1. SOMACENT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION
THE EVIDENCE OF TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE WASTES DUMPING IN SOMALIA
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A CASE STUDY
Bashir Mohamed Hussein, PhD.
Geneva , 8th of June, 2010
Paper presented at the United Nations Human Rights Council (Geneva)
14th Session
Panel discussion on Toxic Wastes
Contact information:
Kasteeldrift 17, 3436 TL Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Email: somacent@gmail.com

2. THE EVIDENCE OF TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE WASTES DUMPING IN SOMALIA
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A CASE STUDY
Bashir Mohamed Hussein1, PhD.
I. Summary
Although many developing countries, especially African countries, have been victim of
the adverse effects of highly toxic wastes (HTW) originated from the developed
countries, the case of Somalia is particularly preoccupying. The country has been
subjected to extensive illegal dumping operations of toxic and radioactive wastes since
the 1980s. The HTW dumping operations that have taken place both along the coast and
the hinterland have extremely adverse effects on health, livelihoods and the future
prospect of sustainable development of the local population. Furthermore, along with
other internationally-driven illegal economic and other strategic interests (e.g. the
industrial-scale Illegal Unregulated and Unreported overfishing on the part of foreign
companies), the issue of the toxic wastes dumping has contributed to the perpetuation and
exacerbation of the deadly effects of the armed conflict which has been going on in
Somalia for the last two decades. While Somalia itself has not yet an effective
government, the international community has failed to tackle the toxic waste dumping
issue and other closely related internationally-driven illegal activities in Somalia. In this
respect, lack of “sufficient evidence” of toxic waste dumping in Somalia is often
advanced as an argument to justify the aforementioned inaction.
The purpose of this case study report is to contribute significantly to the available
evidence of the long-running toxic waste dumping in Somalia and its negative impact on
the enjoyment of the fundamental human rights of the affected population. Drawing on
authoritative sources and careful analysis, the paper concludes that the toxic wastes
dumping in Somalia is real and it has compromised (irreversibly) the human health,
natural environment, food security and the long-term development prospects of the
affected population. And, consequently, it has denied the victims the enjoyment of their
1
Co-founder and Director of SomaCent Development Research Foundation
2

3. fundamental human rights including the right to life, healthy environment and food
security.
To reverse this tragic trend, the paper recommends a number of concrete measures
including an urgent mission on the part of the Special Rapporteur on toxic wastes to
Somalia, in-depth and extensive field research, the identification, isolation and
reclamation of the polluted sites and full assessment of the nature and the scale of the
polluting chemicals and other hazardous wastes. It also recommends the adoption of
effective deterring measures against the toxic traffickers at international level.
II. Background information
Long before the collapse of the Somali state in January 1991, Somalia was one of the
least developed countries in the world. The country’s mainly pastoral economy used to
rely heavily on transhumant livestock rearing, limited farming and artisan fishing. Even
today, more than ever, the livelihoods of the overwhelming majority of the population
depend strictly on the state (i.e. healthiness) of the natural environment. On the other
hand, in the last two decades the country has been devastated by a complex combination
of a myriad of problems including political violence and protracted civil war, mass
displacement of the civilians caught in the conflict (both in the form of refugees in the
neighboring countries and Internally Displaced Persons - IDPs), lawlessness and the lack
of effective public institutions, natural disasters and unprecedented environment
degradation. Aside from the naturally occurring environmental problems such as the
persistent severe droughts, Tsunami, occasional flush floods and climate change, the
man-made environmental emergencies facing Somalia are particularly severe. These
include, inter alia, an alarming rate of deforestation fuelled by an extensive and
indiscriminate charcoal burning for export to the Middle East markets, intensive illegal
overfishing on the part of foreign fleets as well as extensive large-scale dumping
operations of highly toxic chemical and radioactive wastes.
According to many accounts including some reports released by specialized international
agencies such as the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), Greenpeace and
other international environmentalist organizations, Somalia has been used extensively
3

4. by foreign companies and their partners as a dumping ground to dispose large
quantities of highly toxic waste from the industrialized countries. Although the
country already had become a victim of what is sometimes called “toxic colonialism” as
early as the mid 1980s, the illegal dumping of the hazardous wastes in Somalia has
become a rampant phenomenon after 1990. The impact of the toxic wastes dumping has
been devastating as it has gravely compromised the human health, livelihoods sources for
the local population and the quality of the natural environment. Furthermore, from the
international literature it is clear that, for example in the 1990s, the Somali warring
parties used to accept hazardous and highly toxic wastes in exchange of army and
ammunition2. It follows that the toxic wastes dumping in Somalia has been one of the
main drivers of the armed conflict that has ruined the country.
Despite the gravity of its negative impact and its role as one of the main external drivers
of the Somali crisis, the problem of the illegal toxic wastes dumping in Somalia has been
overshadowed by the long-running armed conflict and the ensuing complex humanitarian
emergency. Similarly, the conflict has also been fuelled by other internationally-
driven illegal activities such as arms smuggling and widespread Illegal, Unregulated
and Unreported (IUU) overfishing by foreign companies. Taken together, these are
closely related pillars that underpin the international component of the war economy
which took its roots in Somalia in the early 1990s. The international media have been
covering intermittently the intractable conflict in Somalia which has been gradually but
rapidly evolving over the past two decades from a local struggle between rival clan
militias over political power and the control over resources to international proxy wars
with regional and global agendas. Lately, however, at international level, the problem of
the Somali sea piracy, which is relatively a novel offshoot of the bigger crisis in the
country, has attracted the attention of the international community more than anything
else. In fact, the Somali sea piracy represents a real threat for the safety of the
international maritime transportation in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden.
Consequently, the world community has been very quick to respond to this growing
2
Barbara Carazzolo et al (2002). Ilaria Alpi: Un Omicidio Al Crocevia dei Traffici, second edition, Baldini
& Castoldi, Milano, pp 206.
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5. threat as many countries have sent their warships to the Somali seas including the
European Union (e.g. Operation Atlanta), NATO, Russia, China, India, Korea, Japan,
Iran, etc. On the contrary, against the other equally but even more harmful criminal
phenomena such as the dumping of huge amount of toxic wastes in Somalia and the IUU
overfishing on the part of foreign companies, the international community has failed to
address adequately3. This negligence could be seen particularly grave if the close
relationship between all the aforementioned illegal activities, the long-lasting human
suffering and instability in Somalia are taken into account. Along the internal factors,
Somalia’s political and economic crisis is fuelled and perpetuated by internationally-
driven economic and other strategic interests. In this respect, according to the UN
Special Representative for Somalia Mr. Ahmedou Ould-Abdalla, “piracy, illegal
fishing and the dumping of chemical waste, toxic and possibly nuclear waste in
Somalia means struggle for power by Somali warlords is flawed”4.
III. The evidence of the toxic waste dumping in Somalia
As far as can be documented, since the early 1980s, Somalia has been a victim of what
has been dubbed as “toxic colonialism”. The extensive illegal export of the hazardous
toxic wastes from the industrialized countries to Somalia, including radioactive waste,
has been denounced in many occasions by various institutions ranging from the United
Nations to Greenpeace, from judiciary authorities and political institutions of some
European countries to civil society organizations all the way to the international media. In
this context, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) launched its first high
profile official alarm in September 1992. The then Executive Director of UNEP, Dr.
Mostafa Tolba, confirmed5 that European companies had been taking advantage of
the on-going political chaos and civil war in Somalia in order to dump illegally
hazardous toxic wastes onto the country’s long coasts. Immediately thereafter,
Greenpeace Italy had made public the names of some of the companies involved in these
3
See for example Mohamed Abshir Waldo (2009). The two piracies in Somalia: Why the world ignores the
other? http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_09/Jan/Waldo/08_The_two_piracies_in_Somalia.html
4
Quoted from the politics.co.uk. The quoted statement is a passage of an interview dated 20th June 2008.
5
NewScientists (19/0991992). Toxic Waste adds to Somalia’s woes. Accessed on 25/01/2010 at
www.newscientst.com/mg13518190.400-toxic-waste-adds-to-somalias-woes.html
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6. transboundary illegal operations at a time when Somalia was going through a violent civil
war and without an internationally recognized government. In a statement released on 9th
September 1992, in coordination with Greenpeace Switzerland, the Director of
Greenpeace Italia Mr. Roberto Ferigno6 disclosed that some European companies had
been involved in an illegal deal with a self-appointed Somali minister to export to
Somalia five hundred thousand tons of toxic waste per year over a period of twenty years
(1992 – 2011).
Likewise, in November 1998, the Italian weekly magazine Famiglia Cristiana had
reported that, in 1997, UNEP undertook an extensive fact-finding field mission along the
Somali coasts7. The journalists reported that they had obtained a copy of the assessment
report according to which UNEP’s mission confirmed the toxic waste dumping along
the Somali coast.
Similarly, in 1998, a team of journalists from Famiglia Cristiana, La Repubblica, TV
Svizzera, Radio Popolare, Agenzia Italia and other freelance journalists and photo
reporters travelled to Kenya and Somalia; among other objectives, this international
mission aimed to investigate a possible plot behind the assassination in 1994 of two
Italian TV journalists (Ilaria Alpi and Miran Hrovatin) in Somalia and its relation with
the toxic waste dumping and other closely related internationally-driven illicit practices
in Somalia. The team had visited some of the suspected dumping sites all over Somalia.
They had also interviewed a lot of relevant people on the ground and visited the UNEP
headquarters in Nairobi. Based on the collected information and findings of the team, the
report of the Famiglia Cristiana confirmed the long-running toxic waste dumping in
Somalia and other associated illegal practices such as international arms trafficking. In
addition, based on the information and literature sources obtained both from European
sources and from the field, among other insights, the team came up for the first time with
a tentative map of the polluted sites in Somalia where the dumping activities have with
all likelihood taken place (fig.1).
6
Greenpeace Italy (9/09/1992). Accessed on 25/01/2010. www.beppegrillo.it/200508/debiti_in_salot.html
7
Famiglia Cristiana (29/11/1998). Somalia: Il Traffico che uccide. Accessed on 25/01/2010.
www.stpauls.it/fc98/4798fc84.htm
6

7. Figure 1. Tentative map of the polluted areas by toxic waste dumping (Famiglia Cristiana, 1998)
Immediately after the Tsunami disaster which hit also the Somali coast in December
2004 along with a dozen of other countries, the sea stirred up rotting containers and
leaking drums full of toxic substances that were previously dumped off the coast. The
poisonous content contaminated the water sources and the air whereby the adverse effects
were felt as far as ten kilometers from the coast into the hinterland. Following to this
disaster, once again, UNEP rang the alarm bells. On the 22nd of February 2005, the
UN agency issued an official statement8 according to which “Somalia’s coastline has
been used as a dumping ground for other countries’ nuclear and hazardous wastes
8
UNEP, Press Release UNEP/268, February 22, 2005.
7

8. for many years as a result of the long civil war and, thus, the inability of the
authorities to police shipments or handle the wastes”.
Likewise, in 2006, the Mogadishu-based Somali NGO called Daryeel Bulsho Guud
(DBG), whose staff members were trained and equipped by international agencies,
carried out a survey along the coastal regions of South-Central Somalia. The team had
found 15 sealed containers washed ashore by the Tsunami (see Fig.2).
Figure 2. Some of the suspected toxic waste containers (Dayeel Bulsho Guud, 2006. Published by Somalitalk.com)
In a report released in October 2000 by an Italian parliamentary commission it was
indicated that, according to parliamentary hearings, Somalia has been for years and
remains to be one of the preferred destinations for huge quantity of toxic wastes
exported from Europe and other industrialized countries9. In addition, the report
pointed out a “clear overlap” between the illicit transboundary traffic of toxic wastes and
army smuggling into Somalia.
More recently, as reported by Agence France-Presse AFP in July 2009, the UN special
envoy for Somalia Mr. Ahmedou Ould Abdallah has declared: “I’m convinced there
is solid waste and probably nuclear waste (…) it is disaster out the Somali coast, a
disaster for the Somali people and (their) environment”10.
9
Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul ciclo dei rifiuti e sulle attivita’ illecite ad esso connesse (2000). Proposta di documento
sui traffici illeciti e le ecomafie.
10
AFP (25/07/2009). UN envoy decries illegal fishing, waste dumping off Somalia. Accessed on
25/01/2010 at http://afp.google.com/article/AlegM5gW_gQDsp1m8v7npcumVc5McYV-Q
8

9. Reportedly, a great deal of the toxic wastes exported to Somalia passes through Italy
because unscrupulous waste brokers operating from Italy import (toxic) waste also from
other industrialized countries only to hand it over to criminal organizations known as
“Ecomafia” with whom they deal as de facto business partners to get rid of the waste
cheaply. Nevertheless, in the final analysis, it seems that these unscrupulous private
companies and the traditional underground criminal organizations are not alone in
implementing and profiting from the illegal export of the hazardous waste to Somalia at
the expense of the health, livelihoods and the long term development prospects of the
local population. On many occasions, from various legal procedures and investigations
that had been carried out for example by various Italian tribunals, it emerged that this
sinister scheme had sometimes close relationship with some apparently corrupted high-
ranked politicians. In this regard, it is worth recalling the testimony of two key people
who have been involved in this “business” from two opposing sides11.
1. In November 1999, Mr. Marcello Giannoni, an Italian businessman who was
active in the sector of the “Special Wastes” and who had been personally involved
in the toxic wastes export to Somalia, told the Italian magistrates investigating
these issues that “at the end of the 1980s until the first years of the1990s,
there was a very powerful politician who was involved [in the illegal export to
and subsequent dumping of radioactive waste in Somalia].(…) I can’t disclose his
name but he was a very powerful politician”. Mr. Giannoni also told the
investigators that “the idea was to mix highly toxic waste imported from America
(including radioactive waste) with Italian waste and send the whole thing to
Somalia”. According to this account, as a matter of fact, this toxic waste had
reached Somalia.
2. In an interview aired by the Italian state-owned television (RAI) in 2005, Dr.
Luciano Tarditi, an Italian public prosecutor who have been investigating these
illicit activities declared that: “In the 1980s and the whole 1990s (…) the big
European industry, and I believe with a significant American contribution,
had implemented a large scale export of toxic wastes in the Horn of Africa”.
11
Translated by the author from Italian language, these statements were quoted on RAINEWS 24 (Italian
Public Television), September 23, 2005.
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10. Dr. Tarditi is also sure that all this couldn’t happen “without political blessing
(copertura politica) and without enjoying some sort of protection given the fact
that the export in question has been of strategic nature”.
Moreover, in an official hearing in 2006, an Italian Minister told the aforementioned
special parliamentary commission that “numerous elements indicate the involvement
in the previously mentioned [toxic waste and army] traffic of European and non-
European countries as well as the Mafia and other individuals including a well
known broker who is also involved in a series of issues related to Somalia”12.
If accurate, the above reported statements would imply clearly that the illegal trafficking
of the highly toxic wastes to Somalia is much more complex than a simple criminal
phenomenon run by underground criminal organizations and their (business) partners.
IV. Examples of the negative impact on the health of the population
It goes without saying that the negative impacts of such long-running and extensive
dumping operations of highly toxic wastes are potentially devastating in many ways both
in the short and the long term. Following are only few examples of such consequences
specifically in the area of human health. To begin with, it has to be noted that in Somalia,
because of the collapse of the state in 1991 and the violent armed conflict, almost all
public institutions ceased to function nearly two decades ago; the country’s main
hospitals and other public health services were not an exception. Particularly, in Central
and Southern Somalia, which is not only the main theatre of the protracted violence but
also the epicenter of the toxic wastes dumping, only few private clinics have been
operating along with some sanitation posts sponsored by international aid agencies. It
follows that it has been impossible to monitor the health problems of the local population
in a systematic and coordinated manner let alone addressing these problems adequately.
Nonetheless, since the mid 1990s, based on medical, media and other international
reports, extremely worrying health problems, including unknown diseases, have affected
both people and animals in Somalia.
12
Legambiente (2006). Report on Ecomafia. pp 349.
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11. According to the UNEP’s already mentioned statement that was released immediately
after the Tsunami, “in Somalia there is evidence that hazardous wastes from dump
sites have contaminated ground water”. UNEP had also reported that the people were
complaining of unusual health problems including “acute respiratory infections, heavy
dry coughing, mouth bleeding abdominal hemorrhage and unusual chemical skin
reaction”.
Figure 3. A man suffering from unusual skin disease in Lower Shabelle region, Somalia (Dayniile.com, 2010)
Likewise, both Somali and non-Somali medical doctors working in Somalia have
reported an excessive incidence of cancer, unknown diseases, spontaneous
miscarriages of the pregnant women and child malformation. For example, in 1994, a
11

12. doctor reported13 an unusually high number of patients suffering from thyroid,
tongue and colon cancer as well as malformed newborn babies in the coastal city of
Merka. Also, as reported by the Mogadishu-based HornAfrik radio in March 2005, the
doctors working at the SOS hospital in Mogadishu reported an excessive number of
malformed babies14. According to this account, Dr. Bashir Sheikh Omar, the head of the
maternity ward of the hospital attributed this unusual trend to the toxic waste dumping in
the coastal areas around the Somali capital. Furthermore, after their fact-finding mission
in Somalia in 1998, the journalists of the Famiglia Cristiana, on their way back to
Nairobi, met with Dr. Pirko Honenen of UNICEF Somalia who was just back from a
field trip in the Somali town of Bardale at the west of Baidoa city. The journalists quoted
Dr. Honenen as saying “a new unknown disease is killing people in Bardale in high
numbers”. She also added that “there were already more than 120 victims in two
months (…) and, the symptoms are high fever, trembling, nose and mouth
hemorrhage”15.
In addition, in the summer 2005, an Italian team consisting this time not only of
journalists (including TV operators) but also of a member of the Italian Parliament, the
Honorable Mauro Bulgarelli, had toured some of the suspected dumping sites together
with the current Somali Ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva, H.E. Mr. Yusuf
Mohamed Ismail Bari-Bari. While in the coastal area of Warsheikh nearby Mogadishu,
among other relevant people, the team had met and interviewed Dr. Gabriele Lonardi, a
medical doctor working with an Italian Non-Governmental Organization called
INTERSOS. Dr. Lonardi reported that “in the villages in the area we had visited, we
had found a series of strange diseases with an unusual extremely high incidence with
respect to the normal situation”. The doctor stated also that he saw “microcephalies
and macrocephalies of which the frequency is so abnormal that you cannot find in
13
Barbara Carazzolo et al (2002). Ilaria Alpi: Un Omicidio Al Crocevia dei Traffici, second edition,
Baldini & Castoldi, Milano, pp 54.
14
Since mid 1990s, the problem of the sharp increase of the congenital anomalies among the newborn
babies in Somalia is painfully all too popular in Somalia as any week hardly passes without seeing new
pictures of these suffering babies on the Somali websites for whom the parents are appealing to the Somali
Diaspora living abroad for support as there are no specialized doctors or adequate equipments to operate
them in Somalia.
15
Ibid
12

13. any book (…) we couldn’t find any logical explanation for what we saw and we were
constantly asking ourselves what is going on here”16. Despite the fact that there has
been so far no adequate research or even regular monitoring of the health condition of the
individual households in Somalia, whereas perhaps most of the people don’t even see a
doctor for years (either because there is no doctor altogether or it is too costly to get
access to medical attention), the above mentioned examples, and many others that can’t
be shared here because of space shortage, clearly indicate that there is strong evidence of
the increasing toll of the hazardous toxic waste dumping in Somalia.
V. Concluding remarks
The internationally-organized illegal and harmful practices to which Somalia has been
subjected since 1990 are many including intensive, industry-scale IUU overfishing, arms
- trafficking, international money laundering, bio-piracy as well as extensive dumping
operations of extremely toxic and radioactive wastes. Specifically, this case study
illustrates how a poor, conflict-ridden (hence unprotected) country, Somalia, has been
exploited by international entities including companies and criminal organizations from
industrialized countries by taking advantage of the long-running conflict and the political
chaos. The findings draw on the available official reports released in the last two decades
by specialized international agencies such as UNEP and Greenpeace as well as the first
hand testimonies of the local and international medical doctors, international
investigators, reliable media sources, magistrates, politicians and the toxic traffickers
themselves. From all these different sources, it is clear that Somalia has been turned
into dumping ground for the worst toxic wastes produced in Europe and other
industrialized countries at the expense of the already fragile health, livelihoods
security, future prospect for development and the overall human security of the
affected population in Somalia. In addition, the combined negative effects of the
closely related internationally-driven illegal practices such as the toxic waste
dumping and the army smuggling on the Somali conflict are also clear.
16
Translated by the author from Italian, these statements were quoted on RAINEWS 24 (Italian Public
Television), September 23, 2005
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14. Bearing in mind the immense human suffering that all this dumping has caused in
Somalia directly or indirectly, from the above it can be concluded that the basic human
rights of the affected Somali people have been systematically and perpetually
violated including the right to life, the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard
of health, sufficient food and safe drinking water and the right to development.
Despite the gravity of this dimension of the Somali crisis, both the international
community and Somalis ignore oftentimes these crucial issues while dealing with the
Somali crisis. It is high time that these “forgotten” and internationally-driven dimensions
of the Somali crisis and their devastating consequences for the life and livelihoods of the
population must be taken into account and properly addressed.
VI. Recommendations
To reverse the above described tragic trend, the author wishes to call upon the UN
Council on Human Rights to take all necessary steps and actions to make sure that the
interlinked problems of hazardous toxic waste, IUU fishing, army smuggling and all
other internationally-driven dimensions of the Somali crisis are properly and
comprehensively dealt with. Specifically, a number of concrete measures are
recommended including:
1. The need for the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Human Rights Council
on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous
products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights to undertake a country
mission in Somalia as soon as possible to assess the situation;
2. An in-depth and extensive field research to study the nature of the pollutants, full
scale of the toxic wastes dumping in Somalia and the impact thereof on health,
livelihoods and the natural environment;
3. Identification, isolation and reclamation of the polluted sites;
4. Full assessment of the hazards of these toxicants;
5. In line with the provisions of the international treaties, adoption of effective
deterring legal and other coercive measures against the toxic traffickers at
international level;
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15. 6. The need for both Somalis and the international stakeholders to recognize and
take into proper account the (internationally-driven) war economy in Somalia and
its implications while working towards durable solution;
7. Access to the existing information on the toxic waste dumping in Somalia is
particularly crucial not only to find a lasting solution for these problems but also
to mitigate the adverse effects of the hazardous toxic wastes. In this respect, those
who have relevant information (e.g. individuals, national governments and
international bodies) should share their knowledge urgently without reservation
for there are communities and households who are living, in all likelihood, in or
around the close vicinity of the polluted sites with serious consequences.
15