1. Hydel Power

2. Types of Hydro Turbines
Reaction, Impulse, Mixed Flow
Axial for Low Head (3-33 meters)
Radial or Combined Flow
Kaplan – Variable pitch blades – High efficiency at off load
conditions
Francis – radial, mixed flow – 5-500 meter heads – poor at off
load conditions
Pelton Wheel – Impulse turbine > 50 meter head – high
efficiency over wide range
Fixed Bladed Propeller ~ High efficiency at design conditions
Poor at low flow rates

3. Three Gorges Dam – Yangtze River - China
Installed capacity 22.5 GW - 32 Main Turbines of 700 MW
Capacity factor 0.45
Height 181 m
Length 2,335 m
Crest width 40 m
Base width 115 m
Spillway capacity 16,000 m3
/s
Reservoir Capacity 39.3 km3
Catchment Area 1,000,000 km2
Surface area 1,045 km2
Normal elevation 175 m
Reservoir length 600 km
Max. reservoir width 1.1 km

4. Pelton Wheel – Impulse Turbine

5. Francis – Reaction Turbine

6. Kaplan – Reaction Turbine

7. Principle
Po = ρQgH (Watts)
Rain fall > 40 cm/y desired
Ha = Ht - Hf
Q = ⌠ u dA
u ≈ 0.8 us (for rectangular cross section)

8. Pelton Wheel
F = 2ρQj (uj – uc) Force experienced by the cup
Pj = F uc = 2ρQj (uj – uc) uc Power transferred to one cup
Maximum for uc/ uj = 0.5
Hence Pj = ρ Qj uj
2
/ 2 100% efficiency

9. Uj
2
= 2g Ha Bernoulli’s Principle
Pm = ηm ρ Qj (2gHa) / 2 = ηm ρ (a uj) (2gHa ) /2
= ηm ρ a (2gHa)3/2
/ 2 Power from one nozzle
= ηm ρ a n (2gHa)3/2
/ 2 for n nozzles
2 ≤ n ≤ 4

10. Angular Velocity and Turbine Size
Since uc = Rω R = 0.5 uj / ω
R = 0.5 (2gHa)1/2
/ ω
Radius of the nozzle
r2
= Pm / (ηmρnπ(gHa)3/2
(2)1/2
)
Hence r / R = 0.68 (ηmn) -1/2
δ
Where δ = Pm
1/2
ω / [ ρ1/2
(gHa)5/4
] Shape Number

11. Peak Efficiencies of Various Turbines w.r.t.
Shape Number

14. Banki Turbine – Cross flow

15. η = 0.9, δ = 0.11
Hence ω1 = δ ρ1/2
(gHa)5/4
/ Pm
1/2
= 0.11 x (1000)1/2
(9.8 x 81)5/4
/ (160000)1/2
= 36 Rad/s
Further, R = uj / 2ω = (2gHa)1/2
/ 2ω = 40 / 2ω = 0.55 m
Similarly, ω2 = 1.1 Rad/s, R = 4.5 m
Therefore, Pelton wheels rotate slowly with low heads –
Suitable only with low heads and small flows

16. World Hydro Electricity Generation (Twh/year)

17. Hydro Power Capacity by Region

18. Hydraulic Ramp Pump

19. Social & Environmental Aspects
 Multiple applications – Water storage, fishing,
recreation, bird sanctuaries, river flow control, flood
mitigation
 Debt burden – high capital investment, public
displacement, destruction of eco-systems, loss of
historical and cultural heritage, inequitable sharing of
costs and benefits
 Small reservoirs and Run-of-River projects
considered having less environmental impacts – China
having large numbers

20. S.
No
Power
Station
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
1. Tarbela 3,578
2. Ghazi
Barotha
1,450
3. Mangla 1,000
4. Warsak 243
5. Chashma 184
6. Khan
Khwar
72
7. Duber
Khwar
130
8. Allai
Khwar
121
9. Others 178
Total
Capacity
6,956
Currently Installed Hydel Power Capacity in Pakistan

21. S.
No
.
Power
Station
Capaci
ty
(MW)
Expect
ed
Compl
etion
1. Jinnah
Hydropow
er
96 Dec.
2012
2. Gomal
Zam Dam
17.4 Feb.
2013
3. Golen-Gol 106 Feb.
2015
4. Neelum
Jhelum
969 Oct.
2015
Total 1188.4
Near completion hydel power projects in Pakistan

22. S.
No
.
Project River Water
Storage
(MAF)
Power
Capacity
(MW)
1. Diamer Basha Indus 8.1 4500
2. Kurram-Tangi Kurram 1.2 84
3. Tarbela-4th
Extetnsion
Indus 1410
4. Munda Swat 1.3 740
5. Kohala Jhelum RoR* 1100
6. Bunji Indus RoR* 7100
7. Dasu Indus 1.15 4320
8. Lower Spat Gah Indus RoR* 496
9. Lower Palas
Valley
Indus RoR* 665
10. Mahl Jhelum RoR* 600
Total Capacity 11.75 21015
Identified
Sites
whose
Feasibility
Study is
Complete

23. Current National News
 7 – Wind Projects of 450 MW in the pipeline
 50 MW by FFC erected one – 25 out of 33 towers
manufactured in Pakistan
 Blades will be locally manufactured in the next
phase
 220 MW of Solar Grid applications in the pipeline @
25c/kWh
 14000 Biogas plants under installation by Dutch
Govt.

24. What Choices Do We Have ?
 The shift in the energy sources is viewed as both a
challenge and an enormous opportunity
 The choice we face is either prosperity or decline
 We can either remain an importer of oil at increasingly
higher costs or to become an exporter of clean energy
 We can allow the climate change to wreck unnatural
havoc across the landscape or we can create jobs
working to prevent its worst effects
 The nations that will lead the world in creating new
energy sources will be the nations that lead the 21st
century global economy