /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; handlinger, der giver +.#/0,1quot;2/3 +:1;,252quot;2/3 +7A4(./#quot;B/-2/ +!$B%quot;'($30(G%$-quot;> +425quot;#26,quot;2/3 +7%quot;%3quot;2/3 +4%52&3C4%D%-/* +F9*-/'9%3quot; konkurrencefordele +7258()$3$&%9%3quot; +<#/=quot;> +E$,31> +H/99,32quot;' :78#%(6#1&-#5 !quot;#$%&%'(#%) *$+,-. 4%;+$8#-&+%(6#1&-#5 /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; <$'#%&=#-&+%(6#1&-#5 675-7$quot; !quot;#)quot;$0.&1 D5&'%8quot;%- Hquot;#8,+$I Social Capital
  • 12. Udfordringer ved måling af S.C. • Ikke færdigudviklet teoriapparat • Ingen standard formel til at måle S.C. • Yderst kontekstuel (en given form af S.C. kan være gavnlig i én kontekst men ligegyldig eller ligefrem skadelig i en anden) • Svært at adskille årsag og virkning (ex. er tillid både en betingelse og effekt af S.C.) • En ikke-fysisk resource (viden er svær at måle, S.C. endnu sværere)
  • 13. Metoder til at måle S.C. • En kombination af kvantitative og kvalitative metoder • Visuel kortlægning af relationer og netværk (SNA) • Spørgeskemaer • Deltagende observation • Dybdegående Interviews
  • 14. Hvordan kan IT anvendes til at understøtte skabelsen og vedligeholdelsen af social kapital?
  • 15. IT understøttelse af forretningdomæner I JK9$3$&%L1/9 !quot;#$quot;%&'()$* • Udbredt IT- understøttelse af tre øverste domæner /$+)72-&3&-@(A-$#-quot;'@ *$+,-.(A-$#-quot;'@ !+%'JHquot;$8 A.#$quot;.+5)quot;$(B#57quot; 9&%#%2&#5 • Større behov for at ERP /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; understøtte “Tacit 481$+3quot;(6+0- 4%2$quot;#0quot;(D00quot;- LM1#%)(?quot;3quot;%7quot; L%.#%2quot; A-$72-7$quot; K-&5&=#-&+% <11+$-7%&-&quot;0 670-+8quot;$(B#57quot; Interactions” • Læring af tavs viden er 670-+8quot;$(B#57quot;(/$+1+0&-&+% 670-+8quot;$ /$&2quot; C7#5&-@ D3#&5#E&5&-@ Aquot;5quot;2-&+% 97%2-&+%#5&-@ Aquot;$3&2quot; /#$-%quot;$0.&1 F$#%) en social proces som /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; kræver interaktion /$+)72-(G(Aquot;$3&2quot;(D--$&E7-quot;0 ?quot;5#-&+%0.&1 48#'quot; CRM 670-+8quot;$(>#%#'quot;8quot;%- 4%%+3#-&+% ?quot;'75#-+$@(#%)(A+2&#5 <1quot;$#-&+%0(>#%#'quot;8quot;%- • IT understøttelse af /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 /$+2quot;00quot;0 4%-quot;$%#5 læring - Sociale medier +!,**-' +!%-%1quot;2/3 +?**/#quot;,32quot;'(@4 +F3D2#/39%3quot; /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; +.#/0,1quot;2/3 +:1;,252quot;2/3 +7A4(./#quot;B/-2/ +!$B%quot;'($30(G%$-quot;> +425quot;#26,quot;2/3 +7%quot;%3quot;2/3 +4%52&3C4%D%-/* +F9*-/'9%3quot; +7258()$3$&%9%3quot; +<#/=quot;> +E$,31> +H/99,32quot;' :78#%(6#1&-#5 Social Media !quot;#$%&%'(#%) *$+,-. 4%;+$8#-&+%(6#1&-#5 /quot;$01quot;2-&3quot; <$'#%&=#-&+%(6#1&-#5 675-7$quot; !quot;#)quot;$0.&1 D5&'%8quot;%- Hquot;#8,+$I
  • 16. Hvordan påvirker Internettet S.C? • Diskussionens to poler • Internet skader S.C. Internet ses som en platform for underholdning og informationssøgning, og er en asocial aktivitet (Putnam, 2000) • Internet fremmer S.C. Internet ses som et social medie der fremmer interaktioner og kommunikation (Williams, 2006) • Social software kan booste skabelsen af især bridging S.C. (KPMG, 2007; Vilanova et al. 2003; Ellison & Steinfeld, 2007, Williams 2006)
  • 17. Hvordan kan vi målrettet anvende IT til at understøtte forskellige dimensioner af S.C?
  • 18. Komponenter i Social Software understøtter forskellige dimensioner af social kapital Komponenter Dimensioner Groups Presence Strukturel Reputation Relationships Sharing Relationships Presence Kognitiv Identity Sharing Conversations Relationel Conversations Reputation Identity Groups Technology Platform
  • 19. Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis Presence Sharing Relationships Identity Conversations Reputation Groups Flickr
  • 20. Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis Presence Sharing Relationships Identity Conversations Reputation Groups Twitter
  • 21. Social software understøtter S.C. på forskellig vis Presence Sharing Relationships Identity Conversations Reputation Groups Digg
  • 22. Referencer • The McKinsey Quarterly, “Competitive advantages from better interactions” 2006, number 2 • Nahapiet, Janine and Sumantra Ghoshal, “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage”, Academy of Management review, 1998 (23:2), p. 244-266 • Cohen, D., Prusak, L. In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work, Harvard, Harvard Business School Press 2001 • Greve, A. Benassi, M. & Sti, A.D. “Exploring the contributions of human and social capital to productivity”. Forlag ukendt, 2006. • Fukuyama, F. The great disruption: human nature and the reconstitution of social order. New York, The Free Press. 1999 368p. • Kaplan, R., and Norton, D. Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Harvard Business Review, July 2004 pp. 52-63. • Williams, D. On and off the 'net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 2006, 11(2), article 11. • KPMG Rapport, Enterprise 2.0. Fad or Future, 2007 • Vilanova, E. & Josa, R. Social capital as a managerial phenomenonTampere University of Technology, 2003 • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. The benefits of Facebook quot;friends:quot; Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2007, 12(4), article 1.