SirajRock

1. dEI;wVj ds dEiksusUV~l ¼?kVd½
dEI;wVj %& dEI;qVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS] tks buiqV fMokbl ds ek/;e ls vk¡dM+ksa dks
izkIr djds fo'kys"k.k vkSj x.kuk dj mUgsa lwpukvksa esa cnyrk gSA vko';drk iM+us ij dEI;wVj
esa lwpukvksa dks laxzg dj ldrs gSaA ;s xf.krh; ¼esFksefVdy½ ,oa rkfdZd ¼ykWftdy½ x.kuk dj
ldrk gSA blds nks eq[; rRo& gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j dgykrs gSaA
dEi;wVj ,d bysDVªksfud e'khu gS tks vk¡dM+ksa dks lwpukvksa esa cnyrh gSA
gkMZo;sj
dEI;wVj esa og lHkh Hkkx tks HkkSfrd ¼ftUgs Nqvk vkSj ns[kk tk ldrk gS½ gksrs gSa mUgsa gkMZos;j
dgrs gSaA bldks eq[; :i ls rhu ¼Rock dEI;wVj ds vuqlkj pkj½ Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
1 buiqV fMokbl 2 vkmViqV fMokbl 3 lhñihñ;qñ 4 LVksjst fMokbl
buiqV fMokbl %& og midj.k ¼fMokbl½ ftudh lgk;rk ls ;qtj dEI;wVj esa lwpukvksa dks
izsf"kr ¼bulVZ½ djrk gS mUgsa buiqV midj.k ¼fMokbl½ dgrs gSaA
ekml] dh&cksMZ] tks;ksfLVd] Vªsd ckWy&ikWb.Vj fMokbZl] Ldsuj ¼Qsl jhfMax Ldsuj] FkEc
Ldsuj] vkbZ jsfVuk Ldsuj½] ykbZV&isu] ckj dksM jhMj] osc dse ¼fMthVy dSejk½] Vp iSM+]
xzkfQd Vscy ¼QksVks 'kkWi o fMtkbfuax lkW¶Vos;j esa Ldspj~l bls mi;ksx djrs gSaA½]
,eñvkbZñlhñvkjñ ¼eSXusfVd bad djsDVj jhMj½] vksñ,eñvkjñ ¼vkWfIVdy ekdZ jhMj½] vksñlhñvkjñ
¼vkWfIVdy dsjsDVj jhMj½] Vp LØhu] ekbZØksQksuA
vkmViqV fMokbl %& og midj.k ¼fMokbl½ ftudh lgk;rk ls ;qtj dEI;wVj ls buQksesZ'ku
izkIr djrk gS mUgsa vkmViqV midj.k ¼fMokbl½ dgrs gSaA ekWuhVj] fizaVj] izkstsDVj] IyksVj]
Lihdj] thjksDl e'khu vkfn vkmViqV fMokbl gSA
1 Bit
4 bit
8 Bits
1024 Byt
1024 KB
1024 MB
1024 GB
1024 TB
1024 PB
1024 EB
1024 ZB
1024 YB
1024 Brontobyte
Binary Digit ( 0 , 1 )
Nibble
1 Byte (2 Nibble)
1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1 MB (Mega Byte)
1 GB(Giga Byte)
1 TB(Terra Byte)
1 PB(Peta Byte)
1 EB(Exa Byte)
1 ZB(Zetta Byte)
1 YB (Yotta Byte)
1 (Bronto Byte)
1 (Geop Byte)
og midj.k ¼fMokbl½ ftlesa ge lwpuvksa ¼VsDlV]
uEcj] MsV] VkbZe] fiDlsy vkfn½ dk laxg.k ¼LVksj½
djrs gSa mUgsa LVksjst midj.k ¼fMokbl½ dgrs gSaA
dEI;wVj esa QkbZy dk vkdkj mlds }kjk LVksjst
midj.k esa yh x;h txg ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA
ftldh ekiu bdkbZ ¼esljes.V ;qfuV½ bl izdkj
gSA
lcls NksVh bdkbZ ^^fcV** dgykrh gSA ftlesa nks
funsZ'kksa ¼0 o 1½ dks fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ijUrq ,d le; esa blesa ,d gh funsZ'k fu:fir
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LVksjst fMokblsl esa lwpuk,¡ izdkj ¼MsVk VkbZi½ ds vk/kkj ds vuqlkj txg ysrh gSA
SIRAJ SIR

2. LVksjst midj.k ¼fMokbl½ fuEu gS %&
Secondary Storage Devices
Floppy 5.25-inch
Floppy 3.5-inch
Compact Disk (CD)
DVD-Digital Versatile Disc (Sigle Side Sigle Layer)
DVD-Digital Versatile Disc (Sigle Side Double Layer)
DVD-Digital Versatile Disc (Double Side Double Layer)
Blu Ray Disc (Sigle Side Sigle Layer)
Blu Ray Disc (Sigle Side Double Layer)
Hard Disc (360 GB, 500 Gb, 1 Tb, 2 Tb)
Pen Drive (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 Gb . . .)
Memory Card (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 Gb . . .)
Magetic Tape
1.20 MB
1.44 MB
700 Mb
4.7 Gb
8.5 Gb
17 Gb
25 Gb
50 Gb
-
gkMZ fMLd %& ;g IysVksa ¼dysD'ku vkWQ IysV~l½ dk lewg gksrk gS vkSj blesa gj IysV ij
xksykdkj esa Øec) VªsDl gksrs gSaA gj Vªsd] lsDVj esa caVk gksrk gSA gj IysV ij nks gSM gksrs gS
,d IysV ds mij dh rjQ vkSj nwljk IysV ds uhps dh rjQA tks fd gkMZ fMLd ij MsVk
fy[kus vkSj i<+us ds mi;ksx esa vkrs gSaA gkMZ fMld dh IysV~l ij esXusfVd esVsfyd vkWDlkbZM
dk ysi ¼dksfVax½ gksrk gSA
Qkby flLVe %& og rjhdk ftlds vuqlkj dEI;wVjksa esa Qkby dk uke j[kk tkrk gS rFkk iqu%
mi;ksx ¼fjVªkbZoy½ ds fy;s mudh ,d lwph cuk yh tkrh gS fd QkbZy dks fdl LFkku ij
LVksj fd;k x;k gSA mls Qkby flLVe dgrs gSaA Mksl] fo.Mkst] ;qfuDl] esDuVks'k lHkh dk
viuk Qkby flLVe gksrk gS ftlesa QkbZysa ,d fuf'fpr Øe esa j[kh tkrh gSA
Qkby flLVe ;g fuf'pr djrk gS fd Qkbyksa dk uke fdl izdkj gks] Qkby ds uke esa
vf/kdre~ fdrus dSjsDVj dk mi;ksx gks] dkSu&ls dSjsDVj dk mi;ksx gks vkSj dqN txg ij ;s
Hkh fuf'pr djrk gS fd Qkby dk ,DlVsU'ku fdruk cM+k gksA Qkby flLVe ds izdkj %&
Secondary Storage Devices
FAT (File Allocation Table) FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
NTFS (New Technology File System)
EXT (Extended File System) Ext, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4
LFkk;h eseksjh %&
ROM
PROM
EPROM
ROM
Uses
Used in Dos & Windows
Used in Windows NT Based Operating System
Linux Based Operation System
bldk iwjk uke jhM vksuyh esesjh gS] ;g ,d fpi ¼vkbZñ lhñ½ gS tks
Read Only Memory
Programable Read Only Memory
Erasable Programable Read Only
Memory
EEPROM Electrically Erasable
Programable Read Only Memory
Programeed at the time of Manufacturing
Blank at the time of Manufacturing, Once Programable
Erasable via strong ultraviolet light source (such as from a
mercury light)
erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly through
the application of higher than normal electrical voltage.
enjcksMZ ij yxh gksrh gSA bl fpi esa BIOS izksxzke LVksj jgrk gSA bl BIOS izksxzke dks ;qtj
}kjk cnyk ;k feVk;k ugha tk ldrk blfy;s bls jhM vksuyh eseksjh dgrs gSaA blds izdkj
fuEu gS %&
SIRAJ SIR

3. %& ;g izksxzke ROM esa LVksj jgrk gSA jkse fpi dk fuekZ.k djrs
le; bl izksxzke dks bULVky dj fn;k tkrk gSA ck;ksl dEI;wVj ds LVkVZ vi ds le; fuEu
dk;Z djrk gS %&
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
1ñ enjcksMZ ls tqM+s lHkh gkMZos;j midjk.kksa dk ijh{k.k dj vius fu;a=.k esa ys ysrk gSA
2ñ Booting Process %& gkMZo;sj midj.kksa dks fu;U=.k esa ysus ds i'pkr~ gkMZfMLd ls
vkWijsfVax flLVe dh Qkbyksa dks dkWy dj izkbZejh eseksjh esa yksM+ djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks
cqfVax dgrs gSA cqfVax nks izdkj dh gksrh gS
Cool Booting %& cUn dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djuk dwy cwfVax dgykrk gSA
Warm Booting %& pkyw dEI;wVj dks jh&LVkVZ djuk okeZ cwfVax dgykrk gSA
izkbZejh eseksjh %& RAM ¼js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh½ ;g ,d izdkj dh izkbZejh eseksjh gSA bl eseksjh esa
j[ks MsVk dks js.Meyh ¼dgha ls Hkh½ ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dEiw;Vj dh oksysVkbZy
¼ifjorZuh;½ eseksjh gSA blesa MsVk rc rd LVksj jgrk gS tc rd ikoj vkWu jgrh gS tSls gh
ikoj vkWQ gksrh gS blesa j[kk MsVk u"V gks tkrk gS blfy;s vLFkk;h eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA
dEI;wVj esa lHkh izksxzke dks fu"ikfnr djus esa lg;ksx djrh gSA
RAM ¼js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh½ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS
1½ LVsfVd jse
2½ Mk;usfed jse
v½ ,lñMhñvkjñ jse ¼flUØksul Mk;usfed js.Me ,sDlsl eseksjh½
c½ MhñMhñvkjñ jse ¼Mcy MsVk jsV flUØksul Mk;usfed js.Me ,sDlsl eseksjh½
opqvZy eseksjh %& dEI;wVj dh gkMZ fMLd dks vLFkk;h :i ls jse ds leku mi;ksx djus dks
opqvZy eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA jse lhfer gksrh gS vr% cM+s lkW¶Vos;j dks pykus ds fy;s jse ds
lkFk opqZvy eseksjh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
rock dEI;wVj fVi %& opqvZy eseksjh dks vkWijsfVax flLVe dh lgk;rk ls fn;s x;s ikFk ij
tkdj ?kVk;k c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA My Computer --> Properties --> Advance System
Settings --> Performance --> Advance --> Change
jftLVj eseksjh %& ;g lhih;q dh vkUrfjd eseksjh gSA jftLVj dk mi;ksx rhoz xfr ls MsVk dks
,DlsIV] LVksj vkSj VªkUlQj djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh lcls rst eseksjh
gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj esa jftLVj dh la[;k cgqr lhfer gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa dbZ rjg ds
jftLVj gksrs gSa %& ,D;qeqysVj jftLVj] ,Mªsl jftLVj] eseksjh MkVk jftLVj bR;kfnA
dS'k eseksjh %& dS'k eseksjh ,d js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh gS ftl fd dEI;wVj dk ekbØksizkslslj cgqr
rst xfr ls ,Dlsl dj ldrk gSA tc ekbØksizkslslj MsVk izkslsl djrk gS rc ;g lcls igys
dS'k eseksjh ls MsVk ysrk gSA ;g lhih;q ds vkUrfjd eseksjh gSA
,lñ,eñihñ,lñ %& bldk iwjk uke fLop eksM+ ikoj lIykbZ gSA ;g ,ñlhñ ¼vYVjusV dj.V½
dks Mhñlhñ ¼Mk;jsDV dj.V½ esa ifjofrZr djds dEI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkxksa dks ikoj lIykbZ djrs gSaA
SIRAJ SIR

4. ikVk ¼vkbZñMhñbZñ½ dscy %& bldk iwjk uke ^^iSjsyy ,MokUl VsDuksykWth vVspes.V** gS ftls
cl ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z MsVk VªkalQj djuk gSA bldh xfr lkVk
dscy ls de FkhA ;g MsVk dks 66@100@133 ,eñchñ izfr lSd.M dh xfr ls VªkUlQj dj
ldrh FkhA
lkVk %& bldk iwjk uke ^^lhfj;y ,MokUl VsDuksykWth vVspes.V** gSA ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dh
MsVk VªkalQj cl gSA tks fd MsVk dks 150@300@600 ,eñ chñ izfr lSd .M dh xfr ls
VªkUlQj dj ldrh gSA
lhih;q ¼lS.Vªy izkslsflax ;qfuV½ %& b.Vsy dEiuh ds fo'ks"kKksa us bf.VxzsV lfdZV dk vkSj
fodkl djds osjh yktZ Ldsy bf.VxzV lfdZV dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g ,d ekbØksfpi Fkh ftlesa
yk[kksa VªkaflLVj dh 'kfä Fkh blls dEI;wVj dk vkdkj cgqr NksVk gks x;k FkkA b.Vsy dEiuh
us uoEcj 1971 esa nqfu;k dk igyk ekbØksizkslslj dEI;wVj b.Vsy 4004 ykUp fd;k FkkA
;g dEI;wVj dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gS ftls dEI;wVj dh cqf) dgrs gSaA ;g ,d bysDVªkWfud
lfdZV gS tks fd lkW¶Vo;sj izksxzke dks ,DlhD;wV djrk gSA blds eq[; Hkkx gS %&
d.Vªksy ;qfuV %& ;g dEI;wVj esa izkIr lHkh funsZ'kksa dks fu;Uf=r djrk gSA
,ñ,yñ;wñ ¼vFkZesfVd ykWftdy ;qfuV½ %& ;g dEI;wVj esa vFkZesfVd ¼xq.kk] Hkkx] tksM]+ ?kVkuk½
,oa ykWftdy ¼rkfdZd½ x.kuk,¡ djrk gSA
SIRAJ ROCK SIR