Biotechnology ppt for high school students. Im not the author.

1. BIOTECHNOLOGBIOTECHNOLOG
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““Unwinding the helical mystery”Unwinding the helical mystery”

2. What is Biotechnology ???
Technology based on biological sciences
that includes
 Agriculture
 Food science
 Genetics
 Medicine

3. Bioengineering
Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms
Techniques used to produce or modify
plants and animals or its substances and
utilize microorganisms for specific use

4. APPLICATIONS
A multidisciplinary field involving number of
interrelated subjects
SCIENCE
 Physical sciences
 Life sciences
 Social sciences
MATHEMATICS
 Statistics
APPLIED SCIENCES
 Computer applications
 Agriculture
 Instrumentation

5. What Are the Stages of Biotechnology
Development
• Ancient biotechnologyAncient biotechnology-- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
• Classical biotechnology-Classical biotechnology- built on ancient
biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food
production, and medicine
• Modern biotechnology-Modern biotechnology- manipulates
genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering

6. Animal cloning
Gene cloning for
pharmaceutical production
The promise and perhaps
perils of embryonic stem cells
DNA fingerprinting
Genetically modified
foods and the
American-European
opinion divide.

7. Basics of Biotechnology
• Biochemistry
• Microbiology
• Cell biology
• Molecular
biology

8. Areas of Biotechnology
• Genetic Engineering
• Protein engineering
• Bioinformatics
• Immunology
• Plant biotechnology
• Animal biotechnology
• Cancer biology
• Environmental Biotechnology
• Marine Biotechnology
• Nano biotechnology
• Pharmacology

9. GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Genetic modification of
an organism’s genes
 It uses techniques to
alter the structure and
characteristics of
genes

10. Central dogma of Molecular Biology

11. Recombinant DNA technology
Technology involving removing, modifying and
inserting the gene of interest
rDNA technology requires
• Vectors
• Plasmids
• Restriction Enzyme
• DNA sequence and templates
• Living organism

12. Producing Recombinant molecules
1. Isolate the gene
2. Insert it in a host using a vector
3. Produce as many copies of the host as
possible
4. Separate and purify the product of the
gene

13. Plasmids are Used to Replicate a Recombinant DNA
• Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in bacteria
• Plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome
• Replication often produces 50-100 copies of a recombinant
plasmid in each cell
• Pieces of foreign DNA can be added within a plasmid to create a
recombinant plasmid

14. Human Insulin

15. PCR
Polymerase chain reaction is an in vitroin vitro
technique used for the amplification of
DNA
It can amplify 10^5 copies of DNA from
two single strands of DNA after 30 cycles
This is achieved by PrimersPrimers,
complementary sequences of defined DNA
templates
PCR technique is applied for detecting
pathogens, study of DNA polymorphism,
molecular mapping, DNA finger printing

16. PCR steps
Denaturation at 94°c
for 20-30 sec
Annealing at ~50°c
for 20-60 sec
Extension at 72°c
for 30-60 sec

17. PCR machine

18. Applications of Genetic Engineering
• Insertion of genes from one organism to
another
• Producing recombinant cytokines, growth
factors, hormones like insulin, enzymes
• Recombinant vaccines, nitrogen fertilizers,
amylase synthesis for cellulose
degradation using plasmid technology
• Transgenic plants and animals
• Animal cloning
• DNA finger printing technology used in
forensic sciences

19. Transgenic Animals
Animals that undergo
deliberate modification in the
structure of its genomegenome by
inserting genes of other
species. Transgenesis
produced animals like mice,
pig, cattle and sheep. This
technology has applications
in agriculture and medicine

20. Transgenic Plants
• Plants that can be genetically
modified by inserting other
plant genomes for the
effective production of crops
and plants using plant
breeding or tissue culture
techniques
• This recombinant technology
produced many insect,
herbicide, fungal, bacterial
and virus resistance varieties

21. Animal Cloning
Animal Cloning is the process
by which an entire organism is
reproduced from a single cell
taken from the parent organism
and in a genetically identical
manner. This means the cloned
animal is an exact duplicate in
every way of its parent; it has the
same exact DNA
It can happen naturally for
instance: Asexual reproduction in
certain organisms and the
development of twins from a
single fertilized egg

22. Development of Cloning
• Scientists have been producing cloned animals
from embryonic cells for long time but they do not
live longer
• The first cloned animal that lived longer and
reproduced naturally later was, Dolly the sheep
• Dolly was created from developed mammary
gland cells taken from a full grown sheep
• Pigs, cats, rats, horses and deer are successful
cloned animals after dolly

23. Procedure of Animal cloning
• Extract DNA nucleus from developed
embryonic cells
• Implant into an unfertilized egg from which
the nucleus had already taken
• Cells are developed from the process of
replication
• These cells are implanted into host
mothers
• Cloned animal that resulted had a genetic
make-up exactly identical to the genetic
make-up of the original cell.

24. Reproductive
cloning

25. The Next step of
Cloning ?????

26. Extremely improbable

27. Bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics is the study of science in
which biologybiology, computer sciencecomputer science and
information technologyinformation technology merge into single
field
• Managing and analyzing biological data
using advanced computing techniques
• Major research efforts in the field include
sequence alignment, finding gene,
genome assembly, protein structure
alignment, protein structure prediction,
prediction of gene expression and protein-
protein interactions, and the modelling of
evolution

28. Computers and Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics is the computer assisted
data management field that helps us
 Gather
 Store
 Analyze
 Integrate
biological and genetic information ( data )
 Bioinformatics is the “Electronic“Electronic
Infrastructure of Molecular BiologyInfrastructure of Molecular Biology””

29.  There are many different Bioinformatics
tools available online that contains biological
databases. Commercial software are also used
by researchers
 It is associated with massive databases of
gene and protein sequences and structure/function
information databases
 New sequences, new structure, protein or gene
function that are discovered, searched, gathered
and deposited into databases

30. What is done ?
• Analysis and Interpretation
• Development of new Algorithm
and Statistics
• Development and
Implementation of tools

31. Units of Information
DNA
RNA
Protein
Sequence
Structure
Evolution
Pathways
Interaction
Mutation

32. Biological Data used in
Bioinformatics
DNA ( Genome )
RNA ( Transcriptome )
Proteins ( proteome )

33. DNA analysis
 Simple sequence analysis
Database searching
Pairwise analysis
 Regulatory regions
 Gene finding
 Whole genome annotation
 Comparative Genomics where species
and strains can be analyzed

34. RNA analysis
 Splicing variant
 Tissue specific expression
 Structure
 Single gene analysis ( various cloning
techniques )
 Experimental data involving thousands of
genes simultaneously
 DNA chips, Microarrays and Expression
arrays analysis

35. Protein
• Proteome of an organism
• Structure
• 2D gel
• 2D structure
• 3D structure
• Mass spectroscopy

36. 0101011101100101011001010111010000101101
0101101100100111111011010011010000101101
A A C G T C A T T C G A T G A T T C G A
Just as we can teach a computer to predict
things about a sequence of letters in English
prose, we can also teach it to predict things
about a other sequences—like a genetic
sequence

37. Systems Biology
• Metabolic
Pathways
• Regulatory
Networks
• Whole
organism
Phylogeny

38. Applications
• Medical
 Understand life processes in healthy and
disease states
 Genetic diseases
• Biotech and Pharmaceutical
 To find or develop new and better drug
 Designing drug (Gene or Structure based)
• Agriculture
 Disease, drought, heat resistant plants
 High yielding crops

39. DNA Microarray
Gene expression patterns of whole
genomic analysis of many organisms have
been achieved by DNA microarraysDNA microarrays. High
density microarrays allowed global
analysis of expression pattern to
determine the cellular function of genes,
the nature and regulation of biochemical
pathways, and the regulatory mechanisms
at play during certain signaling conditions
or diseases.

40. Preparation of Microarrays

41. DNA Microarray

42. Applications of DNA Microarray
Detect pathogens from blood
samples
Examine targets for drug discovery
Determine gene expression changes
for diseases like cancer
Identify inheritable markers which is
used as genotyping tool

43. Cancer biology
Cancer is a group of
disease due to
uncontrolled celluncontrolled cell
proliferation andproliferation and
differentiationdifferentiation
Cancer biology deals with
studies of all types of
cancer and different
forms of therapies
involved

44. How cancers are caused ?
• Any alteration in the genetic material
• Effects of physical and chemical
carcinogens
• Errors in DNA replication or inheritance
• Misexpressed growth factors
• Activated Mutation and over expression

45. Cell Cycle

46. Apoptosis

47. Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that reduces the probability of cells
turning into tumor cells.
A mutation or deletion of such genes will
increase the probability of formation of
tumors
Examples : p53, RB1, WT1, DCC etc
Inactivation of one allele of some tumor
suppressor genes is sufficient to cause
tumors
Tumor markersTumor markers are used to identify these
genes. E.g. CA 27.29, PSA, CA-125 etc

48. Carcinogens
( Agents that cause cancer )
Physical carcinogenesis
Ionizing radiations like X-rays, α particles,
γ rays which are >10eV
Non ionizing radiations like UV rays,
microwaves, Ultrasound which are <10eV
Chemical carcinogenesis
Organic chemical carcinogen
Inorganic chemical carcinogen
Inert chemical carcinogen
Hormonal carcinogen

49. Types of cancer
Generally cancers can be classified as
Benign tumorsBenign tumors and Malignant tumorsMalignant tumors
• Carcinoma ( adenocarcinama, squamous
cell carcinoma )
• Sarcoma ( fibro sarcoma, liposarcoma )
• Lymphoma ( chronic lymphocytic
leukemia, AIDS related lymphoma )
• Blastoma (fibroma, chondroma, osteoma,
adenoma )

50. Screening and Diagnosis of cancer
• Screening testScreening test
Mammography
Cervical smear or Pap test
Endoscopies
Examination of faecal occult blood test
• DiagnosisDiagnosis
Histopathological examination( biopsy )
Endoscopy (broncho, colono, cysto,
duodeno, gastro, lapro)
Biomarker studies (CA 15-3, PSA, AFP )
Imaging ( x rays, MRI, CT, PET scan )

51. Cancer therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Gene therapy ( in vivo and ex vivo )
• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Hormonal therapy
• Symptom control drugs
• Angiogenesis inhibitor

52. Monoclonal antibodies
• Antibodies produced from
single epitope of an antigen
• Polyclonal antibodies that
produces antiserum affect
the normal cells
• But MAbs produced from
single clones react with
single antigenic
determinants
• It’s a technique for in vitro
production of antibodies
using HybridomaHybridoma
technologytechnology

53. Production of MAbs
Fusing myeloma cells
and spleen cells of mice

55. Uses of MAbs
 Antigen detection
 Tumor related antigen detection
 Imaging agent
 Immunoscintigraphy
 Pregnancy and Sex determination
 Against viral and bacterial infections
 Producing anti-idiotype antibodies
 Immnuo diagnostic reagents

56. Plant Biotechnology
 Genetically modified crops
and plants
 Transgenic plants
 Plant tissue culture
 Therapeutic plants
 Molecular pharming
Engineering plants
genetically is Plant
Biotechnology

57. Methods of plant gene delivery
1. Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer
(most widely used method)
2. Gene gun / biolistic method
3. Electroporation
4. Microinjection
5. Viral vector method

58. Ti plasmid of A.tumefaciens

59. Mode of gene transfer

60. Transgenic plants
Genetically modified
( GM ) crops improved
food production for the
growing population by
producing transgenic
plants. GM crops include
cotton, mustard, potato,
maize, wheat, cassava,
yams, sorghum, rice,
millet etc.

61. GM technology
• Pest resistant plants
• Herbicide resistant plants
• Virus and fungal resistant plants
• Modification of plant oil biosynthesis
• Extended shell life of fruits
• Medicinal plants producing vaccines
• Nutritional enrichment/synthetic seeds
• Tolerance to abiotic stress ( heat, drought,
cold, saline )

62. Transgenic rice
• Introduction of three genes
into rice ( one from daffodil
and two from
microorganism ) exhibits
an increased production ofproduction of
ββ-carotene-carotene as a precursor
to vitamin A in the
endosperm of the rice

63. Golden rice
To alleviate vitamin A
deficiency problem,
development of a rice
variety which produces
β-carotene in the edible
grains of the rice

64. Extended shelf life of fruit
A major problem in fruit marketing is
premature ripening and softeningpremature ripening and softening during
transport. These changes are part of the
natural ageing ( senescencesenescence ) process of
the fruit. Ripening of fruit is closely
associated with increase in
polygalaturanase activity

65. Flavr Savr Tomato
Antisense RNA against
the enzyme activity
developed to inhibit the
synthesis of the enzyme
and delayed the fruit
ripening of tomato by GM
technology. These tomato
have longer shelf life
called as “FLAVR SAVR“FLAVR SAVR
TOMATO”TOMATO”

66. Plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture is a novel and
innovative technique to grow high quality,
disease free plantsdisease free plants quickly and in a large
quantity by culturing and maintaining plant
cells or organs like leaves, stem, root,
branch shoot tip, petals, anther and pollen in
sterile

67. Tissue culture process

68. Gene gun method

69. DNA finger printing

70. Basics of finger printing
• A DNA fingerprint is made by
analyzing the sizes of DNA
fragments produced from a
number of different sites in the
genome that vary in length
The more common the length
variation at a particular site and
the greater the number the sites
analyzed, the more informative
the fingerprint

71. Stem cell
A stem cell is an
undifferentiated,
dividing cell that gives
rise to a daughter cell
like itself and a
daughter cell that
becomes a
specialized cell type.

72. Embryonic stem cell

73. Nano biotechnology
Nano-TechnologyNano-Technology is one of the emerging interdisciplinary
fields which is about to bring a technological revolution. It
is a engineering at the atomic or molecular scale, deals
with devices typically less than 100 nanometers in sizeless than 100 nanometers in size,
or one billionth of a meter, or one ten-thousandth the
width of a human hair
Nanotechnology provides a new basis for innovation in
the life sciences, revolutionary biotechnology processes,
the synthesis of new drugs and their targeted delivery,
regenerative medicine, neuromorphic engineering stem
cell research, genomics, proteomics as well as the well-
established fields of agriculture, environmental
management, medical device manufacturing

74. Nanobots
• A nanorobot is a specialized
nanomachinenanomachine designed to perform
a specific task or tasks repeatedly
and with precision. Nanorobots
have dimensions on the order of
nanometers
• The nanorobot developed to kill
the cancer cells would have a small
computer, several binding sites to
determine the concentration of
specific molecules, and a supply of
some toxin, which could be
selectively released to kill a cell
identified as cancerous.

76. Applications
• Nanobomb
• Nanoimaging
• Nano drug delivery
• Microbivore
• Artificial mechanical phagocytes
• Tissue reconstruction
• Frying tumors
• Quantum dots

77. Ethical Arguments
Ethical argument for or against the following
topics
• Human Cloning
• Gender Reversal on Livestock
• Gender Reversal on Humans
• Genetic Engineering of Plants
• Genetic Engineering of Humans

78. Career opportunities
BiotechnologyBiotechnology is a new and innovative
industry with innumerable career options
for anyone interested in life sciences.
Biotechnology has changed the quality of
life through improved medicine,medicine,
diagnostics, agriculture and wastediagnostics, agriculture and waste
managementmanagement. Because the field of
biotechnology is still relatively new, there is
an abundance of unique opportunities to
make new discoveries and introduce
useful innovations to the world.

79. Occupational opportunities
• Research
• Quality control
• Manufacturing and production
• Regulatory affairs
• Administration
• Information system
• Clinical research
• Marketing and sales

80. Scope of biotechnology
• Genetically engineered microbes are today
widely used for producing drugs and vaccines
in large scale at low costs that are of great
importance (human insulin, erythropoietin, and(human insulin, erythropoietin, and
hepatitis-B vaccine)hepatitis-B vaccine)
• Genetically engineering plants are also poised
to produce vaccinesvaccines
• One of the future sources of cheap protein-cheap protein-
drugsdrugs in the coming years, would be genetically
engineered animals who would secrete drugs
in abundance

81. The Indian advantage
• No other country in the world today has the unique
set of advantages that India offers for large-scale
practice of biotechnology. We have one of the
largest bio in the world
• We have at least seven distinct climatic zonesseven distinct climatic zones and
one of the largest and most varied sets of marine
organisms anywhere
• The ambient temperatureambient temperature in most parts of the
country is just what living organisms need for their
activities that result in a biotechnological product
• We have large tracts of land available for growinglarge tracts of land available for growing
the desired plantsthe desired plants required for agriculture-based
biotechnology

82. Future belongs to
Biotechnology
BiotechnologyBiotechnology gives answer to many
burning problems like food scarcity,food scarcity,
ecological problems , pharmaceuticalecological problems , pharmaceutical
sector dropsector drop and spans its wings to almost
all living World problems. Although there is
lot of hype in media about the sector, but
unfortunately in India [and in many
countries surprisingly] it has not got due
attention till yet. Government has started
taking steps and new institutions are built
and skill has started coming up