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КРАСНЫЙ ОКТЯБРЬ ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА
 THE RED OCTOBER DISCOVERY OF AN ISLAND




              WORKSHOP 28 MAY - 6 JUNE 2010 MOSCOW
              BERLAGE INSTITUTE at STRELKA INSTITUTE
КРАСНЫЙ ОКТЯБРЬ ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА
THE RED OCTOBER DISCOVERY OF AN ISLAND




              WORKSHOP 28 MAY - 6 JUNE 2010 MOSCOW
              BERLAGE INSTITUTE at STRELKA INSTITUTE
CONTENTS




Strelka	Institute
                                                       1	       ВВЕДЕНИЕ	>>	INTRODUCTION			 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 	7
Berlage	Institute                                      1.1      Foreword                                                          9
                                                       1.2      Workshop Brief                                                   15
Workshop
                                                       1.3      Paradigms Of The Luzkhov Era                                     19
The Red October: Discovery of
an Island
                                                       1.4      The creative city and its future                                 21

                                                       2	       ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА 	>>	DISCOVERY	OF	AN	ISLAND		 >	23
Tutors
Vedran Mimica                                          2.1      The Strelka Area                                                 27
Thomas Stellmach                                       2.2      Chronology of the Site                                           29
Maria S. Giudici
Davide Sacconi                                         3	       ГОЛОСА ОСТРОВА 	>>	VOICES	OF	THE	ISLAND		 >>>>>> 31
                                                       3.1      Alex Stolyarik, Eugene Glekel                                    32
Participants
                                                       3.2      Mikhail Kozyrev                                                  34
Daria Bychkova, Olga
                                                       3.3      Stanislav Poshvikin                                              35
Khokhlova, Daria Klochkova,
Alexei Kolesov, Valeria
                                                       4	       КОНКУРС ПЕРВЫХ ИДЕЙ 		>>	VISION	COMPETITION		 >	39
Krysenko, Alina Kvirkveliya,
Marko Mihic-Jeftic, Ana
                                                       4.1      Lifestyle Toolbox                                                41
Leshchinsky, Eric Oskey,                               4.2      Green Island                                                     51
Tatyana Pissareva, Pavel Rueda,                        4.3      Creative Bridging                                                57
Anna Shevchenko, Alexandra
                                                       4.4      Inner City                                                       67
Skitiova, Gleb Vitkov, Alexander
Zaltsman.                                              5	       ПЕТР-I-ПЛАН КЛАУЗУРА 	>>	PETER	PLAN	IMPROMPTU		77
                                                                                                              	

Moscow 	June	2010                                      6	       УЧАСТОК СТРЕЛКИ 		>>	THE	STRELKA	SITE			>>>>>>>> 		91
                                                       6.1      Urban Context                                                    93
Thanks	to:
                                                       6.2      The Mystery of an Island                                        103
Ilya Oskolkov-Tsentsiper
Varvara Melnikova
                                                       7	       СТРЕЛКА, ВПЕРЕД!	>>	FAST	FORWARD	STRELKA	>>>>>	111
Katya Girshina
Sergey Golikov
                                                       7.1      Overall Scheme                                                  113
Alina Makovetskaya                                     7.2      Towards a Mixed Use Program                                     123
                                                       7.2      Chocolate Square                                                129
                                                       7.3      Strelka Tip                                                     137
                                                       7.4      East Bank                                                       145
                                                       7.5      North Side                                                      151
                                   berlage	institute   8	       РУКОВОДИТЕЛИ 		>>	TUTORS		>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>	159



                                                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010         5
>> ВВЕДЕНИЕ
INTRODUCTION
Вступление - Илья Осколков-Ценципер	
Foreword	—	Ilya	Oskolkov-Tsentsiper
         Ilya	Oskolkov-Tsentsiper	is	the	President	of	Strelka	Institute	for	Media,	
         Architecture	and	Design.




         The idea to create an institution like Strelka first hit us in the summer of    amplified by the fact that those who work or frequent the place understand
         2009, when we realized that Moscow cannot go on any longer in the same          that this idyll is for a limited time, for clear economic and political reasons.
         primitive state of understanding of architecture, urbanism and design
         that it has been stuck in over the last few decades. We wanted to create        The results of our research now stand before you, as the Strelka Institute
         a place where the most promising specialists from Russia and abroad             for Media, Architecture and Design.
         could collaborate with the most brilliant architects, urban theorists and
         intellectuals. It was essential for us to be able to offer an education at
         Strelka free of tuition charges, which is critical for a country as uneven as
         Russia.

         We were fortunate to find a genuine ally in Rem Koolhaas and OMA/
         AMO, who took over the task of developing the curriculum and inviting
         esteemed mentors to participate in the program. Our correspondence
         and communication throughout this process has been in and of itself an
         education for me and my colleagues.

         At the very start of our quest for other collaborators in Europe, we were
         introduced to the Berlage Institute, which has been another invaluable
         experience. The dean of the institute, Vedran Mimica, has demonstrated
         an unwavering generosity in his willingness to share his craft: the art of
         producing true knowledge in a postgraduate education and of leading
         a school grounded in research. It is thus no accident that when we
         inaugurated our facilities with a celebratory debut of “Summer at Strelka,”
         our program of public events, we invited the Berlage Institute as our first
         guests. They conducted a workshop for Russian students on the topic of
         developing creative spaces within the territories of former industrial zones.

         The case study for this research was the potential future mixed-
         use complex at Red October - the site of Strelka. Red October is a
         unique ensemble of red-brick factory buildings from the 19th century,
         positioned directly opposite the Kremlin. Right now it is host to what are
         unquestionably the most interesting bars, galleries, and studios in Moscow.
         The complex offers itself as a type of utopian commune; this feeling is only




8            Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010               9
Вступление - Ведран Мимица
Foreword	—	Vedran	Mimica
         Vedran	Mimica	is	Director	of	the	Berlage	Institute	and	responsible	for	
         composing	and	implementing	its	research	program.




         The Berlage Institute’s collaboration with the Strelka Institute began when        The workshop was offered to young designers, architects, and journalists.
         we agreed to design a workshop brief for the strategic development of              We worked with seventeen incredibly intelligent, dedicated, and creative
         the former Red October Chocolate Factory site, situated on an island in            people in an almost 24-hour-a-day schedule for nine intense days. From
         the middle of Moscow. We organized the master class around some of                 the very first day, there was an extreme level of understanding the brief’s
         the primary operational principles of the Berlage Institute, principally that      conceptual frame and a certain commitment that demonstrated not only
         every studio should have involved in its production all of the stakeholders.       adept design skills but also a high level of critical thinking. The workshop
         So it was important and interesting to see the presence of the Guta Group          was incredibly positive for us, and after this experience we believe
         developer, Russian intelligentsia, the Strelka staff, and the interested           that the creation of the Strelka Institute for architecture and design will
         public together in the debate for the development of the cultural cluster. By      produce excellent architects and planners. The Strelka workshop showed
         embracing reality, we tried to advance an alternative or, perhaps, advanced        us that there is already a group of incredibly eager, young, and talented
         model of planning.                                                                 practitioners in Russia who are seeking different models of development to
                                                                                            the prevailing norms. In our exchange, we simply tried to frame the ways in
         In this district, the developers wanted to introduce various creative              which they could advance their arguments.
         practices into the former factory and create a cultural cluster in the city
         center of Moscow. At the moment, the development of this super luxurious           This publication should perhaps be seen as an argument not only the
         neighborhood had been frozen to some extent for five years. We embarked            development of Strelka Island but also for the development of urban culture
         on the premise that such projects or processes in other world cities have          in the whole city of Moscow. Dynamic and different cultures, in a kind
         frequently brought so-called “pioneers” onsite. The result has been that the       of pixelized way, are already fermenting and have been achieved in the
         pioneers leave after certain time and gentrifiers, with financial support from     studios, courtyard, and bar at Strelka. We believe that Strelka or perhaps
         developers, would create enclaves of monofunctionality and monoculture.            the whole Red Chocolate Factory cultural cluster should be a sort of
         The task of redirecting seemingly inevitable process of gentrification             antenna that radiates its statements, messages, and designs to the whole of
         was our immediate aspiration. We hoped to facilitate the possibility of            Moscow and to all of Russia.
         developing the island into a mix of housing and creative industry facilities.
         Our brief anticipated that creativity is crucial to the economic development       The advanced model of urban planning advocated in our workshop with
         of the contemporary city. And so we ask if one can imagine places that             Strelka anticipates and supports the importance of different stakeholders
         foster creativity rather than simply offering facilities that would be driven by   and the role they perform in the urban territory. The cultural cluster of the
         a kind of normative masterplanning common in city building. In other words,        island should be permanently open and thereby connect these stakeholders,
         we asked if it is possible to construct environments or milieus that can           working as a place of osmosis and exchange, rather than some mode of
         host creativity without forcing it, without top-down, bureaucratic decision-       gated community. After this experience, the Berlage Institute would really
         making. We believe that precisely in the city of Moscow, with its incredible       like to continue our relation with the Strelka Institute because we believe
         potential for development, perhaps such hybrid conditions and an exchange          in the very near future that the two institutes could acquire an even more
         of different ways to develop the city could hypothetically be possible. That       productive and meaningful association.
         was our hypothesis.




10           Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010       11
Red October: Discovery of an island
Задание воркшопа
                                                                       Workshop	Brief
                                                                       1.	Red	October:	from	industrial	                         establish new examples of city making
                                                                       production	to	creative	industry                          practices as well.
                                                                       The Red October area on Bolotny                          Tackling the Red October project means
                                                                       Island, Moscow, has undergone in the                     necessarily discussing the possibility for
                                                                       last few years a radical transformation                  such complexes to become performing
                                                                       from confectionery factory to mixed                      environments and enhance the existing
                                                                       use complex that aims at becoming                        conditions of their surroundings. What is
                                                                       a hub for new activities. In European                    it, then, that will make the Red October
                                                                       cities, industrial production has been                   transformation successful? What should
                                                                       replaced by production of knowledge,                     the Red October offer to Moscow, and
                                                                       and the case of Red October stands                       what kind of urbanity could it propose?
                                                                       as paradigmatic example of a                             Ultimately, the issue of the
                                                                       contemporary urban condition; the                        transformation of places such as the
                                                                       ambition to turn the former factory into                 Red October is not as simple as it may
                                                                       a hotspot for creativity should therefore                seem: creativity represents today a key
                                                                       offer the chance to cast a critical glance               asset for the economic development
                                                                       on the idea of cultural production and its               of cities that revolve increasingly on
                                                                       relationship with the city at large.                     knowledge-based activities.
                                                                       In the last decades a large number                       	
                                                                       of industrial complexes have been                        2.	Creativity	and	the	city
                                                                       redeveloped as centres of creative                       In a post-industrial condition,
                                                                       production, mainly as a strategy to                      research and innovation become the
                                                                       protect their architectural heritage; but                basis for the economy of the city. No
                                                                       the social and urban implications of this                longer confined to the realm of the
                                                                       dynamic have often been neglected,                       superfluous, creativity becomes the
                                                                       shadowed as they are by smaller scale                    prerequisite for the development of
                                                                       issues of preservation and reuse. And                    such an economy. Exchange of ideas
                                                                       yet, the resemantisation of productive                   and multidisciplinarity cease to be the
                                                                       plants into places where knowledge                       mantras of academia and intellectual
                                                                       is created and exchanged is a crucial                    élite to become vital components of
                                                                       transition point for our cities. Far from                a diffused process of production of
                                                                       being mere real estate investments,                      knowledge. Initiatives such as the
                                                                       these operations have the potential                      Red October transformation can offer
                                                                       to trigger larger scale processes and                    the ideal opportunity to generate the

14   Workshop Berlage Institute - Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010       15
conditions for this kind of performance;                  or perhaps new spatial models should       the Red October means then to rethink
but how is it possible to foster a creative               emerge. We should therefore rethink        what makes such a hub attractive,
growth, as the concept of creativity                      which features can turn a complex as       and imagining what could both private
itself seems to be so elusive? And,                       the Red October into an attractor for      and public players do to enhance the
indeed, is it possible at all to guide or                 creative practices: in short, what would   development of this hub.
even encourage the development of a                       turn Red October into a new centre for     The redevelopment of former industrial
so-called creative industry?                              the city.                                  areas is often the excuse for large-scale
The post-industrial city is at the same                                                              real estate operations that offer very
time a factory, a school, a research                      3.	Spaces	of	urban	intensity	              little to the city other than an increase
centre; as activities mix and overlap                     Both sides of the Iron Curtain, the        in the land value of the newly gentrified
the rhetoric of total spatial flexibility                 factory had a symbolic presence in         area. But the Red October ambition is
substitutes the traditional zoning of                     the city of the twentieth century; it      to establish a mixed use centre that
the age of industry. The myth of fluidity                 represented the belief in the progress     would encourage the growth of creative
seems to suggest that any kind of                         of industrial society. Nowadays, as        industry, an ambition that has to be
control would only hamper the ‘natural’                   production is more and more an abstract    explored and supported with new ideas
development of life processes, and,                       matter and our conceptual references       and strategies, as inserting new centres
therefore, of creativity as well. What                    are increasingly rarefied, it is easy to   in an existing constellation is not a
kind of places can we then imagine for                    see the abandoned plants as romantic       neutral act, or an easy one.
a working condition that has continuous                   ruins, remains of the lost ‘identity’ of   The workshop will therefore try to
change as its hallmark?                                   cities that are now undergoing major       understand what qualities should a new
Cities struggle to come up with                           transformations. This identity has never   centrality have to become an engine
suitable responses to this situation, as                  really been linked to specific places,     for creative activities. The scenarios
production of knowledge is alternatively                  as the architecture of factories is        for the Red October will explore what
labelled as either a corporate affair or                  largely international and generic in its   kind of relationship we could establish
a grassroots dynamic; but the case of                     character, but it was indeed related to    between flexibility and sense of place,
Red October investigates the possibility                  the common recognition of the meaning,     living and working spaces, production
to establish places where cultural                        utility and purpose of industries from     and creativity, individual initiatives and
exchange is hosted without necessarily                    both an economical and social point of     general frameworks, public policies and
being controlled. These places are                        view.                                      private investments.
crucial in the economic structure of a                    Contemporary creative industry, on         What is it that triggers creativity in a
society based on ‘immaterial labour’ that                 the contrary, seems a very volatile        certain environment, and what is it
produces services rather than goods.                      idea and struggles to be recognized,       that triggers urban intensity in specific
The development of such experiments                       understood and represented. Starting       places in the city? The question is
can be considered a test project                          from this core question, the possibility   perhaps undecidable, but it might very
for modes of life and work that will                      of generating an urban centre around       well open up a new field of possibilities
eventually become the standards of the                    a hub for cultural production seems an     for Red October, Moscow and the post-
city of the next decades.                                 extremely challenging one, as it touches   industrial city itself.
Perhaps new policies are needed in                        at several levels the key issues of the
order for these experiments to succeed,                   city of today. Working on scenarios for


16                         Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                    Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   17
Парадигма эпохи Лужкова
                                                                        Paradigms	of	the	Luzhkov	Era
                                                                        In early may 2010, a third version of the Genplan,             business. But as the request for office space was
                                                                        or General Plan for Moscow, was approved.                      gradually absorbed, the need for housing became
                                                                        The Genplan tries to sketch the direction of the               towards the late 1990s the most powerful engine
                                                                        city development up to year 2025 and embodies                  of the construction industry.
                                                                        the policies of the city administration led by                 This shift in urban politics was influenced by
                                                                        Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Many criticisms have arisen                the demographic growth of the city. After a
                                                                        regarding this plan, mostly on an infrastructural              long phase of shrinking, Moscow started to
                                                                        point of view.                                                 grow again around 1997; from the 8.5 million
                                                                        Traffic in Moscow has steadily increased                       inhabitants of that year, it reached the current
                                                                        since the early 1990s, and citizens perceive the               figure of 10.4 million around 2004.
                                                                        Genplan as a weak solution for this pressing                   The growth is largely due to internal immigration
                                                                        problem. Moreover, the previous versions of                    and it fuels a real estate sector that is already
                                                                        the Genplan allowed the substitution of mid-XX                 booming thanks to the improved economical
                                                                        century housing complexes with new, taller                     conditions of the long-term residents.
                                                                        buildings that achieve higher densities, further               In the previous version of the Genplan, by 2020
                                                                        complicating the circulation in the city centre.               42% of the area of Moscow would be used in
                                                                        These choices correspond to a precise strategy                 a different capacity- that is to say, density will
                                                                        aimed at the strengthening of the character                    increase everywhere in the city.
                                                                        of Moscow as head of the Commonwealth of                       Nowhere is this condition more visible, than in
                                                                        Independent States. As the ties between the                    the case of the former industrial areas that await
                                                                        former Soviet Republics become more and more                   reconversion.
                                                                        loose, the capital needs to reinforce its role in a            Beside Luzhkov, two key characters are able to
                                                                        changing and uncertain geopolitical situation.                 influence the general policies about such areas:
                                                                        It comes as no surprise, in such a larger                      Alexander Kuzmin, Chief Architect since 1996,
                                                                        scale scenario, that the city administration                   and the head of Mosproject 2 Mikhail Posokhin.
                                                                        focused its efforts in encouraging the real                    Mosproject, the former state design office, is
                                                                        estate sector, densifiying the consolidated                    still the biggest reality in terms of architectural
                                                                        centre and expanding through new residential                   development in the city.
                                                                        neighborhoods. But after twenty years, new                     Commercial developers thus deal with a complex
                                                                        infrastructural policies are needed in order to                administrative situation in which their projects
                                                                        solve a circulation system that fails to support the           have to fit within the larger canvas of the latest
                                                                        need of the population.                                        Genplan; in turn, the Genplan is shaped by the
                                                                        This condition of hypertrophic real estate                     pressure of the need for new housing, and the
                                                                        development unparalleled by infrastructural                    political pressure to strengthen the preeminence
                                                                        growth can be considered the hallmark of the last              of Moscow.
                                                                        decades. On the political point of view, this period           As the Genplan is a regulative tool, and not a
                                                                        has been dominated by Yuri Luzhkov, mayor of                   prescriptive one, the direct relationship between
                                                                        the city since 1992.                                           investors and politicians is crucial; the plan thus
                                                                        During the first years he was in office, Luzhkov               becomes an object of negotiation and discussion
                                                                        believed that the centre of Moscow should                      rather than the embodiment of a clear intention.
                                                                        develop mostly as a centre of trade, services and


18   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010               19
“Creative City”	и его будущее
                                                                        The	Creative	City	and	its	Future
                                                                        Recent theory has established the creative                     critical voices such as David Harvey and Matteo
                                                                        city as paradigm of the post-industrial urban                  Pasquinelli have pointed out that the creatives
                                                                        reality. Today, the production of knowledge                    often play the part of the bait in complex real
                                                                        has become as important as the production                      estate operations that ultimately aim at the
                                                                        of goods. Therefore, all activities linked to                  substitution of the creative ‘pioneers’ with
                                                                        research and development, communication, and                   bourgeois ‘gentrifiers’.
                                                                        innovation take the foreground in the economic                 This process is generally described precisely as
                                                                        development of contemporary cities. Cities, so to              gentrification: the original inhabitants are pushed
                                                                        speak, cannot afford not to be creative –or else,              out in order to make space for target clients
                                                                        they will lose the race to more competitive, more              that buy housing units at expensive prices.
                                                                        creative cities.                                               Gentrification takes place in derelict areas that
                                                                        Authors such as Richard Florida argue that such                offer some key asset (position, identity of old
                                                                        a performance can only be fostered by truly                    industrial structures) but are poorly served and
                                                                        diverse, vibrant urban environments. Through                   thus perceived as unsafe. Usually, the creatives
                                                                        quantitative analysis, Florida demonstrates that               are the first layer of society that is attracted by
                                                                        neighborhoods that host more artists, more                     such places because of the reasons we already
                                                                        gay people, more citizens of different ethnic                  discussed –good economic conditions for large
                                                                        background, do ultimately perform better on an                 spaces. Nevertheless, their joy is short lived, as
                                                                        economic point of view. Plainly said, there is                 they are usually forced to move out when the
                                                                        business in the production of knowledge, and a                 prices stop to be affordable.
                                                                        contemporary urban centre should encourage                     In the meantime, they will have served their
                                                                        social mixity in order to maximize the generation              purpose: by establishing their practices on site,
                                                                        of original ideas that can eventually bring                    they create a sense of trust, the impression that
                                                                        revenue to the city itself.                                    the neighborhood is lively, young, and on its way
                                                                        Nevertheless, cases such as the Strelka area                   to something better.
                                                                        raise the question of how to encourage and                     As we have seen, in the Strelka area the informal
                                                                        maintain a vibrant urban environment in an                     art initiatives have played precisely such a
                                                                        unstable economic reality such as the one of                   part. How long will they be able to resist in a
                                                                        today. The traditional industrial production has               territory that is bound to become one of the most
                                                                        left the place, and art and intellectual production            expensive locations in Moscow?
                                                                        tentatively colonize the existing premises. Design             It is then necessary to reconsider what is the
                                                                        institutes, TV studios, art practices have moved               future of these initiatives and whether we could
                                                                        to Strelka thanks to the relatively affordable rent,           imagine spatial strategies able to keep some
                                                                        large spaces and prime position.                               pioneers in the area even after it has achieved its
                                                                        It is easy to see how the lack of efficient                    goal as real estate operation.
                                                                        infrastructural connections has contributed to                 If it is really true that knowledge creates
                                                                        keeping the rent prices low. As this condition                 economy, it might prove more beneficial to
                                                                        improves, the value of the land increases,                     actually encourage some creatives to stay in the
                                                                        eventually pushing out the so-called creative                  area, rather than only seeing the short term profit
                                                                        class.                                                         derived from substituting their studios with high-
                                                                        In fact, this dynamic is not at all unheard of;                end housing.


20   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                21
>>ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА
DISCOVERY	OF	AN	ISLAND
Red October: Discovery of an island
Территория Стрелки
                                                                        The	Strelka	Area
                                                                        We are not the first who think about the                       The area, which by now had been dubbed as
                                                                        Strelka area, which occupies Bolotny Island                    the “Golden Island” in virtue of its development
                                                                        from the western tip (‘Strelka’) to the Bolshoi                potential continued to be ina state of uncertainty
                                                                        Moskvoretsky bridge. The area can potentially                  due to the 2008 financial crisis and unanswered
                                                                        become a prime real estate development, at the                 questions on the role of the site within the urban
                                                                        same time it is a sensitive spot in Moscow due to              context, phasing and program.
                                                                        its strategic position in the centre of the city.              Strelka has become the focal point of interest
                                                                                                                                       of various actors, among them the public
                                                                        Since 2002, various investors have been involved               administration. The goals of the development
                                                                        in the conversion of the former industrial area.               company and the administration do not always
                                                                        Throughout the last decade different proposals                 coincide. In September 2009, Chief Architect
                                                                        have been presented, but no coherent plan                      Alexander Kuzmin said: ‘This zone should rather
                                                                        was ever adopted. Up to 2009 most industrial                   be public. There will be practically no offices on
                                                                        buildings were still in function, among them the               Bolotny Island. There will be hotels, apartments
                                                                        historical Red October candy factory, a landmark               there. A financial center? Definitely no. It’s
                                                                        of the Moskva river scenography. Recently art                  impossible to have it there, the transportation
                                                                        studios and independent creative practices have                system doesn’t allow it. Imagine thousand of cars
                                                                        colonized the spaces that became available after               in the rush hours. We have already issued the
                                                                        2009. This condition is generally interpreted as               necessary papers which forbid the construction
                                                                        a transition phase — a state of hibernation until              of office centres in the city centre’1.
                                                                        commercial proposals take off at last.                         This take on the matter has been criticized by
                                                                        From 2003 to 2005 KRT-Megapolis - a subsidiary                 representatives of the Corporation of Territory
                                                                        of the Corporation of Territory Developers                     Developers, but there seems to be a general
                                                                        managed the property. These two years were                     agreement that Strelka shall become a residential
                                                                        too short to reach an agreement between                        neighborhood.
                                                                        the agendas of all stakeholders, and to the                    Public Opinion does not agree. The area is
                                                                        dismay of Mayor Luzhkov no conclusions were                    perceived as very central and as such as a place
                                                                        reached. As the city is a major stakeholder in                 that holds an identity that needs to be public,
                                                                        this operation, Luzhkov decided to change the                  accessible, preserved and strengthened. The
                                                                        management company.                                            opening of creative practices such as the Strelka
                                                                        From 2005 to 2007 developer Moskapstroi                        Institute brings forward many questions about
                                                                        (principal city construction company since 1967)               the potential of the area:
                                                                        was responsible for the development of the site.
                                                                        Moskapstroi mostly worked at an infrastructural                Can	Strelka	be	more	than	another	housing	
                                                                        level, providing lighting on the Patriarshy Bridge             project?	Can	it	be	public	and	compete	with	Paris	
                                                                        and improving public space in limited areas.                   Ile	de	la	Cite	or	London’s	Modern	Tate	Area?
                                                                        Since 2007, the responsibility passed to Guta                  Will	improved	accessibility	weaken	Strelka’s	
                                                                        Group. The Group had been involved in the                      identity?	Can	the	Creative	Industries	help	
                                                                        project from the beginning, but only took the lead             to	develop	a	sustainable	program	with	this	
                                                                        after the previous attempts failed to kickstart the            complex	situation?
                                                                        development.
                                                                                                                                       1 http://www.gzt.ru/topnews/realty/262244.htm

26   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010               27
Хронология участка
                                                                        Chronology	of	the	Site
                                                                        2002....................................... The Russian company Guta-group acquires the chocolate factory “Red October” and
                                                                                                                    the territory around it. 25% of the shares go to the Moscow City Government.
                                                                        2003....................................... Guta-group and the Moscow City Government announce the start of an elite
                                                                                                                    development project called “Golden Island”. The project is aimed at the construction
                                                                                                                    of high-end housing on Balchug Island.
                                                                        October, 2004 ....................... no development has started yet. Some local artists rent abandoned factory garages
                                                                                                                    from Guta-group and establish the artistic community “Art-Strelka”.
                                                                        End of 2004 ........................... Moscow authorities launch a programme aimed at removing industries from the
                                                                                                                    city centre. The “Red October” stops being productive and its activities are moved
                                                                                                                    to other premises. Meanwhile, Guta-group finances a new pedestrian bridge that
                                                                                                                    connects the Island and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.
                                                                        2005....................................... The empty spaces of the former factory “Red October” are offered for rent at high
                                                                                                                    prices in an attempt to re-brand the Strelka area as “Golden Island”. The first leased
                                                                                                                    property is converted into an elite night club called “Paradise”.
                                                                        May, 2008.............................. For the first time the former factory hosts events such as exhibitions of
                                                                                                                    contemporary art and the presentation of the glossy magazine “Black Square”.
                                                                        August, 2008 ......................... The economic crisis slows the construction industry; Guta-group freezes the “Golden
                                                                                                                    Island” project.
                                                                        September 2008 .................... The chocolate shop of “Red October” factory hosts an international exhibition of
                                                                                                                    modern art organized in collaboration with New York gallerist Larry Gagosian.
                                                                        November, 2008  ................... Guta-group lowers rent prices to $250-450 for a square meter per year. Heiress
                                                                                                                    Maria Baibakova rents 3000 square meters and engages in a series of expensive
                                                                                                                    artistic projects, inviting renowned protagonists of the London art scene to Moscow.
                                                                                                                    After a year Baibakova decides to end the experiment.
                                                                        May, 2009.............................. “Art-Strelka”, which paid a symbolic rent of $150 per year, is pressed to move out.
                                                                                                                    Guta-group plans to open a restaurant in the former garages of the factory, but
                                                                                                                    Russian entrepreneur Alexander Mamut rents the space and establishes the Strelka
                                                                                                                    Institute for architecture, media, and design. The Strelka Institutes ideally continues
                                                                                                                    the legacy of the “Art-Strelka” artistic community.
                                                                        September, 2009 ................... The shops of the former “Red October” factory are used as one of the main
                                                                                                                    exhibition spaces of the Third Moscow Biennal.
                                                                         2009—2010 ......................... More than 60 leasers have moved into the former factory renovating the premises
                                                                                                                    at their own expense. Among the current leasers are restaurants, cafes, ateliers,
                                                                                                                    photo-studios, art galleries and services such as gyms and beauty salons.




28   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                          Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                         29
>>
 ГОЛОСА ОСТРОВА
VOICES	OF	THE	ISLAND
Are	developers	          AS Public space doesn’t bring money. Unless there is a reason to make a
Интервью: Алекс Столярик,Евгений Глекель                                                                   encouraged	to	provide	   public space for a business centre or a residential area, in which case it will
                                                                                                           public	space	for	the	    bring money.
Interview:	Alex	Stolyarik,	Eugene	Glekel                                                                   city?
                                                                                                                                    EG There are very strict regulations about public spaces and green areas in
                       Alex	Stolyarik	is	the	General	Manager	of	“AFI	Rus”,	the	managing	                                            particular.
                       company	of	“AFI	Development”
                                                                                                           What	kind	of	program	    AS Basically the most profitable kind of development at the moment is the
                                                                                                           sells	best	in	this	      residential sector. Lofts in particular. There is already an overabundance
                                                                                                           moment	in	Moscow?        of office space in the city. You cannot convert the existing factory into
                                                                                                                                    residential space without legally changing its zoning, but there is a trick
                                                                                                                                    to overcome this obstacle. And the trick is that you do not change the
                                                                                                                                    intended use, you just call the development ‘apartments’ and convert it into
                       Eugene	Glekel	is	the	Director	of	“Group	Systems	Architects”                                                  residential lofts without really changing its formal use. Lofts are not that
                                                                                                                                    popular yet in Moscow, but I think the future is in this kind of conversions.
                                                                                                                                    There is a huge market for residential space and lofts.
                                                                                                                                    Another profitable typology is the hotel. It’s very similar to residential. You
                                                                                                                                    can easily convert a factory into hotels. If former factories are located near
                                                                                                                                    the metro or close to a good area where there are interesting urban hot
                                                                                                                                    spots and that sorts of things, then a conversion can be really successful.

                                                                                                                                    Mixed use… It definitely works. For the transformation of a former industrial
                                                                                                           What	do	you	think	       area I would definitely choose a mixed use development.
                                                                                                           about	mixed	use	         If you only do offices, they are empty at night. Actually, they are empty after
                                                                                                           developments?            7 in the evening, which is not good for the development. For the economic
How	does	the	public	   AS There are definitely some restrictions. There is a zoning, a definite land
                                                                                                                                    performance of the area, it is better if people are present at night. They can
administration	        use. There are clear restrictions in terms of height, insulation, infrastructural
                                                                                                                                    go to a café, they can go to a theatre.
influence	the	         issues. Not all of them fit to the economy of the project. And developers
decisions	of	          are always looking for a better economic performance. But each developer
                                                                                                                                    There are definitely a lot of new developments during the latest years. New
developers?            stands for himself. Developers are not city planners. They look at their
                                                                                                           How	did	Moscow	          projects.
                       properties and think: “How I can make the most out of this?” And they
                                                                                                           change	in	the	last	10	
                       start pushing the limits with the city administration. And if you are well
                                                                                                           years?                   EG There has been an intense construction activity outside the city. The city
                       connected, if you have good relationship with the city administration, it can
                                                                                                                                    has expanded a lot. Suburbs have grown a lot.
                       help with the change of zoning. Sometimes.

What	contributes	      EG What creates good relationships? If you grew up together, if you were
to	creating	good	      together at school, if you go to the sauna together.
relationships?                                                                                                                      The discussion with Stolyarik and Glekel shed light on the relationship
                       AS It’s a tricky question, what creates good relationship. I mean, you’ve                                    between developers and city authorities. When it comes to large-scale
                       got to do good work, create more jobs, and do whatever is good for the                                       interventions, negotiation between private and public interests is a key
                       economy of this city. Any construction is good if it relates correctly with                                  factor. The so-called Genplan (masterplan of Moscow) offers a canvas for
                       the infrastructure of the city. In these cases the city helps you with the                                   this negotiation rather than acting as projective tool.
                       development. The more you invest in the city the more you get from the city.                                 In such a condition, architects should do more than simply designing good
                       That’s actually one way to go about it.                                                                      environments: they have to first construct a grammar to communicate with
                       There is a masterplan for Moscow. It’s difficult to change it but dealing with                               the clients. Finding a common ground between the economic performance
                       issues area by area is reasonable I think. It’s like a give and take game.                                   and a need for improved urban conditions becomes then the prerequisite for
                                                                                                                                    any architectural project. Nevertheless, the interview also underlines how
                                                                                                                                    sometimes social and economic reasons can dovetail, supporting mixed use
                                                                                                                                    developments and conversion of industrial areas.

32                         Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010         33
Интервью: Михаил Козырев                                                                                       Интервью: Станислав Пошвыкин
Interview:	Mikhail	Kozyrev                                                                                     Interview:	Stanislav	Poshvikin
                           Mikahil	Kozyrev	is	a	showman	and	works	for	Rain	TV,	a	channel	that	                                          Stanislav	Poshvikin	is	an	architect	of	Studio	8	of	“Mosproekt-2”and	the	
                           broadcasts	live	from	the	Red	October.                                                                        author	the	Masterplan	for	the	development	of	the	territory	of	Red	October	
                                                                                                                                        factory.




What	is	special	about	     Everybody in this country knows the chocolate factory “Red October”.                Do	you	believe	the	      To my point of view it is not correct to call the future high-end development
this	island?               People often ask me “Does it still smell of chocolate in your office?”,             area	is	going	to	        just accommodation. Lofts on “Red October” will not be the main residence
                           because this smell was really a legend, you could smell it everywhere               be	merely	market-        of their owners; I see them rather as collector pieces belonging to people
                           around the factory when it functioned. Today, it doesn’t smell. But when we         driven	residential	      who also own apartments in London, on Cyprus, anywhere you can imagine.
                           came here last autumn there were still puddles of chocolate on the floor.           accommodation?           So by building those lofts the developer Anton Kuznetsov of Guta-group will
                           Then more and more renters began to come in. And now every week I see                                        realize his dream to create art objects; ultimately, this operation will support
                           new people putting on new plates of cafes, design studios, photo studios                                     other art projects on the island.
                           and so on. It’s a real boom.
                                                                                                               What	if	a	bridge	next	   I do not see the construction of a new pedestrian bridge near the monument
What	kind	of	facility	     I would like if there will be a small hotel here. I think people who work here      to	Peter	the	Great’s	    as a problem. The visitors who will come to the island will not disturb the
do	you	think	is	           would also like to live here.                                                       statue	would	open	       residents. Everything depends on how the movement along the embankment
missing?                                                                                                       up	Strelka	to	more	      is handled. We proposed to the Mayor to rebuild the embankment in order
Do	you	think	an	easier	    I think that improving the car accessibility would not help, because as soon        pedestrian	visitors?     to reestablish a contact with the water and provide a pedestrian quay. It
car	accessibility	         as you drive out of the island you get stuck in the traffic anyway. If you want                              would not be too expensive to do that. I believe it is a good idea and the
would	improve	the	         to travel home comfortably you should not leave the place until 3.00 a.m.                                    City Government should support it. This reconstruction could also support
area?                                                                                                                                   Mayor Luzhkov’s idea of an “Art Path” which will extend from the Museum
What	if	a	bridge	next	     The construction of a bridge near the monument of Peter the Great would                                      of Modern Art on Krimsky Val to the Balchug-Kempinsky Hotel. If we think
to	Peter	the	Great’s	      change our life for the better. If more people will visit the area, the better                               about city islands such as the ones in the River Seine, we can see that
statue	would	open	         the area will perform. And business follows people. The entrepreneurs who                                    they are lively environments not because of what happens in or around
up	Strelka	to	more	        look for space to settle will surely be attracted to the area if they see that it                            the buildings that stand along the banks, but due to the embankments. All
pedestrian	visitors?       is lively and vibrant.                                                                                       sorts of people spend time there: students, artists, middle class workers,
                                                                                                                                        vagabonds, owners of vessels, sailors. Nevertheless, I also think that there
                                                                                                                                        should be a path dedicated to residents within the island itself. In that case,
Do	you	think	the	          I don’t know how many of the people who work today in the “Red October”                                      the residents could use sheltered routs that would be independent from the
identity	of	the	former	    like chocolate but I think everybody should eat 5 chocolates a day to save                                   fluxes of external visitors.
chocolate	factory	         the local chocolate shop from bankruptcy. As you might know, the local
can	still	contribute	to	   factory shop is still open although the productive activities have been             Do	you	envision	         It will be interesting if every new resident brings in his or her own designer.
the	character	of	the	      transferred to another place. Moreover, if each of us eats 5 chocolates a           the	development	as	      Then we will have a mosaic of façade decorations which will reveal the
place?                     day we’ll be happy, and the Balchug Island will be an Island of Happiness.          one	ensemble,	or	        characters of the owners.
                                                                                                               as	a	collection	of	
                                                                                                               architectural	objects?



34                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010          35
Art	is	today	the	key	      Artistic life on “Red October”, low rent prices for artists, are a spontaneous
identity	factor	of	        marketing trick which nobody designed. That’s a paradox. The only reason
the	area.	Do	you	          art life exists here is that the owners of this territory are young sociable
believe	artists	will	be	   people. I mean Aleksandr Mamut, Anton Chernov and Artyom Kuznetsov.
pushed	out	if	the	real	    They are not art people but they are open-minded and easy-going and are
estate	development	        not going to let such an area in the centre of Moscow become lifeless.
succeeds?	
How	do	you	imagine	        Nobody knows what will happen on “Red October” in 10, 20, 50 years.
the	Strelka	area	in	10,	   Luzhkov can come here someday, look at the site from the bridge and say:
20,	50	years?              “What a dump is this? Demolish all!”. And the next day bulldozers will be
                           here. But I want to live until I see a reconstructed embankment where
                           people will walk, kiss, put their feet in the water, even if I don’t think that
                           living on the island will be affordable to most of them.




                           Stanislav Poshvikin is possibly the person who knows best the Red October
                           complex; he worked on the area for more than a decade and is currently
                           responsible for the architectural project that Guta-group will implement.
                           Two main issues were brought to our interest after talking to him: first of all,
                           the importance of the developers’ role, and secondly, the potential of the
                           open air public space along the quays.
                           As Poshvikin works with Guta-group, he has a clear vision of what kind of
                           commercial operation will be carried on the island. It is going to be a high-
                           end residential development targeted at wealthy clients. But if the market-
                           driven choices are adamantly geared at an elite subject, Poshvikin points
                           out that the shared public spaces should be open and attractive for visitors
                           of every kind. He believes that a careful reconstruction of the embankments
                           would be a key element in providing a vibrant environment.
                           Indeed, it becomes clear that investing in the common spaces can become
                           the most effective tool to preserve a certain degree of publicness on the
                           island.

36                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010               Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   37
>>
КОНКУРС ПЕРВЫХ ИДЕЙ
   VISION	COMPETITION
Team	1	>> 	Мозаика жизненного
                 пространства
    Team	1	>> 	Lifestyle	Toolbox
BOAT                               CARS AND PEDESTRIAN ACCESS                                                                                                           TRAM




COVERING AN ISLAND

       CITY ROLE

      River Transport System                                   Car and Pedestrian Accessibility                   Metro Transport System                                                           Tram Transport System




                       The Island as City Hub                              Lifestyles: Global, Local, Discovery                                                     Section: Public and Private Space Relationships


 42                     Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                        Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                           43
44   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   45
46   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   47
48   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   49
Team	2	>> 	Зеленый остров
   Team	2	>> 	Green	Island
Accessibility Flows                                            Flows and Heritage Buildings                                                  Section Scheme: Program and Accessibility




     Building Mass Studies                                         Flows and Public Ground                                                        Landscape Section


52    Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                      53
Public Space




 Working Space




 Living Space


                 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   55
Team	3	>> 	Креативное соединение
       Team	3	>> 	Creative	Bridging
Adding




Bridging


Existing Footprint                                                                                                                                                                       CREATIVECLUSTE
                                                                                        CREATIVECLUSTER
                                                                                                          Digging




                                                                                                                                                                                          CREATIVECLUSTE




                                                                                                          Elevating




                                                                                                                                                                                         CREATIVECLUSTE




58                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010         59
Masterplan   Toolbox




                                                                                     Mass Studies: Old and New Buildings


60   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                                  Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   61
Commercial                                                                      Housing




                                                                        Working                                                                         Leisure




                                                                        Education                                                                       Overview


62   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010              63
OWNERS
             RESIDENTS                                      STUDENTS




                                                             CITIZENS
                                                            TOURISTS
              VISITORS                                      STUDENTS
                                                          FREE - LANCERS




             WORKERS                                      FREE - LANCERS
                                                              STUFF
Users                                                                                                                                                                                 Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                     CREATIVECLUSTER




                                      RESIDENTS                       VISITORS    WORKERS
                                                                                    CREATIVECLUSTER

          LEISURE


          CO - WORKING


          EDUCATION


          HOUSING


          COMMERCIAL




Program

                                                                                                CREATIVECLUSTER
64             Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                           65
                                                                                                                                                                                                       CREATIVECLUSTER
Team	4	>> 	Внутренний город
        Team	4	>> 	Inner	City
Not a Set...                      Not a Stack...                                  But a Tangle




68   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                  Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                  69
Programmatic Areas                                                                      Pixel Programme




70   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                        Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                     71
Housing




                                                    Structure, Landscape and Chocolate Factory




                                                                                                 Public




                                                                                                 Creative


72   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                       Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   73
Red October: Discovery of an island
>>
ПЕТР-I-ПЛАН КЛАУЗУРА
 PETER	PLAN	IMPROMPTU
Monolithic Peter
                                                                                                                                       Marko Mihic-Jeftic
                                                                                                                                       >> Winning project




78   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                    79
Peter ArtFestival                                                                              Red Wedge
                                                                        Olga Khokhlova                                                                          Alexei Kolesov
                                                                        Honourable mention                                                                      Honourable mention




80   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                        Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                        81
Sinking Peter                                                                         Globbing Peter
                                                                        Alina Kvirkvelyia                                                                   Alexander Zaltsman
                                                                        Honourable mention




82   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                        Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                    83
Christmas                                                                             Mirror Peter
                                                                                                                                                             Alexandra Skitiova
                                                                                    Pevtree
                                                                        Daria Klochkova




84   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                         Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                    85
Peter Rocket                                                                      Invite Bernaskoni
                                                                        Valeria Krysenko
                                                                                                                                                                     Gleb Vitkov




86   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                        Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                  87
Peter-go-round                                                                      Goodbye Peter
                                                                        Anna Shevchenko
                                                                                                                                                               Pavel Rueda




88   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                      Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010              89
>>     СТРЕЛКА
THE	STRELKA	SITE
>> 	Контекст города
   >>	Urban	Context
Moscow	Today	    Москва 2025
Москва сегодня   Moscow	2025




                          Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   95
Контекст города
Urban	Context
The Project Area is embedded within Moscow’s most                                                   The Project Area and Major Green Areas in Moscow’s
prominent public spaces.                                                                            Centre.




96                               Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                     Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   97
The Network of Radial and Concentric Roads is disrupted                                                 Car Access to the site is characterised by cul-de-sac’s
at it’s very core, Bolotny Island. The site is central and                                              and one-way-streets. Only the initiated can access
remote at once.                                                                                         Bolotny Island.




98                                   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                       Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   99
While several Metro Lines cross the island, there is no                                                 Two Bus lines access the Island, distances to the stations
actual stop on Bolotny Island. A potential extension of the                                             are generally too large.
yellow line might change that.




100                                  Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                       Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   101
>> 	Загадка острова	
>>	The	Mystery	of	an	Island
104   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   105
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
>>  СТРЕЛКА, ВПЕРЕД! >>
FAST	FORWARD	STRELKA >>
>> 	Общая схема
	>> 	Overall	Scheme
The general masterplan                                                                          The footprint plan of
for the Strelka island is                                                                       the project shows the
divided in four different                                                                       relationship between the
areas each one with a                                                                           new development and
different mix of functions                                                                      the city, and the open
and a different lifestyle.                                                                      relationship with the
                                                                                                water.




                                                                                                Public Transport Access


114                          Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                              Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   115
The general masterplan                                                                          The general plan shows
has been conceived to be                                                                        how the project is
realized in five phases of                                                                      conceived as one coherent
development.                                                                                    development but with
                                                                                                different environments
                                                                                                defined by a unique
                                                                                                relationship between
                                                                                                buildings and public
                                                                                                spaces.




116                          Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                               Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   117
The entire area has                                                                                    The private car
been conceived as                                                                                      accessibility is possible
mainly pedestrian, with                                                                                through a system of
a restricted accessibility                                                                             underground parking that
for delivery services,                                                                                 will fully cover the parking
safety vehicles, public                                                                                requirements for residents
transportation and                                                                                     and visitors.
residents with permission.




Section: programs and circulation




118                                 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                  Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   119
The diagram shows the                                                                                All the different areas
accessibility system with                                                                            of the island are
the articulated system                                                                               equally supplied with
of pedestrian paths and                                                                              green spaces, with a
squares, starting from the                                                                           predominance of green in
main bridge toward the tip                                                                           the residential waterfront
of the island and the north                                                                          along the east bank.
side.




Section: pedestrian circulation




120                               Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010   121
В направлении к программе
                                                                         смешанного использования
                                                                         Towards	a	Mixed	Use	Program




                                                                         Above: Projected Buildings. Below: Overall Surfaces by Program in Square Metres.


                                                                                                                                          5 966

                                                                                                                  30 104                                     22 581



                                                                                                                                                                                 education
                                                                                                                                                                                 culture
                                                                                                                                                                                 creative studios & offices
                                                                                                                                                                         24347   work/life
                                                                                                                                                                                 residential
                                                                                                                                                                                 retail & leisure


                                                                                                              41 763
                                                                                                                                                             11976




122   Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                      Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                                  123
While the distribution of the program avoids any strict
zoning, functions are clustered according to existing
building substance, orientation and accessibility. The soft
clustering of the functions activate them and create a
lively mix in the public spaces which connect them.




                                                                                                        Commercial                                                                      Residential




                                                                                                        Working                                                           Managed Apartments & Hotels




                                                                                                        Creativity                                                                      Overview


124                                  Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010                   125
Red October: Discovery of an island
>> 	Шоколадная площадь
   	>> 	Chocolate	Square
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island
Red October: Discovery of an island

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Red October: Discovery of an island

  • 1. КРАСНЫЙ ОКТЯБРЬ ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА THE RED OCTOBER DISCOVERY OF AN ISLAND WORKSHOP 28 MAY - 6 JUNE 2010 MOSCOW BERLAGE INSTITUTE at STRELKA INSTITUTE
  • 2. КРАСНЫЙ ОКТЯБРЬ ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА THE RED OCTOBER DISCOVERY OF AN ISLAND WORKSHOP 28 MAY - 6 JUNE 2010 MOSCOW BERLAGE INSTITUTE at STRELKA INSTITUTE
  • 3. CONTENTS Strelka Institute 1 ВВЕДЕНИЕ >> INTRODUCTION >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7 Berlage Institute 1.1 Foreword 9 1.2 Workshop Brief 15 Workshop 1.3 Paradigms Of The Luzkhov Era 19 The Red October: Discovery of an Island 1.4 The creative city and its future 21 2 ОТКРЫТИЕ ОСТРОВА >> DISCOVERY OF AN ISLAND > 23 Tutors Vedran Mimica 2.1 The Strelka Area 27 Thomas Stellmach 2.2 Chronology of the Site 29 Maria S. Giudici Davide Sacconi 3 ГОЛОСА ОСТРОВА >> VOICES OF THE ISLAND >>>>>> 31 3.1 Alex Stolyarik, Eugene Glekel 32 Participants 3.2 Mikhail Kozyrev 34 Daria Bychkova, Olga 3.3 Stanislav Poshvikin 35 Khokhlova, Daria Klochkova, Alexei Kolesov, Valeria 4 КОНКУРС ПЕРВЫХ ИДЕЙ >> VISION COMPETITION > 39 Krysenko, Alina Kvirkveliya, Marko Mihic-Jeftic, Ana 4.1 Lifestyle Toolbox 41 Leshchinsky, Eric Oskey, 4.2 Green Island 51 Tatyana Pissareva, Pavel Rueda, 4.3 Creative Bridging 57 Anna Shevchenko, Alexandra 4.4 Inner City 67 Skitiova, Gleb Vitkov, Alexander Zaltsman. 5 ПЕТР-I-ПЛАН КЛАУЗУРА >> PETER PLAN IMPROMPTU 77 Moscow June 2010 6 УЧАСТОК СТРЕЛКИ >> THE STRELKA SITE >>>>>>>> 91 6.1 Urban Context 93 Thanks to: 6.2 The Mystery of an Island 103 Ilya Oskolkov-Tsentsiper Varvara Melnikova 7 СТРЕЛКА, ВПЕРЕД! >> FAST FORWARD STRELKA >>>>> 111 Katya Girshina Sergey Golikov 7.1 Overall Scheme 113 Alina Makovetskaya 7.2 Towards a Mixed Use Program 123 7.2 Chocolate Square 129 7.3 Strelka Tip 137 7.4 East Bank 145 7.5 North Side 151 berlage institute 8 РУКОВОДИТЕЛИ >> TUTORS >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 159 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 5
  • 5. Вступление - Илья Осколков-Ценципер Foreword — Ilya Oskolkov-Tsentsiper Ilya Oskolkov-Tsentsiper is the President of Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design. The idea to create an institution like Strelka first hit us in the summer of amplified by the fact that those who work or frequent the place understand 2009, when we realized that Moscow cannot go on any longer in the same that this idyll is for a limited time, for clear economic and political reasons. primitive state of understanding of architecture, urbanism and design that it has been stuck in over the last few decades. We wanted to create The results of our research now stand before you, as the Strelka Institute a place where the most promising specialists from Russia and abroad for Media, Architecture and Design. could collaborate with the most brilliant architects, urban theorists and intellectuals. It was essential for us to be able to offer an education at Strelka free of tuition charges, which is critical for a country as uneven as Russia. We were fortunate to find a genuine ally in Rem Koolhaas and OMA/ AMO, who took over the task of developing the curriculum and inviting esteemed mentors to participate in the program. Our correspondence and communication throughout this process has been in and of itself an education for me and my colleagues. At the very start of our quest for other collaborators in Europe, we were introduced to the Berlage Institute, which has been another invaluable experience. The dean of the institute, Vedran Mimica, has demonstrated an unwavering generosity in his willingness to share his craft: the art of producing true knowledge in a postgraduate education and of leading a school grounded in research. It is thus no accident that when we inaugurated our facilities with a celebratory debut of “Summer at Strelka,” our program of public events, we invited the Berlage Institute as our first guests. They conducted a workshop for Russian students on the topic of developing creative spaces within the territories of former industrial zones. The case study for this research was the potential future mixed- use complex at Red October - the site of Strelka. Red October is a unique ensemble of red-brick factory buildings from the 19th century, positioned directly opposite the Kremlin. Right now it is host to what are unquestionably the most interesting bars, galleries, and studios in Moscow. The complex offers itself as a type of utopian commune; this feeling is only 8 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 9
  • 6. Вступление - Ведран Мимица Foreword — Vedran Mimica Vedran Mimica is Director of the Berlage Institute and responsible for composing and implementing its research program. The Berlage Institute’s collaboration with the Strelka Institute began when The workshop was offered to young designers, architects, and journalists. we agreed to design a workshop brief for the strategic development of We worked with seventeen incredibly intelligent, dedicated, and creative the former Red October Chocolate Factory site, situated on an island in people in an almost 24-hour-a-day schedule for nine intense days. From the middle of Moscow. We organized the master class around some of the very first day, there was an extreme level of understanding the brief’s the primary operational principles of the Berlage Institute, principally that conceptual frame and a certain commitment that demonstrated not only every studio should have involved in its production all of the stakeholders. adept design skills but also a high level of critical thinking. The workshop So it was important and interesting to see the presence of the Guta Group was incredibly positive for us, and after this experience we believe developer, Russian intelligentsia, the Strelka staff, and the interested that the creation of the Strelka Institute for architecture and design will public together in the debate for the development of the cultural cluster. By produce excellent architects and planners. The Strelka workshop showed embracing reality, we tried to advance an alternative or, perhaps, advanced us that there is already a group of incredibly eager, young, and talented model of planning. practitioners in Russia who are seeking different models of development to the prevailing norms. In our exchange, we simply tried to frame the ways in In this district, the developers wanted to introduce various creative which they could advance their arguments. practices into the former factory and create a cultural cluster in the city center of Moscow. At the moment, the development of this super luxurious This publication should perhaps be seen as an argument not only the neighborhood had been frozen to some extent for five years. We embarked development of Strelka Island but also for the development of urban culture on the premise that such projects or processes in other world cities have in the whole city of Moscow. Dynamic and different cultures, in a kind frequently brought so-called “pioneers” onsite. The result has been that the of pixelized way, are already fermenting and have been achieved in the pioneers leave after certain time and gentrifiers, with financial support from studios, courtyard, and bar at Strelka. We believe that Strelka or perhaps developers, would create enclaves of monofunctionality and monoculture. the whole Red Chocolate Factory cultural cluster should be a sort of The task of redirecting seemingly inevitable process of gentrification antenna that radiates its statements, messages, and designs to the whole of was our immediate aspiration. We hoped to facilitate the possibility of Moscow and to all of Russia. developing the island into a mix of housing and creative industry facilities. Our brief anticipated that creativity is crucial to the economic development The advanced model of urban planning advocated in our workshop with of the contemporary city. And so we ask if one can imagine places that Strelka anticipates and supports the importance of different stakeholders foster creativity rather than simply offering facilities that would be driven by and the role they perform in the urban territory. The cultural cluster of the a kind of normative masterplanning common in city building. In other words, island should be permanently open and thereby connect these stakeholders, we asked if it is possible to construct environments or milieus that can working as a place of osmosis and exchange, rather than some mode of host creativity without forcing it, without top-down, bureaucratic decision- gated community. After this experience, the Berlage Institute would really making. We believe that precisely in the city of Moscow, with its incredible like to continue our relation with the Strelka Institute because we believe potential for development, perhaps such hybrid conditions and an exchange in the very near future that the two institutes could acquire an even more of different ways to develop the city could hypothetically be possible. That productive and meaningful association. was our hypothesis. 10 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 11
  • 8. Задание воркшопа Workshop Brief 1. Red October: from industrial establish new examples of city making production to creative industry practices as well. The Red October area on Bolotny Tackling the Red October project means Island, Moscow, has undergone in the necessarily discussing the possibility for last few years a radical transformation such complexes to become performing from confectionery factory to mixed environments and enhance the existing use complex that aims at becoming conditions of their surroundings. What is a hub for new activities. In European it, then, that will make the Red October cities, industrial production has been transformation successful? What should replaced by production of knowledge, the Red October offer to Moscow, and and the case of Red October stands what kind of urbanity could it propose? as paradigmatic example of a Ultimately, the issue of the contemporary urban condition; the transformation of places such as the ambition to turn the former factory into Red October is not as simple as it may a hotspot for creativity should therefore seem: creativity represents today a key offer the chance to cast a critical glance asset for the economic development on the idea of cultural production and its of cities that revolve increasingly on relationship with the city at large. knowledge-based activities. In the last decades a large number of industrial complexes have been 2. Creativity and the city redeveloped as centres of creative In a post-industrial condition, production, mainly as a strategy to research and innovation become the protect their architectural heritage; but basis for the economy of the city. No the social and urban implications of this longer confined to the realm of the dynamic have often been neglected, superfluous, creativity becomes the shadowed as they are by smaller scale prerequisite for the development of issues of preservation and reuse. And such an economy. Exchange of ideas yet, the resemantisation of productive and multidisciplinarity cease to be the plants into places where knowledge mantras of academia and intellectual is created and exchanged is a crucial élite to become vital components of transition point for our cities. Far from a diffused process of production of being mere real estate investments, knowledge. Initiatives such as the these operations have the potential Red October transformation can offer to trigger larger scale processes and the ideal opportunity to generate the 14 Workshop Berlage Institute - Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 15
  • 9. conditions for this kind of performance; or perhaps new spatial models should the Red October means then to rethink but how is it possible to foster a creative emerge. We should therefore rethink what makes such a hub attractive, growth, as the concept of creativity which features can turn a complex as and imagining what could both private itself seems to be so elusive? And, the Red October into an attractor for and public players do to enhance the indeed, is it possible at all to guide or creative practices: in short, what would development of this hub. even encourage the development of a turn Red October into a new centre for The redevelopment of former industrial so-called creative industry? the city. areas is often the excuse for large-scale The post-industrial city is at the same real estate operations that offer very time a factory, a school, a research 3. Spaces of urban intensity little to the city other than an increase centre; as activities mix and overlap Both sides of the Iron Curtain, the in the land value of the newly gentrified the rhetoric of total spatial flexibility factory had a symbolic presence in area. But the Red October ambition is substitutes the traditional zoning of the city of the twentieth century; it to establish a mixed use centre that the age of industry. The myth of fluidity represented the belief in the progress would encourage the growth of creative seems to suggest that any kind of of industrial society. Nowadays, as industry, an ambition that has to be control would only hamper the ‘natural’ production is more and more an abstract explored and supported with new ideas development of life processes, and, matter and our conceptual references and strategies, as inserting new centres therefore, of creativity as well. What are increasingly rarefied, it is easy to in an existing constellation is not a kind of places can we then imagine for see the abandoned plants as romantic neutral act, or an easy one. a working condition that has continuous ruins, remains of the lost ‘identity’ of The workshop will therefore try to change as its hallmark? cities that are now undergoing major understand what qualities should a new Cities struggle to come up with transformations. This identity has never centrality have to become an engine suitable responses to this situation, as really been linked to specific places, for creative activities. The scenarios production of knowledge is alternatively as the architecture of factories is for the Red October will explore what labelled as either a corporate affair or largely international and generic in its kind of relationship we could establish a grassroots dynamic; but the case of character, but it was indeed related to between flexibility and sense of place, Red October investigates the possibility the common recognition of the meaning, living and working spaces, production to establish places where cultural utility and purpose of industries from and creativity, individual initiatives and exchange is hosted without necessarily both an economical and social point of general frameworks, public policies and being controlled. These places are view. private investments. crucial in the economic structure of a Contemporary creative industry, on What is it that triggers creativity in a society based on ‘immaterial labour’ that the contrary, seems a very volatile certain environment, and what is it produces services rather than goods. idea and struggles to be recognized, that triggers urban intensity in specific The development of such experiments understood and represented. Starting places in the city? The question is can be considered a test project from this core question, the possibility perhaps undecidable, but it might very for modes of life and work that will of generating an urban centre around well open up a new field of possibilities eventually become the standards of the a hub for cultural production seems an for Red October, Moscow and the post- city of the next decades. extremely challenging one, as it touches industrial city itself. Perhaps new policies are needed in at several levels the key issues of the order for these experiments to succeed, city of today. Working on scenarios for 16 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 17
  • 10. Парадигма эпохи Лужкова Paradigms of the Luzhkov Era In early may 2010, a third version of the Genplan, business. But as the request for office space was or General Plan for Moscow, was approved. gradually absorbed, the need for housing became The Genplan tries to sketch the direction of the towards the late 1990s the most powerful engine city development up to year 2025 and embodies of the construction industry. the policies of the city administration led by This shift in urban politics was influenced by Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Many criticisms have arisen the demographic growth of the city. After a regarding this plan, mostly on an infrastructural long phase of shrinking, Moscow started to point of view. grow again around 1997; from the 8.5 million Traffic in Moscow has steadily increased inhabitants of that year, it reached the current since the early 1990s, and citizens perceive the figure of 10.4 million around 2004. Genplan as a weak solution for this pressing The growth is largely due to internal immigration problem. Moreover, the previous versions of and it fuels a real estate sector that is already the Genplan allowed the substitution of mid-XX booming thanks to the improved economical century housing complexes with new, taller conditions of the long-term residents. buildings that achieve higher densities, further In the previous version of the Genplan, by 2020 complicating the circulation in the city centre. 42% of the area of Moscow would be used in These choices correspond to a precise strategy a different capacity- that is to say, density will aimed at the strengthening of the character increase everywhere in the city. of Moscow as head of the Commonwealth of Nowhere is this condition more visible, than in Independent States. As the ties between the the case of the former industrial areas that await former Soviet Republics become more and more reconversion. loose, the capital needs to reinforce its role in a Beside Luzhkov, two key characters are able to changing and uncertain geopolitical situation. influence the general policies about such areas: It comes as no surprise, in such a larger Alexander Kuzmin, Chief Architect since 1996, scale scenario, that the city administration and the head of Mosproject 2 Mikhail Posokhin. focused its efforts in encouraging the real Mosproject, the former state design office, is estate sector, densifiying the consolidated still the biggest reality in terms of architectural centre and expanding through new residential development in the city. neighborhoods. But after twenty years, new Commercial developers thus deal with a complex infrastructural policies are needed in order to administrative situation in which their projects solve a circulation system that fails to support the have to fit within the larger canvas of the latest need of the population. Genplan; in turn, the Genplan is shaped by the This condition of hypertrophic real estate pressure of the need for new housing, and the development unparalleled by infrastructural political pressure to strengthen the preeminence growth can be considered the hallmark of the last of Moscow. decades. On the political point of view, this period As the Genplan is a regulative tool, and not a has been dominated by Yuri Luzhkov, mayor of prescriptive one, the direct relationship between the city since 1992. investors and politicians is crucial; the plan thus During the first years he was in office, Luzhkov becomes an object of negotiation and discussion believed that the centre of Moscow should rather than the embodiment of a clear intention. develop mostly as a centre of trade, services and 18 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 19
  • 11. “Creative City” и его будущее The Creative City and its Future Recent theory has established the creative critical voices such as David Harvey and Matteo city as paradigm of the post-industrial urban Pasquinelli have pointed out that the creatives reality. Today, the production of knowledge often play the part of the bait in complex real has become as important as the production estate operations that ultimately aim at the of goods. Therefore, all activities linked to substitution of the creative ‘pioneers’ with research and development, communication, and bourgeois ‘gentrifiers’. innovation take the foreground in the economic This process is generally described precisely as development of contemporary cities. Cities, so to gentrification: the original inhabitants are pushed speak, cannot afford not to be creative –or else, out in order to make space for target clients they will lose the race to more competitive, more that buy housing units at expensive prices. creative cities. Gentrification takes place in derelict areas that Authors such as Richard Florida argue that such offer some key asset (position, identity of old a performance can only be fostered by truly industrial structures) but are poorly served and diverse, vibrant urban environments. Through thus perceived as unsafe. Usually, the creatives quantitative analysis, Florida demonstrates that are the first layer of society that is attracted by neighborhoods that host more artists, more such places because of the reasons we already gay people, more citizens of different ethnic discussed –good economic conditions for large background, do ultimately perform better on an spaces. Nevertheless, their joy is short lived, as economic point of view. Plainly said, there is they are usually forced to move out when the business in the production of knowledge, and a prices stop to be affordable. contemporary urban centre should encourage In the meantime, they will have served their social mixity in order to maximize the generation purpose: by establishing their practices on site, of original ideas that can eventually bring they create a sense of trust, the impression that revenue to the city itself. the neighborhood is lively, young, and on its way Nevertheless, cases such as the Strelka area to something better. raise the question of how to encourage and As we have seen, in the Strelka area the informal maintain a vibrant urban environment in an art initiatives have played precisely such a unstable economic reality such as the one of part. How long will they be able to resist in a today. The traditional industrial production has territory that is bound to become one of the most left the place, and art and intellectual production expensive locations in Moscow? tentatively colonize the existing premises. Design It is then necessary to reconsider what is the institutes, TV studios, art practices have moved future of these initiatives and whether we could to Strelka thanks to the relatively affordable rent, imagine spatial strategies able to keep some large spaces and prime position. pioneers in the area even after it has achieved its It is easy to see how the lack of efficient goal as real estate operation. infrastructural connections has contributed to If it is really true that knowledge creates keeping the rent prices low. As this condition economy, it might prove more beneficial to improves, the value of the land increases, actually encourage some creatives to stay in the eventually pushing out the so-called creative area, rather than only seeing the short term profit class. derived from substituting their studios with high- In fact, this dynamic is not at all unheard of; end housing. 20 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 21
  • 14. Территория Стрелки The Strelka Area We are not the first who think about the The area, which by now had been dubbed as Strelka area, which occupies Bolotny Island the “Golden Island” in virtue of its development from the western tip (‘Strelka’) to the Bolshoi potential continued to be ina state of uncertainty Moskvoretsky bridge. The area can potentially due to the 2008 financial crisis and unanswered become a prime real estate development, at the questions on the role of the site within the urban same time it is a sensitive spot in Moscow due to context, phasing and program. its strategic position in the centre of the city. Strelka has become the focal point of interest of various actors, among them the public Since 2002, various investors have been involved administration. The goals of the development in the conversion of the former industrial area. company and the administration do not always Throughout the last decade different proposals coincide. In September 2009, Chief Architect have been presented, but no coherent plan Alexander Kuzmin said: ‘This zone should rather was ever adopted. Up to 2009 most industrial be public. There will be practically no offices on buildings were still in function, among them the Bolotny Island. There will be hotels, apartments historical Red October candy factory, a landmark there. A financial center? Definitely no. It’s of the Moskva river scenography. Recently art impossible to have it there, the transportation studios and independent creative practices have system doesn’t allow it. Imagine thousand of cars colonized the spaces that became available after in the rush hours. We have already issued the 2009. This condition is generally interpreted as necessary papers which forbid the construction a transition phase — a state of hibernation until of office centres in the city centre’1. commercial proposals take off at last. This take on the matter has been criticized by From 2003 to 2005 KRT-Megapolis - a subsidiary representatives of the Corporation of Territory of the Corporation of Territory Developers Developers, but there seems to be a general managed the property. These two years were agreement that Strelka shall become a residential too short to reach an agreement between neighborhood. the agendas of all stakeholders, and to the Public Opinion does not agree. The area is dismay of Mayor Luzhkov no conclusions were perceived as very central and as such as a place reached. As the city is a major stakeholder in that holds an identity that needs to be public, this operation, Luzhkov decided to change the accessible, preserved and strengthened. The management company. opening of creative practices such as the Strelka From 2005 to 2007 developer Moskapstroi Institute brings forward many questions about (principal city construction company since 1967) the potential of the area: was responsible for the development of the site. Moskapstroi mostly worked at an infrastructural Can Strelka be more than another housing level, providing lighting on the Patriarshy Bridge project? Can it be public and compete with Paris and improving public space in limited areas. Ile de la Cite or London’s Modern Tate Area? Since 2007, the responsibility passed to Guta Will improved accessibility weaken Strelka’s Group. The Group had been involved in the identity? Can the Creative Industries help project from the beginning, but only took the lead to develop a sustainable program with this after the previous attempts failed to kickstart the complex situation? development. 1 http://www.gzt.ru/topnews/realty/262244.htm 26 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 27
  • 15. Хронология участка Chronology of the Site 2002....................................... The Russian company Guta-group acquires the chocolate factory “Red October” and the territory around it. 25% of the shares go to the Moscow City Government. 2003....................................... Guta-group and the Moscow City Government announce the start of an elite development project called “Golden Island”. The project is aimed at the construction of high-end housing on Balchug Island. October, 2004 ....................... no development has started yet. Some local artists rent abandoned factory garages from Guta-group and establish the artistic community “Art-Strelka”. End of 2004 ........................... Moscow authorities launch a programme aimed at removing industries from the city centre. The “Red October” stops being productive and its activities are moved to other premises. Meanwhile, Guta-group finances a new pedestrian bridge that connects the Island and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. 2005....................................... The empty spaces of the former factory “Red October” are offered for rent at high prices in an attempt to re-brand the Strelka area as “Golden Island”. The first leased property is converted into an elite night club called “Paradise”. May, 2008.............................. For the first time the former factory hosts events such as exhibitions of contemporary art and the presentation of the glossy magazine “Black Square”. August, 2008 ......................... The economic crisis slows the construction industry; Guta-group freezes the “Golden Island” project. September 2008 .................... The chocolate shop of “Red October” factory hosts an international exhibition of modern art organized in collaboration with New York gallerist Larry Gagosian. November, 2008  ................... Guta-group lowers rent prices to $250-450 for a square meter per year. Heiress Maria Baibakova rents 3000 square meters and engages in a series of expensive artistic projects, inviting renowned protagonists of the London art scene to Moscow. After a year Baibakova decides to end the experiment. May, 2009.............................. “Art-Strelka”, which paid a symbolic rent of $150 per year, is pressed to move out. Guta-group plans to open a restaurant in the former garages of the factory, but Russian entrepreneur Alexander Mamut rents the space and establishes the Strelka Institute for architecture, media, and design. The Strelka Institutes ideally continues the legacy of the “Art-Strelka” artistic community. September, 2009 ................... The shops of the former “Red October” factory are used as one of the main exhibition spaces of the Third Moscow Biennal.  2009—2010 ......................... More than 60 leasers have moved into the former factory renovating the premises at their own expense. Among the current leasers are restaurants, cafes, ateliers, photo-studios, art galleries and services such as gyms and beauty salons. 28 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 29
  • 17. Are developers AS Public space doesn’t bring money. Unless there is a reason to make a Интервью: Алекс Столярик,Евгений Глекель encouraged to provide public space for a business centre or a residential area, in which case it will public space for the bring money. Interview: Alex Stolyarik, Eugene Glekel city? EG There are very strict regulations about public spaces and green areas in Alex Stolyarik is the General Manager of “AFI Rus”, the managing particular. company of “AFI Development” What kind of program AS Basically the most profitable kind of development at the moment is the sells best in this residential sector. Lofts in particular. There is already an overabundance moment in Moscow? of office space in the city. You cannot convert the existing factory into residential space without legally changing its zoning, but there is a trick to overcome this obstacle. And the trick is that you do not change the intended use, you just call the development ‘apartments’ and convert it into Eugene Glekel is the Director of “Group Systems Architects” residential lofts without really changing its formal use. Lofts are not that popular yet in Moscow, but I think the future is in this kind of conversions. There is a huge market for residential space and lofts. Another profitable typology is the hotel. It’s very similar to residential. You can easily convert a factory into hotels. If former factories are located near the metro or close to a good area where there are interesting urban hot spots and that sorts of things, then a conversion can be really successful. Mixed use… It definitely works. For the transformation of a former industrial What do you think area I would definitely choose a mixed use development. about mixed use If you only do offices, they are empty at night. Actually, they are empty after developments? 7 in the evening, which is not good for the development. For the economic How does the public AS There are definitely some restrictions. There is a zoning, a definite land performance of the area, it is better if people are present at night. They can administration use. There are clear restrictions in terms of height, insulation, infrastructural go to a café, they can go to a theatre. influence the issues. Not all of them fit to the economy of the project. And developers decisions of are always looking for a better economic performance. But each developer There are definitely a lot of new developments during the latest years. New developers? stands for himself. Developers are not city planners. They look at their How did Moscow projects. properties and think: “How I can make the most out of this?” And they change in the last 10 start pushing the limits with the city administration. And if you are well years? EG There has been an intense construction activity outside the city. The city connected, if you have good relationship with the city administration, it can has expanded a lot. Suburbs have grown a lot. help with the change of zoning. Sometimes. What contributes EG What creates good relationships? If you grew up together, if you were to creating good together at school, if you go to the sauna together. relationships? The discussion with Stolyarik and Glekel shed light on the relationship AS It’s a tricky question, what creates good relationship. I mean, you’ve between developers and city authorities. When it comes to large-scale got to do good work, create more jobs, and do whatever is good for the interventions, negotiation between private and public interests is a key economy of this city. Any construction is good if it relates correctly with factor. The so-called Genplan (masterplan of Moscow) offers a canvas for the infrastructure of the city. In these cases the city helps you with the this negotiation rather than acting as projective tool. development. The more you invest in the city the more you get from the city. In such a condition, architects should do more than simply designing good That’s actually one way to go about it. environments: they have to first construct a grammar to communicate with There is a masterplan for Moscow. It’s difficult to change it but dealing with the clients. Finding a common ground between the economic performance issues area by area is reasonable I think. It’s like a give and take game. and a need for improved urban conditions becomes then the prerequisite for any architectural project. Nevertheless, the interview also underlines how sometimes social and economic reasons can dovetail, supporting mixed use developments and conversion of industrial areas. 32 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 33
  • 18. Интервью: Михаил Козырев Интервью: Станислав Пошвыкин Interview: Mikhail Kozyrev Interview: Stanislav Poshvikin Mikahil Kozyrev is a showman and works for Rain TV, a channel that Stanislav Poshvikin is an architect of Studio 8 of “Mosproekt-2”and the broadcasts live from the Red October. author the Masterplan for the development of the territory of Red October factory. What is special about Everybody in this country knows the chocolate factory “Red October”. Do you believe the To my point of view it is not correct to call the future high-end development this island? People often ask me “Does it still smell of chocolate in your office?”, area is going to just accommodation. Lofts on “Red October” will not be the main residence because this smell was really a legend, you could smell it everywhere be merely market- of their owners; I see them rather as collector pieces belonging to people around the factory when it functioned. Today, it doesn’t smell. But when we driven residential who also own apartments in London, on Cyprus, anywhere you can imagine. came here last autumn there were still puddles of chocolate on the floor. accommodation? So by building those lofts the developer Anton Kuznetsov of Guta-group will Then more and more renters began to come in. And now every week I see realize his dream to create art objects; ultimately, this operation will support new people putting on new plates of cafes, design studios, photo studios other art projects on the island. and so on. It’s a real boom. What if a bridge next I do not see the construction of a new pedestrian bridge near the monument What kind of facility I would like if there will be a small hotel here. I think people who work here to Peter the Great’s as a problem. The visitors who will come to the island will not disturb the do you think is would also like to live here. statue would open residents. Everything depends on how the movement along the embankment missing? up Strelka to more is handled. We proposed to the Mayor to rebuild the embankment in order Do you think an easier I think that improving the car accessibility would not help, because as soon pedestrian visitors? to reestablish a contact with the water and provide a pedestrian quay. It car accessibility as you drive out of the island you get stuck in the traffic anyway. If you want would not be too expensive to do that. I believe it is a good idea and the would improve the to travel home comfortably you should not leave the place until 3.00 a.m. City Government should support it. This reconstruction could also support area? Mayor Luzhkov’s idea of an “Art Path” which will extend from the Museum What if a bridge next The construction of a bridge near the monument of Peter the Great would of Modern Art on Krimsky Val to the Balchug-Kempinsky Hotel. If we think to Peter the Great’s change our life for the better. If more people will visit the area, the better about city islands such as the ones in the River Seine, we can see that statue would open the area will perform. And business follows people. The entrepreneurs who they are lively environments not because of what happens in or around up Strelka to more look for space to settle will surely be attracted to the area if they see that it the buildings that stand along the banks, but due to the embankments. All pedestrian visitors? is lively and vibrant. sorts of people spend time there: students, artists, middle class workers, vagabonds, owners of vessels, sailors. Nevertheless, I also think that there should be a path dedicated to residents within the island itself. In that case, Do you think the I don’t know how many of the people who work today in the “Red October” the residents could use sheltered routs that would be independent from the identity of the former like chocolate but I think everybody should eat 5 chocolates a day to save fluxes of external visitors. chocolate factory the local chocolate shop from bankruptcy. As you might know, the local can still contribute to factory shop is still open although the productive activities have been Do you envision It will be interesting if every new resident brings in his or her own designer. the character of the transferred to another place. Moreover, if each of us eats 5 chocolates a the development as Then we will have a mosaic of façade decorations which will reveal the place? day we’ll be happy, and the Balchug Island will be an Island of Happiness. one ensemble, or characters of the owners. as a collection of architectural objects? 34 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 35
  • 19. Art is today the key Artistic life on “Red October”, low rent prices for artists, are a spontaneous identity factor of marketing trick which nobody designed. That’s a paradox. The only reason the area. Do you art life exists here is that the owners of this territory are young sociable believe artists will be people. I mean Aleksandr Mamut, Anton Chernov and Artyom Kuznetsov. pushed out if the real They are not art people but they are open-minded and easy-going and are estate development not going to let such an area in the centre of Moscow become lifeless. succeeds? How do you imagine Nobody knows what will happen on “Red October” in 10, 20, 50 years. the Strelka area in 10, Luzhkov can come here someday, look at the site from the bridge and say: 20, 50 years? “What a dump is this? Demolish all!”. And the next day bulldozers will be here. But I want to live until I see a reconstructed embankment where people will walk, kiss, put their feet in the water, even if I don’t think that living on the island will be affordable to most of them. Stanislav Poshvikin is possibly the person who knows best the Red October complex; he worked on the area for more than a decade and is currently responsible for the architectural project that Guta-group will implement. Two main issues were brought to our interest after talking to him: first of all, the importance of the developers’ role, and secondly, the potential of the open air public space along the quays. As Poshvikin works with Guta-group, he has a clear vision of what kind of commercial operation will be carried on the island. It is going to be a high- end residential development targeted at wealthy clients. But if the market- driven choices are adamantly geared at an elite subject, Poshvikin points out that the shared public spaces should be open and attractive for visitors of every kind. He believes that a careful reconstruction of the embankments would be a key element in providing a vibrant environment. Indeed, it becomes clear that investing in the common spaces can become the most effective tool to preserve a certain degree of publicness on the island. 36 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 37
  • 21. Team 1 >> Мозаика жизненного пространства Team 1 >> Lifestyle Toolbox
  • 22. BOAT CARS AND PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TRAM COVERING AN ISLAND CITY ROLE River Transport System Car and Pedestrian Accessibility Metro Transport System Tram Transport System The Island as City Hub Lifestyles: Global, Local, Discovery Section: Public and Private Space Relationships 42 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 43
  • 23. 44 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 45
  • 24. 46 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 47
  • 25. 48 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 49
  • 26. Team 2 >> Зеленый остров Team 2 >> Green Island
  • 27. Accessibility Flows Flows and Heritage Buildings Section Scheme: Program and Accessibility Building Mass Studies Flows and Public Ground Landscape Section 52 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 53
  • 28. Public Space Working Space Living Space Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 55
  • 30. Adding Bridging Existing Footprint CREATIVECLUSTE CREATIVECLUSTER Digging CREATIVECLUSTE Elevating CREATIVECLUSTE 58 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 59
  • 31. Masterplan Toolbox Mass Studies: Old and New Buildings 60 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 61
  • 32. Commercial Housing Working Leisure Education Overview 62 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 63
  • 33. OWNERS RESIDENTS STUDENTS CITIZENS TOURISTS VISITORS STUDENTS FREE - LANCERS WORKERS FREE - LANCERS STUFF Users Flows CREATIVECLUSTER RESIDENTS VISITORS WORKERS CREATIVECLUSTER LEISURE CO - WORKING EDUCATION HOUSING COMMERCIAL Program CREATIVECLUSTER 64 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 65 CREATIVECLUSTER
  • 35. Not a Set... Not a Stack... But a Tangle 68 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 69
  • 36. Programmatic Areas Pixel Programme 70 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 71
  • 37. Housing Structure, Landscape and Chocolate Factory Public Creative 72 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 73
  • 40. Monolithic Peter Marko Mihic-Jeftic >> Winning project 78 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 79
  • 41. Peter ArtFestival Red Wedge Olga Khokhlova Alexei Kolesov Honourable mention Honourable mention 80 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 81
  • 42. Sinking Peter Globbing Peter Alina Kvirkvelyia Alexander Zaltsman Honourable mention 82 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 83
  • 43. Christmas Mirror Peter Alexandra Skitiova Pevtree Daria Klochkova 84 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 85
  • 44. Peter Rocket Invite Bernaskoni Valeria Krysenko Gleb Vitkov 86 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 87
  • 45. Peter-go-round Goodbye Peter Anna Shevchenko Pavel Rueda 88 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 89
  • 46. >> СТРЕЛКА THE STRELKA SITE
  • 48. Moscow Today Москва 2025 Москва сегодня Moscow 2025 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 95
  • 49. Контекст города Urban Context The Project Area is embedded within Moscow’s most The Project Area and Major Green Areas in Moscow’s prominent public spaces. Centre. 96 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 97
  • 50. The Network of Radial and Concentric Roads is disrupted Car Access to the site is characterised by cul-de-sac’s at it’s very core, Bolotny Island. The site is central and and one-way-streets. Only the initiated can access remote at once. Bolotny Island. 98 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 99
  • 51. While several Metro Lines cross the island, there is no Two Bus lines access the Island, distances to the stations actual stop on Bolotny Island. A potential extension of the are generally too large. yellow line might change that. 100 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 101
  • 53. 104 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 105
  • 56. >> СТРЕЛКА, ВПЕРЕД! >> FAST FORWARD STRELKA >>
  • 57. >> Общая схема >> Overall Scheme
  • 58. The general masterplan The footprint plan of for the Strelka island is the project shows the divided in four different relationship between the areas each one with a new development and different mix of functions the city, and the open and a different lifestyle. relationship with the water. Public Transport Access 114 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 115
  • 59. The general masterplan The general plan shows has been conceived to be how the project is realized in five phases of conceived as one coherent development. development but with different environments defined by a unique relationship between buildings and public spaces. 116 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 117
  • 60. The entire area has The private car been conceived as accessibility is possible mainly pedestrian, with through a system of a restricted accessibility underground parking that for delivery services, will fully cover the parking safety vehicles, public requirements for residents transportation and and visitors. residents with permission. Section: programs and circulation 118 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 119
  • 61. The diagram shows the All the different areas accessibility system with of the island are the articulated system equally supplied with of pedestrian paths and green spaces, with a squares, starting from the predominance of green in main bridge toward the tip the residential waterfront of the island and the north along the east bank. side. Section: pedestrian circulation 120 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 121
  • 62. В направлении к программе смешанного использования Towards a Mixed Use Program Above: Projected Buildings. Below: Overall Surfaces by Program in Square Metres. 5 966 30 104 22 581 education culture creative studios & offices 24347 work/life residential retail & leisure 41 763 11976 122 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 123
  • 63. While the distribution of the program avoids any strict zoning, functions are clustered according to existing building substance, orientation and accessibility. The soft clustering of the functions activate them and create a lively mix in the public spaces which connect them. Commercial Residential Working Managed Apartments & Hotels Creativity Overview 124 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 Workshop Berlage Institute at Strelka Institute Moscow June 2010 125