More Related Content
More from Soheir ELghonemy (19)
Stress
- 2. © ……………………..Dept, ASU, 2012Menu
ILOs
By the end of this lecture, you should be able
to:
1. Define Stress.
2. Recognize Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of
stress.
3. Describe Symptoms and Signs of Stress.
4. Identify Stress management.
5. Recognize types of coping strategies.
- 3. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
definitions
Psychology Of Stress
•Stress is a person's response to a
stressor such as an environmental
condition or a stimulus.
•The body's way to respond to stress is by
sympathetic nervous system activation
which results in the fight-or-flight
response.
- 5. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Neuroanatomy
&
neurochemistry
Psychology Of Stress
• Prefrontal cortex: regulate cognitive processes
including planning, attention, and problem solving.
Becomes impaired during the stress response.
• Hypothalamus: during a stress response corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the body’s
pituitary gland and initiates a heavily regulated stress
response pathway.
• Amygdala: plays a role in the processing of emotions
and modulates stress response
mechanisms, especially feelings of fear.
• Locus cerulus: is the site of the synthesis of the
norepinephrine, which plays an important role in the
sympathetic nervous system’s reaction during stress
- 6. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Neuroanatomy
&
neurochemistry
• Hippocamus: important to process prior memories to
enhance, suppress, or even independently generate a
stress response. It is also an area in the brain that is
susceptible to damage brought upon by chronic stress.
• Raphe nuclei: secrets serotonin and modulate
changes in circadian rhythm, mood and sensation of
pain.
• Spinal cord: Certain nerves that belong to the
sympathetic branch of the CNS exit the spinal cord and
stimulate peripheral nerves, which in turn engage the
body’s major organs and muscles in a fight-or-flight
manner.
- 7. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Neuroanatomy
&
neurochemistry
• Pituitary gland: During a stress response, the pituitary
gland releases hormones into the blood
stream, namely adrenocorticotropic hormone.
• Adrenal gland: Cortisol is the major stress hormone
released by the adrenal gland
• Immune system: Cortisol can weaken the activity of
the immune system and prevents proliferation of T-
cells by affecting the interleukin which is important in
combating disease and cancer.
- 9. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Sources of
stress
Source of Stress:
• The loss of a loved one: spouse, child, close
relative, or a very good friend.
• Major illness or injury: debilitating, long
lasting, life threatening, or chronic disease.
• Divorce or separation: people who suffer
through a divorce report more stress related
than those who stay married.
• Serious financial difficulties: lack of money is
almost always the root of much stress.
• Loss of job: not having enough income to
maintain your life style.
- 10. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Sources of
stress
• Getting married: it is the most important decision
you will make in your life time backing it up with a
serious commitment, then you have the family
interactions.
• Moving to a new place: a) physical stress: pack
and unpack, looking for a new place.
b)psychological stress: like the new house? my old
friends? esp. with children?
• A serious disagreement with a close friend:
fighting or arguing is painful enough in itself & is
highly stressful with a good friend. Feelings of
anger, upset & loss can be terribly distressing.
- 11. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Sources of
stress
• Birth of a child: It is a joyful happy time yet
with more other concerns & worries: a) health
of the baby, b) financial responsibilities, c)
siblings reaction, d) sleep, e) how to be a
parent
• Retirement: going from a rather involved, well
defined life style to one of endless
options, missing friends & co-workers, having
some identity issues, and spending too much
time with your spouse.
- 12. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Signs &
symptoms
Physical signs of stress:
• Tiredness, fatigue, lethargy.
• Palpitations, racing pulse, rapid shallow breathing.
• Muscle tension and aches, shakiness and tremors
• Heart
burn, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, nervousness.
• Dry mouth & throat. Excessive sweating, clammy
hands, cold hands & feet.
• Nail biting, hair twirling, or hair puling.
• Frequent urination. Overeating or loss of appetite.
• Sleeping difficulties.
• Increased use of alcohol and/or drugs and
medications.
- 13. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Signs &
symptoms
Psychological signs of stress:
• Irritability, impatience, anger, hostility.
• Worry, anxiety, panic.
• Moodiness, sadness, feeling upset.
• Intrusive thoughts or racing thoughts.
• Memory lapses, difficulties in concentrating in
decision.
• Loss of sense of humor.
- 14. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Signs &
symptoms
• Prolonged and/or intense stress can have
more serious effects.
– heart diseases
– Stress ulcers
– Stress may play role in exacerbating a variety of
immune system disorders such as:
HIV, herpes, cancer metastasis, viral infection, and
rheumatoid arthritis.
- 15. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Coping Skills
Coping Skills: “Think Smart, Live Well”
• Coping: "constantly changing cognitive
and behavioral efforts to manage specific
external and/or internal demands that
are appraised as exceeding the resources
of the person".
• Psychological coping mechanisms are
commonly termed coping strategies or
coping skills, i.e., the strategies reduce
stress levels.
- 16. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Coping Skills
Types of coping strategies:
• People may alter the way they think
about a problem by altering
their goals and values, such as by seeing
the humor in a situation; humor may
play a greater role as a stress moderator
among women than men".
Appraisal-focused strategies:
- 17. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Coping Skills
• Changing or eliminating the source of the
stress.
• People try to deal with the cause of their
problem. By finding out information on the
problem and learning new skills to manage the
problem.
Problem-focused coping :
- 18. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Coping Skills
Emotion-focused coping :
• Oriented toward managing the emotions that
accompany the perception of stress. It
involves releasing pent-up
emotions, distracting oneself, managing
hostile feelings, meditating or using systematic
relaxation procedures.
- 19. Glossary Summary© …………………….Dept, ASU, 2012Menu Quiz
Psychology of Stress/Summary
1. Stress is a reaction to change.
2. Brain areas and Neurotransmitter
involved in stress reaction.
3. Common sources of stress
4. Stress Management.
5. Coping strategies.
Summary:
