This slide deck has been created for clinician use in creating presentations detailing Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases, the Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) procedure available to treat this condition, supported by the clinical data that supports this treatment and and ongoing RCT trials to further document the success of this treatment. This information maybe used in its entirety or in sections, according to the material being presented and the audience to which it will be used. The sections included in this slide deck are as follows:
Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases (mCRC)
Overview Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT)
Overview SIR-Spheres(r) microspheres
Clinical Data in mCRC Ongoing Level 1 RCT for mCRC in the liver
2. Disclaimer
• The content and opinions presented in this activity are not meant to
serve as a guideline for patient management and do not necessarily
reflect the views of Sirtex Medical Limited.
• Healthcare professionals are encouraged to critically appraise the
information presented and are advised to consult appropriate
resources for clinical information surrounding disease management
and FDA-approved labeling for information about any product or
device discussed in this activity.
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3. Agenda
1. Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases (mCRC): Overview
2. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT): Overview
3. SIR-Spheres® microspheres: Clinical Data in mCRC
4. Ongoing Level 1 RCT for mCRC in the liver
SIR-Spheres® is a registered trademark of Sirtex SIR-Spheres Pty Ltd. 3
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5. Colorectal Cancer (CRC):
US Epidemiology
• Third most common cancer diagnosed in the US 1
– Estimated new cases in 2012 :1
– Colon: 103,170
– Rectal: 40,290
– Age-adjusted incidence: 46.3 per 100,000 persons/yr2
• Median age at diagnosis (2005-2009): 69 yrs2
• Prevalence (2009):
– ~ 1.1 million people were alive in the US with a history of CRC2
• 20% of subjects present with metastatic disease2
1. American Cancer Society. 2012. Cancer Facts & Figures (page 4). 5
2. NCI Cancer Topics Colon and Rectal Cancer. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
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6. Colorectal Cancer:
US Mortality
• CRC is the second leading cause of all cancer deaths1
– 51,690 Estimated deaths in 2012:2
• CRC-related deaths have steadily declined over past 20
yrs1
– Due to improvements in screening, early detection, and
treatment
– 65% overall 5-yr relative survival3
1. American Cancer Society. 2011. Cancer Facts & Figures.
2. NCI Cancer Topics Colon and Rectal Cancer.
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3. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum. 582-U-0712
7. Colorectal Cancer: Stage Distribution
and 5-year Relative Survival at Diagnosis
(2001-2007)
Stage 5-year
Stage at
Definition Distribution Relative
diagnosis
(%) Survival (%)
Localized (confined to primary
Stage I/IIA/B/C 39 90.1
site)
Regional (spread to regional
Stage IIIA/B/C 37 69.2
lymph nodes)
Stage IV Distant (cancer has metastasized) 20 11.7
Unknown (unstaged) 5 33.3
1. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum, NCI PDQ Colon. 7
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8. mCRC liver metastases:
Treatment Options
• Surgery
– Cytoreduction or Resection
• 5 year survival goes from <15% to >50% following successful
resection but only 15% of patients present with resectable disease
• Ablation
• Systemic Chemotherapy
– Adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and palliative
• Targeted agents
– EGFR inhibitors
– VEGFR inhibitors
• Intra-arterial Therapies
– Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) with Y-90
– Chemoembolization
• Clinical trials
1. NCCN. 2012. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: colon cancer. 8
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9. Bulk Reduce Tumors:
Improvement in Survival
• Survival improvement has been shown in
ovarian cancer, hepatocellular cancer (HCC),
head-and-neck cancer (HNC) due to:1-4
– Removal of poorly vascularized areas, thereby
increasing chemotherapy exposure
– Removal of chemoresistant cells
– Reducing adverse metabolic consequences
– Enhancement of immune function after tumor debulking
1. Covens AL. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:269-274. 2. Thigpen T. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2544-2546. 9
3. Wyse G, et al. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2009;19:161-168. 4. Atwell TD, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28:409-421.
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14. SIRT: Design Concept
• Selectively targets liver tumor cells with lethal
radiation dose
while at the same time
• Minimizing radiation exposure to the normal
liver parenchyma
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15. SIRT: Microsphere Delivery Concept
• SIRT takes advantage of the hepatic dual blood supply
• Normal liver parenchyma:
– Majority of blood supply from portal vein (A)
• Metastatic liver tumors:
– Majority of blood supply from hepatic artery (B)
B
A
1. Archer S, Gray BN. Br J Surg. 1989;76:545-548, LIV_MOA. 15
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16. SIRT: Delivery Procedure
Minimally invasive microcatheter therapy:
Transfemoral access (A) to the hepatic artery (B)
B
A
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17. SIRT: Brachytherapy Implantation
• Liver tumor vessel diameter: 25μm -75μm with end arteriole
diameter: 8μm
• Resin microspheres mean diameter: 32.5μm
• Microspheres are too large to pass through the capillary bed within
the tumor, where they become permanently implanted
1. Source: Andrew S. Kennedy, MD, Wake Radiology Oncology, Cary, NC. 17
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18. SIR-Spheres microspheres
Biocompatible resin
32.5μm average diameter
Yttrium90 permanently bound
Mean pure beta emission @
0.93MeV
Half life 64.1 hours
Penetration
– 2.5mm mean
– 11mm max
Scanning electron
micrograph
1. Data on file, Sirtex Medical Limited 18
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20. The SIR-Spheres microspheres
Patient
• Non-resectable, liver only or liver dominant metastatic
colorectal cancer
• Progressed on first line chemotherapy
• Remaining chemotherapy / biological agent options
• Good performance status (PS <2)
• Adequate liver function (bilirubin <2 or stable)
• Expected survival >3 months
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21. SIR-Spheres microspheres in mCRC:
First-Line Treatment
Investigator n Treatment ORR TTP*/‡PFS Survival
Gray1 74 SIR-Spheres† + HAC 44% 15.9 mo* 39% at 2 yr
HAC (FUDR) 18% 9.7 mo* 29% at 2 yr
P=0.01 P=0.001 P=0.06
van Hazel2 21 SIR-Spheres† + 5FU/LV 91% 18.6 mo* 29.4 mo
5FU/LV 0% 3.6 mo* 12.8 mo
P<0.001 P<0.0005 HR 0.33; P=0.025
Sharma3 20 SIR-Spheres† + FOLFOX4 90% 9.2 mo‡ nr
14.2 mo‡L
*TTP; ‡ PFS; ‡ LPFS in the liver; nr: not reported ,† SIR-Spheres microspheres
1. Gray, et al. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:1711–1720.
2. van Hazel, et al. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88:78–85.
21
3. Sharma, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1099–1106. 582-U-0712
22. SIRT in First-Line Treatment of mCRC:
Objective Response Rate and Time to Progression
Objective Response Rate Time to Progression
100% 20.0 18.6
91% 90%
90% 18.0
15.9
80% 16.0
13.8
70% 14.0
60% 12.0
9.7 9.3
50% 44% 10.0
%
)
(
40% 8.0
30% 6.0
18% 3.6
20% 4.0
m
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)
(
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10% 2.0
R
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P
C
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T
a
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y
S
s
t
I
i
0% -
FUDR ± 5FU/LV ± FOLFOX4 + FUDR ± 5FU/LV ± FOLFOX4 +
SIR-Spheres† SIR-Spheres† SIR-Spheres† SIR-Spheres† SIR-Spheres† SIR-Spheres†
(Gray et al., 2001) (van Hazel et al., 2004) (Sharma et al., 2007) (Gray et al., 2001) (van Hazel et al., 2004) (Sharma et al., 2007)
(n=74) (n=21) (n=20) (n=74) (n=21) (n=20)
†
SIR-Spheres microspheres
1. Gray, et al. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:1711–1720.
2. van Hazel, et al. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88:78–85.
22
3. Sharma, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1099–1106. 582-U-0712
23. SIR-Spheres microspheres in First-Line
Treatment : Cycles of Chemotherapy
received
Chemotherapy Cycles Administered
P = 0.03
9.0
8.1
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0 3.8
3.0
M
m
N
o
b
u
n
e
a
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f
2.0
m
A
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n
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s
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t
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1.0
0.0
5FU/LV 5FU/LV +
SIR-Spheres
Microspheres
1. van Hazel, et al. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88:78–85. 23
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24. SIR-Spheres microspheres in mCRC:
Second-Line Treatment
ORR: 33% ORR: 48%
14.0 SD: 27% SD: 39%
12.2
12.0
10.0 9.2
8.0
6.0
6.0 5.3
M
o
h
n
s
t
4.0
2.0
-
TTP PFS Liver PFS Survival
SIR-Spheres † SIR-Spheres †
+ 5FU/LV + irinotecan
Lim, et al. (n=30) van Hazel, et al. (n=25)
†
SIR-Spheres microspheres
1. Lim, et al. BMC Cancer. 2005;5:132. 24
2. van Hazel, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4089–4095. 582-U-0712
25. SIR-Spheres microspheres in mCRC:
Salvage Therapy
Investigator n Treatment ORR SD TTP/PFS Survival
◊
Hendlisz1 4444 SIR-Spheres† + 5FU 10% 76% 5.5 /4.5 mo 10.0 mo
5FU > salvage with 0% 35% 2.1 mo 7.3 mo
SIR-Spheres at PD P=0.001 HR 0.38◊/0.51;
P=0.003◊/P=0.03
Seidensticker2 2929SIR-Spheres† 41% 17% 5.5 mo 8.3 mo
29 best supportive care nr nr 2.1 mo 3.5 mo
(matched-pairs) HR 0.38; HR 0.26;
P<0.001 P<0.001
Cosimelli3 50 SIR-Spheres† 24% 24% 4 mo 12.6 mo
◊
time to liver progression (TTP); nr: not reported; † SIR-Spheres microspheres
1. Hendlisz, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–694.
2. Seidensticker et al Cardiovasc Intervent RadiolDOI 10.1007/s00270-011-0234-7 – E-Pub. 25
3. Cosimelli, et al. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:324–331. 582-U-0712
26. SIR-Spheres microspheres + 5FU
Salvage Therapy: Study Design
Eligible Patients Stratify
Liver-only mCRC, •Institution
PS 0–2, refractory to •Interval to progression on chemotherapy
chemotherapy
Random Assignment
Arm A: Arm B:
90
Y resin microspheres
on Day 1 (D1) Cycle 1 (C1)
+
5FU protracted IV infusion (300 5FU protracted IV infusion (225
mg/m2 D1–14 q3w) mg/m2 D1–14 C1
and 300 mg/m2 D1–14
q3w thereafter)
until progression until progression
Eligible Patients
Liver-dominant mCRC, 90
Y resin microspheres
PS 0–2
1. Hendlisz, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694. 26
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27. SIR-Spheres microspheres + 5FU Salvage
Therapy:
Time to Liver Progression
1. Adapted from: Hendlisz, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694. 27
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28. SIR-Spheres microspheres
+ 5FU Salvage Therapy:
TTP and OS
5FU Alone 5FU + Hazard Ratio
SIR-Spheres† (95% CI)
n = 23 n = 21 P value
Median Time to 0.38 (0.20–0.72)
Liver Progression: 2.1 months 5.5 months P=0.003
TTLP censored to 0.35 (0.18–0.69)
change of Tx plan: 2.1 months 5.6 months P=0.002
Median Time to 0.51 (0.28–0.94)
Progression: 2.1 months 4.5 months P=0.03
Median Overall 0.92 (0.47–1.78)
Survival: 7.3 months *
10.0 months P=0.80
8.8 months
*
Note: 10 patients in the 5FU arm received SIR-Spheres microspheres as salvage therapy after disease progression which potentially
compromised the overall survival data
†
SIR-Spheres microspheres
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1. Hendlisz, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694.
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30. Matched Pair SIRT in Chemotherapy
Refractory Liver-Dominant mCRC: Study
Design
Matched mCRC
pairs by prior SIR-Spheres† + BSC
treatment history
and
tumor burden +
liver involvement;
metastases;
ALP; CEA level BSC
(N=29 per arm)
• 1° end point: OS
• 2° end points: PFS, ORR, safety and tolerability
ALP=alkaline phosphatase; BSC=best supportive care; CEA= carcinoembryonic antigen.
*
Per investigator’s discretion starting at cycle 4 (treatment arm) or cycle 1 (control arm)
†
SIR-Spheres microspheres
1. Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print]. 30
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31. Matched Pair SIRT in Chemotherapy
Refractory Liver-Dominant mCRC:
Overall Survival
1. Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print]. 31
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32. Matched Pair SIRT in Chemotherapy
Refractory Liver-Dominant mCRC:
Study Conclusions
• Addition of radioembolization improved OS in
chemotherapy refractory liver-dominant mCRC patients
– Median 8.3 months vs. 3.5 months, (P <.001)
• Improved PFS in patients receiving radioembolization
– Median 5.5 months vs. 2.1 months
– Progression was defined as a clinically significant change in:
• Symptoms
OR • CEA levels
• Confirmed by radiological imaging
1. Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print]. 32
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33. Matched Pair SIRT in Chemotherapy
Refractory Liver-Dominant mCRC:
Safety
• Adverse events following SIRT were predominately transient
and self-limiting, including:
– grade 1–2 fatigue (69%)
– grade 1 abdominal pain/nausea (48%)
– 3 patients developed grade 2 gastrointestinal ulcer, which were
managed medically
– 3 cases of grade 3 radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) were
medically managed and not life-threatening
1. Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; (Epub ahead of print) 33
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34. SIR-Spheres microspheres in mCRC:
Retrospective Data
Investigator n Treatment ORR SD TTP*/‡ PFS Survival
Kennedy1 176 SIR-Spheres microspheres 35.5%** 55% 7.2 mo* 10.5 mo
responders
31 non-responders/controls na na na 4.5 mo
HR 0.38; HR 0.26;
P<0.001 P<0.001
Bester2 224¥ SIR-Spheres microspheres nr nr nr 11.9 mo
29 best supportive care nr nr nr 6.6 mo
HR 0.50;
P=0.001
‡
PFS; *TTP; ‡L PFS in the liver; **L OS in the liver; nr: not reported, ¥: CRC cohort
1. Kennedy, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:412–425. 2. Bester et al. J Vasc Inter Rad, 2011;23: 96-10. 34
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35. Multi-center Retrospective Responder
Analysis (Kennedy): Overall Survival
N Median Survival (95% CI)
Responders (PET) : 176 10.5 months
P=0.0001
Non-responders: 31 4.5 months
1. Kennedy, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:412–425 35
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36. Comparative Retrospective Study (Bester):
Overall Survival
N Median Survival (95% CI)
SIR-Spheres microspheres : 224 11.9 months (10.1 –
P=0.001
14.9)
Standard Care: 29 6.6 months
Hazard Ratio: 0.50 (0.30 – 0.77)
75
50
25
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Overall Survival ( Hazard Ratio
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Time from receiving or potentially eligible for SIR-Spheres microspheres (months)
1. Bester et al. J Vasc Inter Rad, 2011;23: 96-105 36
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44. SIRT Treatment Algorithm
Patient Selection
Patient Selection
1-2 weeks
Tumor Mapping
Tumor Mapping Labs
Labs
Lung Shunt
Lung Shunt
Vessel
Vessel Vessel
Vessel CT/Hepatic
CT/Hepatic Breakthrough
Breakthrough
Mapping
Mapping Embolization
Embolization Angiogram **
Angiogram Scan
Scan
1-2 weeks
Review
Review Treatment Plan
Treatment Plan Dosimetry
Dosimetry Ordering
Ordering
SIR-Spheres
SIR-Spheres Post Treatment
Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung Post Treatment
Labs
Labs microspheres
microspheres Care
Scan **
Scan Care
Delivery
Delivery
*optional
Follow Up
Follow Up
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45. Pre-treatment Planning and Microsphere Implant:
2012 Medicare APC Reimbursement
Procedure CPT Quantity APC Natl Pymt
1 - pretreatment $7,358.35 (2) =
Transcatheter embolization w S&I 37204/ 75894
1 - day of treatment $14,716.70
36247 Operator determined (pre-
Selective catheter 2-3rd order Packaged
36248 x ___ treatment & day of treatment)
Diagnostic angiogram (Visceral) 75726 1 – pretreatment $2,086.63
Diagnostic selective – addl vessel Operator determined (pre-
75774 Packaged
beyond basic treatment & day of treatment)
1 - pretreatment $75.48 (2) =
F/U angiogram post Embo 75898
1 - day of treatment $150.96
Basic dosimetry 77300 1 $107.56
Triple phase CT 74170 1 $334.09
Lung shunt imaging 78205 1 $293.36
Post treatment imaging 78201 or 78205 1 $293.36
Radiopharma by intra-arterial
79445 1 – day of treatment $230.32
administration
$15,716.28
Microspheres C2616 1 – day of treatment (- $15,000 dose acquisition cost)
$716.28
45
Total $18,929.26
46. Level of Evidence Example
SIRT # of Patients Level of
Study & Year Evidence
ABLATION # of Level of Gray et al, 2001 10 74 I
Study & Year Patients Evidence
Hendlisz et al, 2010 11 46 I
Hur et al, 2009 1 25 II-2
Solbiati et al, 2001 2 117 II-2 Seidensticker et al, 201112 58 II-1
Giliams & Lees, 309 II-2 Bester et al, 2012 13 339 II-1
2008 3
Elias et all, 2002 4 29 II-2 Cosimelli et al, 2010 14 50 II-2
Oshowo et al, 2003 25 II-2 Kennedy et al , 2006 15 208 II-2
5
Machi et al, 2006 6 100 II-2 van Hazel et al, 2004 16 21 II-1
Vogel et al, 2004 7 603 II-2 Sharma et al, 2007 17 20 II-1
Sorenson et al, 100 II-2 Evans et al, 2010 18 140 II-2
2007 8
Sofocleous et al, 56 II-2
2011 9
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Notas do Editor
Make own comments as you like
This section provides an overview on Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases (mCRC).
CRC is the 3 rd most commonly diagnosed US cancer behind prostate (240k) and breast (232k) cancers References: American Cancer Society. 2012. Cancer Facts & Figures. Page 4 http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
CRC is second leading cause of all US cancer deaths behind lung cancer (156k) References: American Cancer Society. 2011. Cancer Facts & Figures. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-and-rectal SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum.
The overall 5-year relative survival for 2001-2007 from 17 SEER geographic areas was 64.3%. Five-year relative survival by race and sex was: 65.5% for white men; 64.5% for white women; 55.0% for black men; 56.9% for black women. Reference: SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/HealthProfessional/page6
Surgery is the only potentially curative therapy for mCRC to the liver (laparoscopy and open surgical resection are both still practiced) Some non-surgical treatment options can be used neoadjuvantly and/or adjuvantly to complement surgical outcomes Reference: NCCN. 2011. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: colon cancer.
Use of non-surgical treatment options for other for types of cancers has shown survival improvement by reducing tumor burden neoadjuvant to surgery Applying the same treatment theory to mCRC liver tumors is an attractive concept that is effective when selecting the correct patients References: 1. Covens AL. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:269-274. 2. Thigpen T. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2544-2546. 3. Wyse G, et al. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2009;19:161-168. 4. Atwell TD, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005;28:409-421.
There is a wide range of approved systemic agents, and combination of agents for mCRC to the liver. No new agents approved since 2006 Aflibercept approved 2012 Regorafeniblikely to be approved in 2012 Reference: www.fda.gov
The number of treatment options for patients with mCRC has grown rapidly during the past few decades leading to improvements in median overall survival (OS). Current data supports the role of combined therapy in significantly improving the OS time of patients with mCRC. Current clinical practice guidelines suggest treatment pathways for patients with mCRC. 1,2 References: 1 . Köhne C-H, Lenz H-J. Oncologist. 2009;14:5478-5488. 2. NCCN. 2011. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: colon cancer.
Widely accepted and referenced chart on the survival improvement resulting from an evolving combination of systemic therapies. While from a 2005 publication in The Oncologist, the projection of 24+ months of survival with the newest combinations of agents listed on the far left side of graph has resulted in this realized median survival in recent years. New agents are being researched all the time, but the concept of a combination of systemic agents PLUS liver directed therapies, and surgery where possible, is very interesting and a main driver of this discussion today.
This section will provide an overview on Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT).
Radiation is very effective at killing tumor cells in virtually all types of cancer, and its no different for mCRC liver tumors. The problem has been that the healthy liver parenchyma doesn’t do well with passing enough radiation through it, from outside the body, to kill the tumors. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy is an elegant solution of providing the tumoricidal benefits of radiation to tumors within the liver
The delivery of SIRT takes advantage of the differences in blood supply between normal liver and metastatic tissue. Tumors receive over 80% of their blood supply from the hepatic artery. Reference: Archer S, Gray BN. Br J Surg . 1989;76:545-548.
SIRT is an outpatient minimally invasive therapy in which a transfemoral microcatheter is used to access to the hepatic artery supplying the liver. Patients typically go home within 4-6 hours following the procedure and have relatively fewer side effects compared to other therapies for treatment of liver tumors
Microsphere brachytherapy exploits the anatomical and physiological characteristics of vasculature and tolerance: Reference: Source: Andrew S. Kennedy, MD, Wake Radiology Oncology, Cary, NC.
The physical characteristics of radioactive microspheres
This section will review clinical data in mCRC for SIR-Spheres ® microspheres.
Consider borderline unresectable, chemo holiday, patients on dose reduction
Gray and colleagues demonstrated that the addition of a single administration of SIR-Spheres more than doubles the TRR and significantly increases the TTP. 1 (prospective randomized trial) van Hazel and colleagues demonstrated s ignificant improvement in ORR, PFS, and survival. 2 (prospective randomized trial) Sharma and colleagues demonstrated the combined modality of SIR-Spheres and FOLFOX4 is generally well-tolerated in this patient population. 3 (prospective trial) While these are small studies, these data show outcomes favorable to the newest systemic treatment regimens, despite the use of Y90 in combination with earlier systemic agents. This has encouraged the start of a large level 1 RCT that we will speak to in more detail a little later in the presentation References: 1. Gray, et al. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:1711–1720. 2. van Hazel, et al. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88:78–85. 3. Sharma, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1099–1106 .
Here’s a look at the same data in a graphical format to illustrate the potential advantage of Y90 in the first line setting
van Hazel’s data indicated that patients who received 5FU/LV (a common first line combination outside the US) in combination with SIR-Spheres microspheres received more than double the number of cycles of chemotherapy than those who received 5Fu/LV alone did. This results from the improved response rate and the patients improved ability to benefit from additional cycles of chemo post Y90 therapy Reference: van Hazel, et al. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88:78–85
We also see similar benefits of adding Y90 to second line therapy. Here ’ s a couple of examples: Lim and colleagues demonstrated promising results in the pre-treated population with a number of partial responses seen in previously failed oxali/irino treatments. 1 van Hazel and colleagues demonstrated acceptable safety profile in 5FU failures as well as promising efficacy. 2 References: Lim, et al. BMC Cancer. 2005;5:132. van Hazel, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4089–4095.
The majority of the Y90 evidence today exists in the salvage setting. There is LEVEL 1 evidence for 3 rd line mCRC patients. Allows for a chemo break – resensitizes some patients to oxali / irinotecan Hendlisz demonstrated SIGNIFICANTLY improved overall survival in patients receiving SIR-Spheres – It should be noted that patients in the control arm who received 5FU alone were able to receive SIR-Spheres as salvage therapy on disease progression – this may have compromised the overall survival data . 1 Seidensticker and colleagues demonstrated significant improvement in PFS and overall survival. Patients in this prospective phase II study had failed all chemotherapy options, and were matched with a contemporary pair by tumor burden, prior chemotherapy received, synchronous vs. metachronous metastases, ALP increase and CEA >200 U/mL. 2 Cosimelli and colleagues demonstrated the efficacy and safety of SIR-Spheres in the SITILO study where 76% of patients had failed 4 th or 5 th -line chemotherapy. 3 QOL studies were positive here too References: 1. Hendlisz, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694 . 2. Seidensticker et al Cardiovasc Intervent RadiolDOI 10.1007/s00270-011-0234-7 3. Cosimelli, et al. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:324–331 .
Let’s look at the Hendlisz study recently published in JCO in a little more detail, here is the study design Reference: Hendlisz A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694.
The median time to liver progression (TTLP) was 2.1 months in the control arm (5FU only) and 5.5 months in 5FU + SIR-Spheres microspheres arm 62% reduction in the risk of progressing for those receiving SIR-Spheres. Reference: Hendlisz A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694.
The primary endpoint in the Hendlisz et al study was time to progression. SIR-Spheres when added to 5FU significantly improved median time to progression either in the liver or any organ. Reference: Hendlisz A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694.
Treatment with 5FU + 90Y resin microsphere was well tolerated, without serious or life-threatening events. Grade 3–4 events were reported in 6 patients receiving 5FU only compared to 1 patient receiving radioembolization + 5FU (p=0.10). Those additional grade 3–4 toxicities in Arm A were probably unrelated to chemotherapy side effects, but rather due to rapidly progressive disease. Reference: Hendlisz A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3687–3694.
Study Design for Matched Pair Radioembolization in Chemotherapy Refractory Liver-Dominant mCRC Analysis. This is a matched-pair comparison of patients who received radioembolization plus best supportive care (BSC) or BSC alone for chemotherapy-refractory, liver-dominant colorectal metastases in the salvage setting. Patients treated prospectively with radioembolization were retrospectively paired with controls who received BSC only. The clinical records of more than 500 patients from 3 centers were evaluated. Matching pairs were identified in two stages: 1) initially matching for prior treatment history and tumor burden and 2) by four matching criteria: liver involvement (±20% absolute difference); synchronous versus metachronous metastases; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increase versus no increase; and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) C200 ng/ml versus \\200 ng/ml. The first 29 consecutive matching patients identified were analyzed to receive either: Treatment Arm A: Best supportive care Treatment Arm B: A single injection of SIR-Spheres microspheres (or two injections during the same procedure if lobar treatment with SIRT is used) into the liver, plus best supportive care Reference: Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print] .
The median overall survival of patients treated with radioembolization (after a median of three lines of chemotherapy) was highly significant at 8.3 months (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.48; P < .001). Reference: Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print] .
The authors concluded that radioembolization using SIR-Spheres significantly prolonged overall survival compared with BSC alone in a well-matched cohort of patients with extensive, liver-dominant refractory disease for whom there are limited treatment options. The authors noted that the evidence suggests that radioembolization should be considered as a treatment option for patients with liver-only or liver-dominant CRC-metastases who have failed or are intolerant of chemotherapy. Reference: Seidensticker R, Denecke T, Kraus P, et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011; [Epub ahead of print] .
Again, the safety information that can be extracted from this study show an acceptable adverse events profile
Kennedy and colleagues, in addition to failing chemotherapy (all had failed 1 st -line; 93% had failed > 2 lines of chemotherapy; and 87% had failed > 3 lines of chemotherapy), 46% had also previously received local-regional therapies (resection, RFA, TACE, etc.). 1 References: 1. Kennedy, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:412–425.
208 patients received SIR-Spheres. Responders (as measured by PET) had median survival of 10.5 months, non-responders just 4.5 months (p=0.0001).
Bester retrospectively compared patients who received SIR-Spheres with those receiving just best supportive care. A significant survival advantage was conferred on those receiving SIR-Spheres p=0.001
Both RFA/ablation and SIRT are used extensively with standard chemotherapy regimens for CLM as adjuvant care. While RFA is typically used for singular and small lesion mCRC disease, SIRT is suitable for multifocal or large tumors where ablation isn’t technically feasible. Lets look at the level of clinical evidence between the two types of adjuvant therapy
This section will review the study design for the SIRFLOX clinical trial.
SIRFLOX: Phase 3 study of efficacy and safety of adding SIR-Spheres microspheres to FOLFOX6m as first-line in mCRC This is a multi-center randomized controlled study that will assess the effect of adding targeted radiation, in the form of SIR-Spheres microspheres, to a standard chemotherapy regimen of FOLFOX6m as first-line therapy in patients with non-resectable liver metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma. At the investigator's discretion, patients will be allowed to receive bevacizumab in addition to the FOLFOX6m chemotherapy regimen. A total of 450 eligible patients with non-resectable liver metastases from a primary colorectal carcinoma, either with or without evidence of extra-hepatic metastases and who have not received prior chemotherapy for advanced disease, will be randomized to receive either: Treatment Arm A: Systemic chemotherapy consisting of oxaliplatin + leucovorin + 5-fluorouracil (FOLFOX6m) Treatment Arm B: A single injection of SIR-Spheres microspheres (or two injections during the same procedure if lobar treatment with SIRT is used) into the liver, plus systemic chemotherapy consisting of oxaliplatin + leucovorin + 5-fluorouracil (FOLFOX6m). Approx 300 pts have been enrolled to date, anticipate complete enrollment late 2012 Reference: www.clinicaltrials.gov. NCT00766220
There was no interim efficacy analysis. No increased adverse events in the SIR-Spheres microspheres group many of whom received bevacizumab.
There was no interim efficacy analysis. No increased adverse events in the SIR-Spheres microspheres group many of whom received bevacizumab.
This is an example of a “base case” in OPPS for the technical charges and only includes the CPT codes that are billed for the Y-90 procedure. Excludes E/M codes and other Interventional services. The Y-90 dose is reimbursed under PPPS (prospective payment) and is paid separate from the interventional services.
While comparison of the clinical endpoints such as PFS or OS is not realistic due to different patient types (including resectable vs unsectable patients, early in chemo treatment lines vs chemo refractory patients, etc..) it’s important to note that credibility is given to the RFA/Ablation body of clinical evidence. The same credibility is warranted for SIRT looking at the SIRT body of clinical evidence. 1) Hur H, Ko YT, Min BS, et al., Am J Surg 2009; 197:728–736. 2) Solbiati L, Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, et al. Radiology 2001; 221:159–166 3) Gillams AR, Lees WR, Radiol 2008; 19:712–717. 4) Elias D, De Baere T, Smayra T, Ouellet JF, Roche A, Lasser P., Br J Surg 2002; 89:752–756. 5) Oshowo A, Gillams A, Harrison E, Lees WR, Taylor I., Br J Surg 2003; 90:1240–1243. 6) Machi J, Oishi AJ, Sumida K, et al., Cancer J 2006; 12:318–326. 7) Vogl TJ, Straub R, Eichler K, Sollner O, Mack MG., Radiology 2004; 230:450–458. 8) Sørensen SM, Mortensen FV, Nielsen DT, Acta Radiol 2007; 48: 253–258. 9) Sofocleous CT, Petre EN, Gonen M, et al, J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22:755–761. 10) Gray B, Van Hazel G, Hope M, et al., Ann Oncol 2001; 12:1711–1720. 11) Hendlisz A, Van den Eynde M, Peeters M, et al., J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3687–3694. 12) Seidensticker R., Denecke t., Kraus P., et al., Cardiovasc. Intervent Radiol, Jul 2011 13) Bester L, Meteling B., Pocock N., Pavlakis N., Chua t., Saxena A, Morris D., J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23:96–105 14) Cosimelli M et al. BR J Cancer 2010; 15) Kennedy AS, Coldwell D, Nutting C, et al., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65:412–425. 16) Van Hazel G, Blackwell A, Anderson J, et al, J Surg Oncol 2004; 88:78–85. 17) Sharma RA, Van Hazel GA, Morgan B, et al., J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1099–1106. 18) Evans KA, Richardson MG, Pavlakis N, Morris DL, Liauw W, Bester L., J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:1521–1526.