The document provides an overview of basic automotive technology. It covers various vehicle systems including the body, engine, transmission, steering, braking, suspension, and electrical systems. Key points include classifications of vehicles based on space and body style, engine operation principles for petrol and diesel engines, types of transmissions including manual, automatic and tiptronic, drive train layouts such as front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive, and components such as the differential, tires, and wheels.

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Basic Automotive Technology
Submitted by:
Shobhit Gosain, Gwalior (MP)
India
Dealer Development Division
Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.

2. Basic Automotive Technology
Benz Motorwagen – developed by a German named Karl Benz (Co
founder of Mercedes Benz) in 1885 – The World’s first automobile

3. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

4. Vehicle Body

5. Classification of Cars
a. Based on space
• 1. Three Box car
Separated engine/cabin/luggage room
design
• 2. Two Box car
Integrated cabin/luggage room design
• 3. One Box car
Integrated cabin/luggage room design
with under-floor engine
a Engine space
b Occupant space
c Cargo / Luggage space

6. Classification of Cars
b. Based on body styles
The body is the portion of the vehicle that carries people or luggage.
Hatch back
Sedan / Notch back
MPV
Pick up
SUV

7. Classification of Cars
b. Based on body styles
Station Wagon
Convertible
Coupe

8. Classification of Cars
Hatch Back
• Hatchback contains a passenger cabin with a joined cargo space.
• The vehicle commonly has two rows of seats
• The back door is referred to as the hatch

9. Classification of Cars
Sedan
• The has a separate passenger cabin and cargo space (called the boot)
• A sedan is a passenger car with two rows of seats.

10. Classification of Cars
Convertible
• It is known as a Convertible , usually very sporty in design
• It has a retractable roof either made of metal or Fabric
• Very popular in the Western countries

11. Classification of Cars
Station Wagon
• It is known as a Station Wagon or Estate
• It has an extended boot area, which can be accessed from inside the car
• Very popular in the Western countries

12. Classification of Cars
Coupe
• It is known as a Coupe , very sporty in design
• It has the best seating capacity for only 2 people
• Very popular in the Western countries

13. Classification of Cars
Pickup
• The cargo area is separated from the passenger cabin and used for carrying or
pulling heavy loads.
• A pickup has an open-top rear cargo area
• It usually has one row of seat

14. Classification of Cars
Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
• A MPV is also called a multi-utility vehicle (MUV)
• They are designed for maximum interior room.
• MPVs are taller than sedans or hatchbacks
• It typically has 3 rows of seats

15. Classification of Cars
Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• It is known as "off-roader" or "four-wheel drive“ (4WD) or "4x4“ (four-by-four)
• It usually has very powerful engines mainly for off road benefits
• It has a passenger-carrying space of a MPV (3 rows of seats)

16. Classification of Cars
c. Based on market segments

17. Classification of Cars
Commonly known as “City Car”
Price Band
Rs. 1.5L to 4L

18. Classification of Cars
Commonly known as “Sub-Compact Cars”
Can be further classified as:
B Hatchback
B Hatchback
Price Band
Rs. 4L to 6L
B Sedan
B Sedan
Price Band
Rs. 4L to 6L
B+ Sedan
B+ Sedan
Price Band
Rs. 6.5L to 9L

19. Classification of Cars
Commonly known as “Compact Car”
Price Band
Rs. 11L to 15L

20. Classification of Cars
Can be further classified as:
D
D
Price Band
Rs. 20L to 30L
D+ (Compact Executive car / /Entry
D+ (Compact Executive car Entry
level luxury car)
level luxury car)
Price Band
Rs. 30L to 40L

21. Basic Body Construction
There are two types of body construction:
a. Chassis / Frame type body
b. Monocoque body

22. Basic Body Construction
a. Chassis / Frame Type Body
• Used as a main structure of an automobile
• To the Chassis we mount the engine, transmission, suspension, steering, brakes,
and wheels
• Chassis is used in Vehicles that carry load and for tough terrains

23. Basic Body Construction
b. Monocoque Body
• This is used in vehicles that does not carry heavy load. To this body we mount the
engine, Transmission and other components of the vehicle
• A Monocoque is made out of lightweight materials so that it is stiff and stable at
high speeds and in tight corners.

24. Dimensions
a. Exterior
Wheelbase
Overall length
• A long wheel base offers more cabin space for the passengers seated inside and
improves the stability to the car.
• An overly long wheelbase and length leads to difficulty in turning and therefore
increasing the turning radius

25. Dimensions
a. Exterior contd.
Overall
Height
Front Tread
Overall Width
Ground Clearance
Rear Tread
• A wider tread (distance b/w the center of the front 2 wheels or rear 2 wheel) offers
more stability
• A car with a large width offers more shoulder room for the passengers seated
inside
• A good ground clearance helps avoids the car underbody from hitting the road
humps
• A good height offers more headroom for passengers

26. Dimensions
Turning Radius
• This is the distance between the center
of the turning of the vehicle and the
center of the tire of the outermost
wheel.
• A lesser turning radius means a car
needs lesser space to turn which is good
for city driving:

27. Dimensions
Angle of Approach / Departure & Front / Rear Overhang
Angle of approach
Angle of departure
Front and Rear overhangs
• This is important for off roading as the vehicles clears
obstacles easily, entry and exit of the vehicle is easy in tough
terrains

28. Vehicle Weights
Gross Vehicle Weight:
Weight of the vehicle + fuel, vehicle fluids (oil, coolant), passengers, and cargo
+
+
+
Kerb weight:
Weight of a vehicle + fuel, vehicle fluids (oil, coolant) only
+

29. Aerodynamics
a. What is aerodynamics?
• Aerodynamics is the study of designing the car in such a way so that it
faces minimum air resistance and can cut through air easily.
• It is measured in a unit known as Cd (Coefficient of Drag)

30. Aerodynamics
Advantages & Benefits of Aerodynamics
Advantages:
• Offers lesser wind resistance
• Vibrations are less
• Cuts through air easily
•Benefits:
• Accelerates faster
• Less wind noise
• Helps achieve very good fuel efficiency

31. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

32. Engine Systems
• The engine is source of power for the car that makes the car move.
• The fuel that is burnt inside the engine generates power.
• This power is transmitted to the wheels of the car with the help of Transmission
systems.

33. General Physics
Force
• In physics, a force is to push or pull that can cause an object to change its speed
• It is expressed in Newton's (N)

34. General Physics
Torque
Force
applied
Crankshaft
• The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis is called torque.
• Torque can be thought of as a twist force
• It is expressed in Newton meter (Nm)
• The engine torque represents the power that rotates the crankshaft.

35. General Physics
Power
• Power is the rate at which energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy
required for a given time.
• Different units its measured in are in brake horse power (bhp) or kilo watts (kW) or
Pferdestärke (PS) – German or Horse power (HP)

36. General Physics
RPM
• Revolutions per minute ( rpm, RPM,
rev/min) is the number of full rotations
completed in one minute
• In Automobiles we relate this to the
Crankshaft of the engine

37. General Physics
Power to Weight Ratio
• Lower the power to weight ratio, better the pickup.
• Power to wt ratio =
Power in bhp
Kerb wt in kgs
• Ex: Engine power of 250 bhp and a weight of 450 kgs gives it a power-to-weight
ratio of 250/450 = 0.42

38. Engine Operation
Super car engines like the one pictured typically are high powered engines whose stats
read like this:
• Can accelerate from 0 to 100 kmph in 3.14 secs
•
It can reach a top speed of 355 kmph
•
It gives a mileage of about 4.2 km per liter
•
Typically have a 6 litre V 12 engine that gives 660PS of power!!
Any buyers??
The cars cost something like Rs. 3.2 Crores!!!

39. Engine Operation
B: Bore/Cylinder (where burning of fuel takes place)
C: Crankshaft (turned by the piston - turns the engine
and makes the car go)
E: Exhaust valve camshaft (opens and closes the
exhaust valves)
I: Inlet valve camshaft (opens and closes the inlet
valves)
P: Piston (moves up and down in the cylinder rotating the
crankshaft)
B
R: Connecting rod (Connects the piston to the
crankshaft)
S: Spark plug (Generates a spark needed for ignition)
V: Valves. Red: exhaust, Blue: intake
W: Cooling water passages (For the coolant to cool the
engine)

40. Engine Operation
4 Stroke Petrol Engine
1. Intake / Suction stroke (Fuel + air enters)
2. Compression stroke (Fuel + air is compressed)
3. Ignition / Combustion stroke (Spark plug
creates a spark - Fuel is burnt)
4. Exhaust stroke (Exhaust gases come out)

41. Engine Operation
SOHC & DOHC
There are various types of valve mechanism, depending on the number (Single or
double)
SOHC (Single Overhead Camshaft)
Single
Camshaft
• All inlet and exhaust valves are
operated by one camshaft
directly that is located above the
cylinder block.
DOHC (Double Overhead Camshaft)
Dual
Camshafts
• Two camshafts, One operating
the inlet valve and the other
operating the exhaust valve

42. Engine Operation
Variable Valve Timing intelligence (VVTi)
• The VVT-i system adjusts the valve
timing of the inlet valve
• This results in improved torque,
power output, fuel economy and
smooth engine operation

43. Engine Operation
4 Stroke Diesel Engine
• Stroke 1 (intake) – only air enters cylinder.
• Stroke 2 (compression) – air is compressed
to high extent, raising temperature.
• Stroke 3 (power) – diesel is injected, high air
temperature ignites diesel.
• Stroke 4 (exhaust) – burnt gases are expelled
from the engine

44. Engine Operation
Common Rail Direct injection (CRDi)
ECU
Common fuel rail line
Fuel Tank
Engine
• All the fuel injectors are supplied with fuel by a common fuel rail line.
• The fuel injectors are computer controlled (ECU) and fuel is injected into the
cylinders at the desired pressure.

45. Engine Operation
Turbo charger
Exhaust gases
Shaft
Compressor
Exhaust Turbine
Air Intake
• A turbocharger, induces more air into the cylinder by means of a fan driven by the
engine’s exhaust gases
• It’s purpose is to increase the performance of the engine

46. Engine Intercooler
Intercooler
• It cools the compressed hot air that comes from the turbo, before it enters the
engine.
• Colder air carries more oxygen. Compressed oxygen rich air going into the engine
results in efficient combustion. As a result, the engine is able to produce more
power.

47. Engine
Intercooler
Cool & Compressed Air fed
to the engine
Intercooler cools
the compressed air
Compressed
Air
Turbine rotates
the shaft
Engine
More Air is
pushed in by the
compressor
Exhaust gases
spin the turbine
Exhaust Gas
• The complete process of inducing more air via the turbo and intercooler
into the engine cylinder

48. Engine Operation
Differences b/w petrol and diesel engines
Petrol Engines
Diesel Engines
•
Fuel and air enter the cylinder
•
Only air enters the cylinder
•
Fuel is ignited by a spark plug
•
Fuel is injected and then ignited
due to a high compression ratio
•
Petrol Engines make lesser
noise
•
Larger compression ratios make
diesel engines more noisy
•
Diesel engines are more heavier
•
Diesels have more fuel
economy because of higher
compression ratios
•
•
Petrol Engines are lighter in
weight
Petrol Engines are poorer than
diesel engines in terms of fuel
economy

49. Cooling System
Cooling fan
• This fan directs a large volume of air to the radiator in order to enhance the cooling
effect.

50. Exhaust Systems
Catalytic Converter
Clean Air
Impure air
from
Exhaust
• The catalytic converter is located in the middle of the exhaust system to remove the
harmful elements from the exhaust gases.

51. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

52. Transmission / Drive Train systems

53. Types of Transmission
•
Manual Transmission
•
Automatic Transmission

54. Types of Transmission
Manual Transmission (M/T)
• A manual transmission changes the combinations of the gears that are meshed
and they need to be done manually by shifting the gear lever accordingly.
• As a result, it can change the power, rotational speed, and the direction of the
rotation.

55. Types of Transmission
Automatic Transmission (A/T)
(A/T)
• An automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that can change gears
automatically as the vehicle moves.
• It also uses a computer to regulate shifting in accordance with the driving
conditions detected by sensors. This system is called ECT (Electronically Controlled
Transmission).

56. Tiptronic Transmission
•
The Tiptronic transmission system
combines fully automatic
transmission operation with the
option of manual control.
•
In manual mode (Sequential shift)
you can change the gears by hand
using the gear lever
•
By shifting the lever in ‘S’ position,
up shifting can be done by pushing
the lever forwards(+), &
downshifting(-) by pulling the lever
downwards

57. Types of Drive trains
Front Engine – Front Wheel Drive (FF)
• Here the drive train channels the power of the
engine through the transmission unit and
differential to the Front Wheels.
Advantages
• Weight: Fewer components means lower weight.
• Improved fuel efficiency due to less weight.
• Cost: Fewer material components means lower
cost

58. Types of Drive trains
Front Engine – Rear Wheel Drive (FR)
• Here the drive train channels the power of the
engine through the transmission unit, propeller
shaft and rear differential to the Rear Wheels.
• The FR layout is often chosen for its simple
design and good handling characteristics..

59. Types of Drive trains
4 wheel drive(4WD) or All wheel drive (AWD)
• The drive from the engine is given to all the wheels at different ratios.
• Usually the ratio differs depending on the road conditions and terrain
• This is supported by the use of Front and Rear differential

60. Types of Drive trains
Differential
• The differential is used to help the wheels to turn at different speeds,
• Example: the inner wheel of the car needs to turn slower than the outside wheel when
the car is taking a left turn
• The other use of the differential is used to convert the vertical motion of the power
coming from the gear box to horizontal motion to the wheel

61. Tyres and Wheels
Specification coding system
Sidewall
1 7 5 /7 0 -R -1 3
Rim Diameter
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tyre width in mm
Aspect Ratio (Height/Width)
R for radial tyre
Rim Diameter in Inches.
Width

62. Tyres and Wheels
Aspect Ratio
H
Aspect ratio
• The ratio of sidewall of the tire to the
width
W
• Aspect ratio = H / W x 100
• A tire with a good aspect ratio gives a
better ride quality by cushioning the road
shocks

63. Tyres and Wheels
Tube and Tubeless tyre
Air escapes
slowly
TUBE TYRE
TUBELESS
TYRE
Air escapes
rapidly
• The air is held inside the tyre and the rim
• Incase of a puncture, the air from the tubeless tyre escapes very slowly. This
improves safety as you do not loose control on vehicle in case of puncture
• Care should be taken not to damage rim when changing or repairing a tyre

64. Tyres and Wheels
Disc wheels
Pressed Steel disc
Alloy wheel
• Pressed-steel disc wheel
This wheel is made of pressed steel. It is heavy, but strong.
• Cast light-alloy disc wheel
This wheel is made of aluminum. It is lightweight and can be designed excellently

65. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

66. Steering Systems

67. Types of Steering
Rack and Pinion Type
PINION
RACK
• The pinion changes the rotational movement of the steering wheel into the left or
right movement of the steering rack.
Advantages
• The construction is simple and lightweight.
• The steering is solid, and the steering wheel response is very sharp.

68. Power steering
•Power steering reduces the amount of steering effort exerted by the driver.
1. Hydraulic Power steering
• When the steering wheel is turned, an
oil circuit is switched on.
• The oil (supplied by an engine driven
pump) supplies the power needed to
operate the steering wheel and hence
makes it easy to steer

69. Power steering
•Power steering reduces the amount of steering effort exerted by the driver.
2. Electric Power steering (EPS)
•
An electric motor is used to aid in turning
the wheels
•
Since, the engine power is not being
used , EPS leads to better fuel
economy
•
It is good for driving in the city driving
conditions

70. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

71. Braking system

72. Brakes
Braking Principle
Master cylinder
Wheel Cylinder
•
One advantage of this is that a small force applied at one end of a system can be
magnified at the other, depending on the layout of the system.
•
This inturn reduces the effort put by the driver and increases braking pressure

73. Brake Layout
•
Generally, disc brakes are used on the front wheels, and drum brakes are used
on the rear wheels.

74. Brakes
a. Disc Brakes
• Disc Brakes stop the rotation of the wheels when the disc brake pad pushes against
the disc brake rotor.
• Disc Brakes are very powerful and effective.

75. Brakes
Ventilated Disc Brakes
Air
Vents
• “Ventilated" disc brake design helps to cool down the disc from heat generated
from due to friction with the air vents provided.
• Usually the front wheels are provided with ventilated disc brakes and the rear with
solid disc

76. Brakes
b. Drum Brakes
• The brake shoes press against the drum from the inside (red arrows shown) thus
stopping the wheel from rotating.

77. Anti lock Braking System (ABS)
ABS
The function of the ABS is to
regulate braking pressure
hence preventing the wheel
from locking.
• There is a speed sensor on all four wheels ,the ABS controller monitors each
wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.
• The benefits of ABS are avoids skidding, steering control while braking ,
stability and shorter stopping distance

78. Anti lock Braking System (ABS)
Operation of ABS
• When a wheel is about to lock, the system instantly releases the brake of that
particular wheel to enable the wheel to rotate again
• After the wheel that was about to lock recovers its rotation, the application of the
brake of that wheel is resumed and released just before the wheel locks
• This system repeats the above processes over dozens of times per second.

79. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

80. Suspension systems

81. Suspension Systems
Outline / Function
A. Front suspension
B. Rear suspension
• The suspension system helps us to steer the car properly, give us comfort on
different road conditions and ride quality
• There are many components to this system and vary by their construction

82. Suspension Systems
a. Springs
• A (Coil) spring, also known as a helical spring, compresses when loaded i.e. to
absorb shocks
• They are formed in a spiral shapes which returns to its natural length when
unloaded.

83. Suspension Systems
b. Shock Absorbers
• The shock absorbers restrain the movement of springs
• They also absorb the vibrations (Shocks) of the vehicle body, and give a good ride.

84. Suspension Systems
A.Non-Independent
•
Good for load carrying purpose
B. Semi – Independent
• Good for Load carrying and Luxury purpose
C. Independent Suspension
• Good for Good ride quality and Luxury purpose

85. Types of Suspension
a. Non-Independent Suspension
• Both wheels are joined to a single axle, which is mounted to the body via springs.
• Because both wheels and the axle move vertically in unison, its working is rigid
• This type of suspension has a simple and solid construction. This is also called the rigid
axle also
Ex:
• Torsion beam type
• 4 link type
• Leaf Srings

86. Non-Independent Suspension
Torsion bar
Torsion
Bar
• A torsion bar suspension, also known as a torsion spring suspension or incorrectly as
torsion beam.
• Vertical (up and down) motion of the wheel causes the bar to twist around its axis
thereby creating resistance to vehicle vibrations

87. Non-Independent Suspension
Leaf Spring
• A leaf spring can be made from several leaves stacked on top of each other in
several layers, often with progressively longer leaves.
• Sets of leaves are also clamped together to hold them together

88. Types of suspension
b. Semi- Independent Suspension
Twist Beam
• In this type of a suspension there is a flexible link between the two
wheels (Twist beam).
• If one wheel experiences an irregularity the other wheel is not entirely
affected.

89. Types of suspension
C. Independent Suspension
• Each wheel is supported by an independent
arm, which is mounted to the vehicle body via a
spring.
• This type of suspension can efficiently
absorb the roughness of the road, and gives
an excellent ride because each wheel moves
up and down independently from the other
wheel.

90. Independent Suspension
McPherson Strut
• The McPherson strut, developed by Earle
S. McPherson is the most widely used
front suspension system.
• The McPherson strut combines a shock
absorber and a coil spring into a single
unit.
• This provides a more compact and
lighter suspension system that can be
used for front-wheel drive vehicles.

91. Types of suspension
Anti-Roll Bar
• The resistance to twist the bar prevents body roll of the vehicle
• The compression of the suspension causes the body to roll during
cornering.

92. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

93. Safety Systems
The fundamental idea behind collision safety is to:
1. Have a vehicle body which effectively absorbs collision impact.
2. A strong cabin that ensures survival space, and
3. Restraint devices that protect occupants.

94. Active Safety systems
• Active safety systems are features that help prevent an
accident
• Toyota's basic stance on active safety technology is that it must
provide vehicular stability as well as help drivers to avoid
accidents.
Examples:
• ABS with EBD
• Child lock
• Automatic door lock
• Jam protection
• Rear window demister

95. Passive Safety systems
•Passive safety technologies help to reduce injury to people in
case of a accident
•Passive safety applies to the period during a collision and
focuses on safety measures for reducing injuries.
• Examples:
• GOA Body
• Crumple Zones
• Pedestrian Injury Lessening
• Whiplash Injury Lessening
• SRS Airbags
• ELR with Pre tensioner and load limiter

96. Passive Safety systems
GOA Body
• GOA (Global Outstanding Assessment)
The GOA clears the strictest crash safety tests established by Toyota.
• It is a type of crash safety body that minimizes the deformation of the cabin by
absorbing the energies of the crash and then dissipating them over the rest of the body

97. Passive Safety systems
Crumple Zones
• A crumple zone also known as a crush zone, are areas of a vehicle that are
designed to deform and crumple in a collision.
• This absorbs some of the energy of the impact, preventing it from being transmitted
to the occupants.

98. Passive Safety systems
Whiplash Injury Lessening
• Whiplash injuries occur when the head and torso move together during a rear-end
collision.
• It is important for the seatback and headrest to simultaneously cushion the
occupant's head and torso during an impact.

99. Passive Safety systems
Seatbelts
• The seat belt properly secures the person to the seat.
• Prevents the person from being thrown forward
• We have a 3 point type of seatbelt in our car

100. Passive Safety systems
ELR / Pre Tensioner & Load Limiter
Pre-tensioner
• The Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) of the seatbelt automatically locks when
you are subjected to a sudden forward movement, during panic braking conditions
• Pre tensioner and load limiters act only if the airbags deploy
• The Pre-tensioner pulls the seat belt keeping the person secure in the seat
• The Load limiter limits the amount of load exerted and does the release action

101. Passive Safety systems
SRS Airbags
• Airbags are known as Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) ie. (supplement –
in addition to the seatbelts)
Working:
• When the impact limit has been reached or exceeded, an airbag control unit being
impact sensitive will trigger the inflation of a nylon fabric bag with help of a sensor

102. Passive Safety systems
Collapsible Steering Column
• During a collision, the steering column will compress under impact, as the two
tubes slide into each other and additionally the joints break
• This reduces the potential for injury to the driver’s chest.

103. Table Of Contents
Body
Engine Systems
Transmission / Drive Train Systems
Steering systems
Braking Systems
Suspension Systems
Safety Systems
Electrical Systems

104. Electrical systems

105. Engine Electrical
Various pieces of equipment are necessary for starting the engine and operating it in a
stable manner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Battery
Starter (Starting system)
Alternator (Charging system)
Ignition coil (Ignition system)
Ignition switch
Combination meter (Discharge
warning light)
7. Sensors

106. Engine Electrical
Battery
• The battery is a rechargeable device that serves as a power supply for the
electrical parts when the engine is stopped.

107. Engine Electrical
Starter (Starting Systems)
• The starting system forces the engine to crank with an electric motor, and starts the
engine.
Alternator (Charging Systems)
• The charging system produces electricity to supply to the electrical components and
charges the vehicle's battery
ECM / ECU (Electronic control Module /Unit )
• This is the computer of the car, which processes different data that is sent by
the different sensors in the car and then gives instructions for a specific action to
be done. It has a 32bit processor in it

108. Lighting Systems

109. Headlamp Technology
HID (High intensity Discharge)
HID – High Intensity Discharge
also known as Xenon Headlights
They produce brighter, clearer light,
use less energy and have a longer
service life
•
• Xenon headlights provide particularly bright, intense illumination of the road,
ensuring significantly greater visibility in bad weather or in the dark
• Also the focusing of the beam can be done with more precision

110. HID Headlights focusing
Projector lamps
•
To make sure that vehicles driving towards you or ahead of you are not
dazzled by this stronger light, Projector lenses are used to direct the beam
straight to the road
•
Beam height adjustment aligns the headlights to suit the load the car is
currently carrying

111. Combination meter and Gauges
Tachometer and Speedometer
Tachometer
Speedometer
• A tachometer (also called a revolution-counter, rev-counter, or RPM gauge) is an
instrument that displays the revolutions per minute (RPM)
• A speedometer is a device that measures the speed of a vehicle.
• An odometer shows the amount of distance traveled. Eg: 36000kms

112. Sensors
Engine Immobilizer
• In this system, the engine ECU (Electronic Control Unit) in the vehicle checks the ID
of the chip that is integrated in the key to prevent the engine from being started when
the codes do not match, thus preventing theft of the vehicle

113. Sensors
Wireless Door lock and Keyless entry
1. Wireless tuner (Inner mirror)
2. Door lock assembly
3. Transmitter
• The doors can be locked or unlocked wirelessly by pressing the LOCK or UNLOCK
button on the key.
• Some vehicles are equipped with an answer-back function, in which the turn signal
lights flash when the doors are locked once or unlocked twice.

114. Air Conditioning
• Air conditioning is used the cool the interior cabin.
• It also functions as a dehumidifier (reduces water content present in air), in
addition to its heating and cooling functions.
• Most car air conditioning systems use compressors (devices that cool air) driven
by the engine

115. Air Conditioning
Auto Air Conditioning
• An auto AC system automatically adjusts the temperature of the interior to a set
temperature.
• Sensors detect the ambient air temperature, interior temperature, and the set
temperature.
• The computer automatically controls the outlet temperature & blower speed, in
order to attain the set temperature in the least possible time.

116. Car Body Terminology
A-PILLAR
B-PILLAR
ROOF
FRONT
WINDSHIELD
C-PILLAR
HOOD
BOOT
GRILLE
FRONT
BUMPER
DOOR
GLASS
FENDER
PASSENGER
FRONT DOOR
REAR
QUARTERPANEL

117. Thank You