Ch1 thinking critically

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Critical Thinking ,[object Object],[object Object],The Amazing Randi Courtesy of the James Randi Education Foundation

Limits of Intuition and Common Sense ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Limits of Intuition ,[object Object],Taxi/ Getty Images

How Do Psychologists Ask & Answer Questions? ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Theory

[object Object],[object Object],Hypothesis

[object Object],Research Observations

Scientific Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Description Methods ,[object Object],A technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles. Is language uniquely human? Susan Kuklin/ Photo Researchers

Survey ,[object Object],http://www.lynnefeatherstone.org

Survey ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Survey ,[object Object],Random Sampling The fastest way to know about the marble color ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller jar and count them.

Naturalistic Observation ,[object Object],Courtesy of Gilda Morelli

Research Strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],Correlation coefficient Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) r = +.37

Scatterplots Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) No relationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00)

Data Data showing height and temperament in people.

Scatterplot The Scatterplot below shows the relationship between height and temperament in people. There is a moderate positive correlation of +0.63.

Illusory Correlation ,[object Object],Michael Newman Jr./ Photo Edit Confirming evidence Disconfirming evidence Do not adopt Disconfirming evidence Confirming evidence Adopt Do not conceive Conceive

Random Sequences ,[object Object]

Research Strategies ,[object Object],(1) Low self-esteem Depression (2) Depression Low self-esteem Low self-esteem Depression (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause could cause could cause or or and

Experimental Method ,[object Object],Exploring Cause and Effect

[object Object],[object Object],Exploring Cause & Effect

Research Strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Research Strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Research Strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Independent Variable

[object Object],[object Object],Dependent Variable

Comparison Below is a comparison of different research methods.

Statistical Reasoning Statistical procedures analyze and interpret data allowing us to see what the unaided eye misses. Composition of ethnicity in urban locales

Describing Data A meaningful description of data is important in research. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.

Statistical Reasoning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Statistical Reasoning ,[object Object],15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 90 475 710 70 Mode Median Mean One Family Income per family in thousands of dollars

Normal Curve A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data (normal distribution). Most scores fall near the mean.

Measures of Variation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Statistical Reasoning ,[object Object],[object Object]

Making Inferences ,[object Object],[object Object],When is a Difference Significant?

FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ch1 thinking critically

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Ch1 thinking critically

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