5. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
الحمد لله ر ّ العالمين و ال ّالة و ال ّالم على نبينا مح ّد
م
س
ص
ب
و على آله و صحبه أجمعين و من است ّ ِسّته إلى يوم الدين
نب ن
ق ل ك ن ب ر ِد د لكلم ت َب لن ِد ب ر ق ل أ ت َد
﴿ ُلْ َوْ َا َ الَْحْ ُ م َا ًا ِ َِ َا ِ رِّي ََف َ الَْحْ ُ َبْ َ َنْ َنْف َ
َِ َا ُ رِّي ََوْ ِئَْا ِ ِثِْ ِ م َ ًا
كلم ت َب ول ج ن بم له َدد
﴾
,“Say: If the sea were ink for the words of my Lord
,the sea would surely be consumed before the words of my Lord are exhausted
.)901 :though We were to bring the like of that (sea) to add.” (Sūrah Kahf
3
7. Acknowledgments
All Praise is to Allah for this work could never have been accomplished without His Help and Guidance.
Furthermore, this book on Qur’ānic Arabic was made possible through my many teachers who have guided
me and imparted me knowledge in this sacred language. I am even more indebted to my parents who have
raised me on the Deen and its foundation, and who continue to advise and guide me. I am also grateful to
my wife and children who have been very patient with this effort, and whose precious time I have
sacrificed. I am very grateful to Dr. Abu Zayd, founder of the Qur’ān Literacy Institute who edited this
textbook and improved on its format and readability.
A special note of thanks also goes to one of my early teachers, Ustādh Nouman Alī Khan, founder of the
Bayyinah Arabic Institute. He was my initial inspiration to teach what I learned of Qur’ānic Arabic and
make it accessible to those who wish to learn from its treasures. I thank my teachers at the Qibla Institute
(formerly the Sunnipath Institute) namely Sheikh Hamza Karamali and Sheikh Farīd Dingle. I also thank
Sheikh Shakiel Humayun from the Foundation of Knowledge and Development. The individuals involved
with websites “The Qur’ānic Arabic Corpus”, “Zekr”, and “OpenBurhan” also deserve thanks as their
resources were used extensively for this work. May Allah reward all these special people and others not
mentioned here who contributed to this book.
The journey of learning this sacred language has been an arduous one for me and has come with its
challenges. It is my hope that this book series can facilitate this journey for other students, enabling them
to understand the lofty and majestic words of the Qur’ān.
5
8. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TRANSLITERATION KEY __________________________________________________________________________ 14
FOREWORD __________________________________________________________________________________ 15
PREFACE ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17
LESSON 1: IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF MORPHOLOGY [ 91 ____________________________________ ] َّ رْف
الص
I. INTRODUCTION TO ṢARF [91 ___________________________________________________________________ ] َّرْف
الص
II. IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FROM ṢARF _______________________________________________________________ 19
Principle # 1: Deletion of a Letter [ 91 _________________________________________________________ ]تَخْفِي ف
Principle # 2: Changing of the Hamza ___________________________________________________________ 19
Principle # 3: Merging of heavy letters o r light letters [02 ___________________________________________ ]إِدْغام
Table 1: Examples of Idghām [12 _____________________________________________________________________ ]ِدْغام
إ
Principle # 4: Changing of weak letters preceded by a vo wel [ 22 _____________________________________ ]تَعْلِيل
Principle # 5: Impossibility of Pronouncing Any Vowel on an Alif [22 __________________________________ ] َّع ُّر
الت َذ
Principle # 6: Difficulty of Pronouncing Certain Vo wels on Alif/Yā [ 22 _________________________________ ] ِّقْل
الث
Table 2: Examples of [ -] ِّقْلVariation of Endings on Alif and Yā ____________________________________________ 23
الث
Principle # 7: Adding or Deleting the Tā letter ____________________________________________________ 23
Table 3: Deletion of the Tā Letter ______________________________________________________________________ 23
LESSON 2: IRREGULA R VERBS - ROOT LETTERS WITH HAMZA/S HADDA : 52 _________ َلْ ِعْ ُ الْ َهْ ُوز َ الْ ُ َا َف
ا ف ل م م و مض ع
I. INTRODUCTION TO IRREGULAR VERBS _______________________________________________________________ 25
II. IRREGULAR VERBS ] 62 _______________________________________________________________]فِعْ ُ ُّالثِي إِىل غَيْر ساِم
ل
ل الث
I. IRREGULAR VERBS [ 62 ___________________________________________________________________]اَلفِع ل غَيْر سال ِم
ْ
A. Classification and Division of Family I Verbs ____________________________________________________ 26
B. Algorithm for Classification of Regular and Irregular Verbs ________________________________________ 27
III. V ERBS WITH A HAMZA LETTER ]72 __________________________________________________________ [اَلْفِعْ ُ اْلمَ ه ُوز
ل ْم
Table 4: Verb Conjugation Summary for [82 ______________________________________________________ ]َ لْ ِعْ ُ ا لْ َهْ ُوز
اف ل م م
IV. VERBS WITH A D OUBLED LETTER/SHADDA [82 _________________________________________________ ]الفِعْ ُ اْل ُضَاعَف
ل م
Table 5: Detailed Verb Conjugation for [92 ______________________________________________________ ] ال ِعل اُضا َفال
ف مل ع
Table 6: Various Conjugations of [03 ___________________________________________________________ ]َ لْ ِعْ ُ ا لْ ُ َا َف
ا ف ل مض ع
LESSON 3: IRREGULAR VERBS - VERBS WITH VOWEL LETT ERS: ّ َْ13 __________________________َلْ ِعْ ُ الْ ُع
ا ف ل م تل
I. INTRODUCTION TO IRREGULAR VERBS WITH WEAK LETTERS [ّ َ13 ________________________________________ ]اَلفِعْ ُ اْل ُعْت
ل م ل
A. Irregular Verbs: [ 13 ___________________________________________________________________ ]الفِعْل اْلمِثال
Table 7: Various Conjugations of the Derivatives of [13 ______________________________________________ ]الفعل املثال
Table 8: Conjugations of Past/Present Tense of [23 _________________________________________________ ] الفعل املثال
B. Irregular Verbs [ 23 __________________________________________________________________ ]الفِعْل الْأَجْ وَف
Table 9: Various Conjugations of Derivatives of ]43 _________________________________________________ [ الفع ُ ا َجْ َف
ل أل و
Table 10: Conjugations of Past/Present Tense Verbs ]}43 ______________________________________ [الفع ُ ا َجْ َف {و
ل أل و
Table 11: Conjugations of [ ] الفع ُ ا َجْ َفin Jazm and Naṣb __________________________________________________ 35
ل أل و
Table 12: Conjugations of Past/Present Tense Verbs ]}63 ______________________________________ [ الفع ُ ا َجْ َف {ي
ل أل و
Table 13: Conjugations of Past/Present Tense Verbs [{١} ا َ ْ َف
ألجو
ل
ُ _______________________________________ ]الفع
37
C. Irregular Verbs [ 73 ___________________________________________________________________ ]الفِعْل َّاقِص
الن
6
9. Table of Contents
Table 14: Conjugation of Various Derivatives of [83 ___________________________________________________ ]َ لْفعل َّاِص
ا الن ق
Table 15: Conjugation of [} 83 __________________________________________________________________ ]َلْ ِعْ ُ َّاِص {و
ا ف ل الن ق
Table 16: Conjugation of [ ]َ لْ ِعْ ُ َّاِصin Jazm and Naṣb ____________________________________________________ 39
ا ف ل الن ق
Table 17: Conjugation of [} 04 __________________________________________________________________]َلْ ِعْ ُ َّاِص { ي
ا ف ل الن ق
Table 18: Conjugation of [} 14 __________________________________________________________________ ]َ لْفعل َّاِص {ا
الن ق
ا
II. VERBS WITH TWO VOWELLED LETTERS: [24 ___________________________________________]لفِي ُ اْلمَقْ ُون[ & ] لَفِي ُ املَفْ ُوق
ف ر
ف ر
A. Verbs with Two Separate Vowelled letters ]24 _____________________________________________ ]لَفِي ُ املَفْ ُوق
ف ر
Table 19: Verb Conjugation of Various Derivatives of {34 _____________________________________ ] ََى [ :}َ ِي ُ اَفْ ُوق
لف ف مل ر
وق
Table 20: Verb Conjugation of [34 _______________________________________________________________ ]َ ِي ُ اَفْ ُوق
لف ف مل ر
B. Verbs wi th Two Adjacent Vo welled letters: [ 44 _____________________________________________ ]لَفِي ُ املَقْ ُون
ف ر
Table 21: Conjugation of Various Derivatives of [44 ________________________________________________ ]َ ِي ُ اَقْ ُون
لف ف مل ر
III. V ERB CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERB COMBINATION [54 _______________________________________ ]امل ه ُوز وَ الّاقِص
ن
ْم
Table 22: Conjugation of Other Irregular Verbs [54 ______________________________________________] املهْ ُوز و الّاِص
م َ نق
Table 23 A: Summary of [ِ64 ___________________________________________________________ ]ِعْل ُّالثي َ لْ ُ ج َّ ِ ا لْ َ ِ َا
ف الث ا م َرد غريس مل
Table 23B: Present Tense Verbs and Their Different Inflections ___________________________________________ 47
LESSON 4: IRREGULAR V ERBS IN FAMILIES II TO X: ٍ ِ94 ________________________ ِعْ ُ ُّالِي ا َ ِي َ ِي ِ إىل َِر َا
ف ل الث ث ملز د ف ه غي س لم
I. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE HIGHER FAMILIES __________________________________________________________ 49
A. Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________ 49
B. Examples of Irregular Verbs in Families II to X __________________________________________________ 50
Table 24: Examples of Some Irregular
Verbs of higher families __________________________________________ 50
II. FAMILY II [05 ______________________________________________________________________ ]با ُ "ف َّلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب َع
Table 25: Irregular Family II Verbs [َ َّ 05 ______________________________________________________________ ] با ُ ف
ب َعل
III. V ERB FAMILY III: [ 15 ________________________________________________________________ ]با ُ "فَاعَلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب
Table 26: Irregular Family III Verbs: [َ َ 15 ___________________________________________________________ ] با ُ َا
ب ف عل
IV. VERB FAMILY IV:]25 ________________________________________________________________ [با ُ "أَفْعَلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب
Table 27: Irregular Family IV Verbs [َ َ ْ25 ____________________________________________________________ ] با ُ َف
ب أ عل
V. VERB FAMILY V: [35 __________________________________________________________________ ]با ُ "تَف َّلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب َع
Table 28: Irregular Family V Verbs [َ َّ 35 _____________________________________________________________ ] با ُ َف
ب ت َعل
VI. VERB FAMILY VI: [45 _______________________________________________________________ [با ُ "تَفاعَلَ " غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب
Table 29: Irregular Family V Verbs [َ َ 45 _____________________________________________________________] با ُ َ َا
ب تف عل
VII. VERB FAMILY VII: [ 55 _______________________________________________________________]با ُ "اِنْفَعَلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب
Table 30: Irregular Family VII Verbs [َ َ َ ْ55 ______________________________________________________________] با ُ ِ ن
ب ا فعل
VIII. VERB FAMILY VIII ]55 _____________________________________________________________ [با ُ "اِفْتَعَلَ" غَيْ ُ ساِم
ر ل
ب
Table 31: Irregular Family VIII Verbs [َ َ َْ65 _____________________________________________________________ ] با ُ ِف
ب ا تعل
IX. V ERB FAMILY X: [75 ________________________________________________________________ ]با ُ "اِسْتَفْعَلَ" غَيْ ُ سالِم
ر
ب
Table 32: Irregular Family X Verbs [َ َ ْ75 ___________________________________________________________ ] با ُ ِسَْف
ب ا ت عل
X. Q UADRILATERAL VERBS: VERBS WITH FOUR-LETTER ROOTS [85 ___________________________________ ]الْفِعْ ُ ُّباعي املُج َّد
َر
ل الر
A. Introduction to Quadrilateral Verbs ] 85 _______________________________________________]الْفِعْ ُ ُّباعي املُج َّد
َر
ل الر
Table 33: Conjugation of [ ] الفعل ُّباعي اُ ج َّدon pattern [َ َْ85 _________________________________________________ ]َع
مل َر
الر
ف لل
Table 34: Conjugation of [ ] الفعل الرباعي املزيدand its Various Derivatives _______________________________________ 58
B. Quadrilateral Verbs of Irregular Pattern [95 __________________________________________ ]الفعل ُّباعي غ ُ سالِم
ري
الر
C. Quadrilateral Verbs of Higher Families [ 95 _____________________________________________ ]الفعل ُّباعي املزيد
الر
7
10. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
LESSON 5: INCOMPLETE V ERBS [ 16 ________________________________________________] َّواسِخ[ & ]أَفْعا ُ َّاقِصَة
ل الن
الن
I. THE INCOMPLETE VERBS [ 16 ________________________________________________________________ ]أَفْعا ُ َّاقِصَة
ل الن
A. Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________ 61
B. Division and Classification of Incomplete Verbs [ 26 __________________________________________ ]أَفْعا ُ َّاقِصَة
ل الن
C. Categories of the Inco mplete Verbs ___________________________________________________________ 62
II. KĀNA AND ITS SISTERS [ 36 _________________________________________________________________ ]كان وَ أَخَواُها
ت
A. The Grammar of Kāna and its Sisters _________________________________________________________ 63
B. Past Continuous Tense [ 46 ______________________________________________________ ]الفعل املاضي االِ سِْتمْراري
C. Far Past Tense [ ]الفعل املاضي البَعِيدand Near Past Tense [ 46 ____________________________________ ]الفعل املاضي القَريب
D. Sisters of Kāna [َ56 ___________________________________________________________________ ]أَخَ وَا ُ كا ن
ت
Table 35: Sisters of Kāna [َ 66 _____________________________________________________________________ ]َ َ َا ُ كا
أخو ت ن
III. LAISA [َ ]لَ يْ سAND OTHER NEGATIVE INCOMPLETE VERBS __________________________________________________ 67
A. Laisa [َ76 _______________________________________________________________________________]َليْ س
B. Additional Negative Incomplete Verbs _________________________________________________________ 68
Table 36: Laisa and Negative Incomplete Verbs __________________________________________________________ 68
IV. VERBS OF PROXIMITY [86 __________________________________________________________________]أَفْعال اْل ُقارَبَة
م
Table 37: Verbs of Proximity [96 ____________________________________________________________ ]كاد و َفْعال ا لْ ُقا ََة
م رب
َأ
V. VERBS OF INITIATION [96 __________________________________________________________________ ]أفعال الشروع
VI. VERBS OF PRAISE AND BLAME [ ِ07 _________________________________________________________ ]أَفْعال اْلمدْحِ وَ َّم
الذ
َ ُ
Table 38: Verbs of Praise and Blame [17 _______________________________________________________ ]َفْعا ُ ا لْ َدْح و َّم
ِ أ ل م ِ َ الذ
VII. VERBS OF WONDER [17 __________________________________________________________________ ]أفْعا ُ َّع ُّب
ل الت َج
VIII. I NNA AND ITS SISTERS [ 27 ________________________________________________________________ ]إ َّ وَ أَخَواتِها
ِن
Table 39: Inna and its Sisters [37 ________________________________________________________________ ] إ َّ و َ َواُها
ِن َ أخ ت
IX. O THER VERB-LIKE ENTITIES: WARNINGS [37 ______________________________________________________ ]اإلنذارَات
Table 40: Warnings [47 ___________________________________________________________________________ ] اإلنذا َات
ر
LESSON 6: NEGATION AND EXCEPTIONS [ 57 _____________________________________________ ] َّفِيَة وَ االستِثْناء
الن
I. NEGATION [57 ______________________________________________________________________________ ]ا َّافِيَ ة
َلن
Table 41: Particles of Negation_________________________________________________________________________ 76
A. The Different types of Lā [67 _________________________________________________________________ ]ال
B. The Mā of Negation [87 __________________________________________________________________]ماء َّفِي
الن
II. E XCEPTIONS [ُ 97 ___________________________________________________________________________ ]اَلْإِسْ تِثْنا
ء
A. Exceptions with [ 97 ________________________________________________________________________]إَّا
ِل
B. Additional Particle(s) of Exception ___________________________________________________________ 83
LESSON 7: PARTICLES [ -]احلروفA COMPREHENSIVE REV IEW _______________________________________ 85
D IVISION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICLES ___________________________________________________________ 85
I. PARTICLES THE AFFECT I‛RĀB [ٌَ68 _____________________________________________________________ ]حرو ٌ عامِل
ف ة
A. Ḥarf Jarr [68 _______________________________________________________________________ ]حروف ج َّة
َار
Table 42: Ḥarf Jarr [68 __________________________________________________________________________ ]حروف ج َّة
َار
B. Ḥarf Naṣb [88 ______________________________________________________________________ ] ُروف نا صِبَة
ح
Table 43: Ḥarf Naṣb on Verbs [98 ___________________________________________________________________ ] َّوا ِب
الن ص
C. Ḥarf Jazm [09 ____________________________________________________________________]حرف جَزْم/اجلَوازِم
Table 44: Ḥarf Jazm___________________________________________________________________________________ 91
8
11. Table of Contents
II. PARTICLES THAT DO NOT AFFECT I‛RĀB [ٌَ29 ____________________________________________________ ]حرو ٌ غَيْ ُ عامِل
ف ر ة
A. Particles of Negation ______________________________________________________________________ 93
B. Connecting Particles [39 ______________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف الْعَطْ ف
حر
C. Qur’ānic Examples of Connecting Particles [ 49 ____________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف الْعَطْ ف
حر
Table 45: Connecting Particles [49 ______________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف ا لْ َطْف
ع
حر
D. Resumption Particles [ 59 ___________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف الْإسْت ئْنافَّ ة
ِي
حر
E. Rebuttal Particles [69 ______________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف االسْتِ دْراك
حر
F. Particles of Interrogation [79 _________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف االسْتِفْهام
حر
Table 46: Interrogative Particles [89 ___________________________________________________________] ُرو ُ ِّاسِْفْهام
ح ف ال ت
Table 47: Lām and Nūn of Emphasis on Verbs ___________________________________________________________ 99
H. Particles of Calling [ 001 _______________________________________________________________ ]حرو ف ِّدا ء
الن
I. Conditional Particles [ 101 _____________________________________________________________ ]حروف َّرْط
الش
Table 48: Particles of Condition [101 ____________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف َّرْط
حر الش
J. Verbal Noun Particles [ 201 ___________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف مَصدَرَّ ة
ْ ِي
حر
K. Particles of the Future [ 201 __________________________________________________________ ]حروف اإلستِ قْبال
L. Particles of Warning [ 201 _____________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف َّ نْبي ه
حر الت
M. Particles of Encouragement [301 _____________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف َّحْضِيض
حر الت
N. Particles of Response [ 301 ____________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف اجلواب
حر
O. Particles – Time and Place Containers [ 401 ___________________________________________ ]حروف َّمان و املكان
الز
P. Particles of Redundancy [ 401 __________________________________________________________ ] ُ ُوف َّائِ دَة
حر الز
Q. The Definite Article “Al” [ 401 ____________________________________________________________]الم َّعْري ف
الت
Table 49: The Definite Article “Al” [501 ____________________________________________________________ ]الم َّعْريف
الت
R. Miscellaneous Particles ___________________________________________________________________ 106
Table 50: Miscellaneous Particles _____________________________________________________________________ 106
S. Particles with Multiple Distinc t Grammatical Roles ______________________________________________ 106
Table 51A: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [701 ______________________________________ ]ما/و
Table 51B: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [801 ____________________________________ ]ف/ال/ما
َ
Table 51C: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [ْ901 ________________________________ ]َوْ/حَّى/ب/ َن
ل َت ِ م
Table 51D: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [011 ________________________________ ]ل/َلْ/ل ِن/َوْال
ب ك ل
Table 51E: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [111 ______________________________________ ]ِنْ/ ل
إ
Table 51F: Particles with Multiple Distinct Grammatical Roles [ْ211 ______________________________________ ] َّ/أن
أن
LESSON 8: NOUNS IN THE NAṢB CAS E [ 311 ___________________________________________________ ]املَنْ ُوبات
ص
I. REVIEW OF NOUNS OF THE RAF‛ AND JARR CASE [ 311 _________________________________________ ]مَجْ ُورات[ & ]مَرُْوعات
ف
ر
Table 52: Noun Categories fixed to Raf‛ and Jarr ________________________________________________________ 113
Table 53: Review of Inflections of Nouns Based on I‛rāb _________________________________________________ 114
II. NOUNS OF THE NAṢB CASE [ 411 _______________________________________________________________ ]املَنْصوبات
Table 54: Nouns of the Naṣb Case [511 ______________________________________________________________] اَنْصوبات
مل
A. Time Containers [ ] ظَرْف ال َّمانand Place Containers [ 611 ________________________________________ ] ظَرْف اْلمَكَان
ْز
Table 55: Time Containers [711 __________________________________________________________________ ] َرْف ا ل َّمان
ْز
ظ
Table 56: Place Containers [811 _________________________________________________________________ ] َرْف ا لْ َ َان
مك
ظ
B. The Reason for an Action [َُ911 ____________________________________________________________ ]مَفْعول ل
ه
C. Noun Accompanying an Action [021 ______________________________________________________ ]مَفْ ُول مَعَه
ع
D. Intensifier of the Action [121 ___________________________________________________________ ]مَفْ ُول ُطْلَق
ع م
9
12. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
E. Ḥāl: The State or Condition of an Action [221 __________________________________________________ ]احلال
F. Clarifier [421 ___________________________________________________________________________ ]الَّ مْيِيز
ت
G. The Vocative [ 621 _______________________________________________________________________ ]اُنادي
مل
H. The Follo wers [ 821 _________________________________________________________________ ] َّاِب ُ لِلمَنْ ُوب
الت ع ص
LESSON 9: THE FOLLOWERS [ ,]ا َّوابِعTHE DERIVED NOUNS [ُ َّ ,]اَ ألَسْما ُ اُشْتAND THE VERB [َّ 921 ____________ ] ظ
َلت
ء مل َق ة
ِن
I. THE FOLLOWERS [921 ________________________________________________________________________ ]ا َّوابِع
َلت
B. Connecting Nouns [031 _________________________________________________________________ ]اْلمَعْطوف
C. Replacers [ 031 __________________________________________________________________________ ]الَبدَل
D. Nouns of Emphasis [ 431 ______________________________________________________________ ] َّ وْكيد لِ َّوابِع
لت
الت
II. D ERIVED NOUNS [ُ َّ 531 ____________________________________________________________________ ]اَألَسْما ُ اُشْت
ء مل َقة
Table 57: Derived Nouns [ ُ َّ 531 __________________________________________________________________ ]َ َسْما ُ اُشْت
األ ء مل َقة
A. The Derived Adjective [ 631 ____________________________________________________________ ] ِّفَة اْل ُشَّ هَة
الص م َب
Table 58: The Derived Adjective [ 631 ___________________________________________________________ ] ِّ َة ا لْ ُشَّ َة
الصف م َبه
B. The Comparative Derived Noun [731 _____________________________________________________ ]اِس ُ َّفْضِيل
ْم الت
Table 59: Conjugation of [831 ____________________________________________________________________]ِسْ ُ َّفْ ِيل
ا م الت ض
C. The Intensive Derived Noun [931 _________________________________________________________ ] صِغَ ُ اُبالَغَة
ة مل
Table 60: Intensive Derived Noun [ 931 ____________________________________________________________ ] ِ َ ُ اُباَ َة
صغة مل لغ
D. Instrument of an Action [ 041 _____________________________________________________________ ]اِس ُ الَْآلَ ة
ْم
III. VERBS TAKING TWO D IRECT OBJECTS [041 _____________________________________________________ ] ظ َّ وَ أَخَواُها
ت
َن
Table 61: [141 _________________________________________________________________________________]ظ َّ و َ َواُها
َن َ أخ ت
LESSON 10: NUMBERS [341 ___________________________________________________________________ ]اَلْأَ عْدا د
INTRODUCTION TO NUMBERS______________________________________________________________________ 143
Table 62: Arabic Numbers Table (#1-30) _______________________________________________________________ 143
I. NUMBERS 1-10 [ ١ - ١١ ] ________________________________________________________________________
A. Dual Numbers __________________________________________________________________________
B. Rules for Numbers 3 to 10 _________________________________________________________________
II. NUMBERS 11-20 [ ١١ - ٠١ ] _____________________________________________________________________
A. Rules for numbering 11-12_________________________________________________________________
B. Rules for Numbering 13-19 ________________________________________________________________
III. NUMBERING 21-99 [ ٠١ - ٩٩] ___________________________________________________________________
IV. NUMBERING 100 AND GREATER [≥ ١١١] ___________________________________________________________
A. Convention(s) for Writing Complex Numbers 100 and greater [≥ ١١١] _______________________________
B. Rules for Numbering 100 and greater [≥ ١١١] __________________________________________________
V. NUMBERING 1000 AND GREATER [≥ ١١١١] __________________________________________________________
Rules for Numbering 1000 and greater [ ≥ ١١١١] __________________________________________________
144
144
144
145
145
146
148
150
150
151
152
153
Table 63: Summary of Rules for Numbering ____________________________________________________________ 154
VI. O RDINAL NUMBERS [ُّ 551 _________________________________________________________________ ]العدَ ُ ال وَ صْف
ِي
َد
Table 64: Ordinal Numbers [ُّ 551 ________________________________________________________________ ] ال َ َ ُ ال َ صْف
عدد و ِي
VII. FRACTIONS [ُّ 651 ______________________________________________________________________ ]العدَ ُ الكَسْ ر
ِي
َد
Table 65: Fractions __________________________________________________________________________________ 156
10
13. Table of Contents
LESSON 11: GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF QUR’ĀNIC ĀYAHS _____________________________________ 157
I. ARABIC SENTENCES: REVISITED __________________________________________________________________ 157
II. R EVIEW OF I‛RĀB OF VERBS ____________________________________________________________________ 157
Table 66: Verbs Categorized by I‛rāb __________________________________________________________________ 157
III. REVIEW OF I‛RĀB OF NOUNS ___________________________________________________________________ 158
Table 67: Nouns Categorized by I‛rāb __________________________________________________________________ 158
IV. M ERGING OF WORD CONSTRUCTIONS _____________________________________________________________ 159
A. Jarr Constructions and Linking _____________________________________________________________ 159
B. Connecting Particles [061 _____________________________________________________________ ]حروف العط ف
V. PAUSES AND BREAKS WITHIN Q UR’ĀNIC ĀYAHS _______________________________________________________ 160
Table 68: Diacritical Marks in the Muṣḥaf ______________________________________________________________ 161
VI. EMBEDDED SENTENCES WITHIN Q UR’ĀNIC ĀYAHS ____________________________________________________
VII. M ETHODOLOGY OF GRAMMATICAL BREAKDOWN OF Q UR’ĀNIC ĀYAHS_______________________________________
THE 4 – STEP M ETHOD IN ANALYZING A Q UR’ĀNIC ĀYAH / SENTENCE _________________________________________
A. Step 1 – Word Analysis ___________________________________________________________________
B. Step 2 – Identifying and Merging Word Constructions ___________________________________________
C. Step 3: Identifying Sentences within a Qur’ānic Ᾱyah ____________________________________________
D. Step 4: Translation ______________________________________________________________________
VIII. ANALYZING Q UR’ĀNIC ĀYAHS USING THE 4-STEP M ETHOD _____________________________________________
IX. TRADITION M ETHODOLOGY OF I'RĀB/GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS ___________________________________________
161
162
162
162
163
164
165
166
172
LESSON 12: ADVANCED GRAMMAR TOPICS FROM QUR’ĀNIC STUDY _____________________________ 175
I. SHIFTING WORD O RDER IN SENTENCES [ 571 ____________________________________________________ ]الَّقْدمي و َّأْخِري
الت
َت
A. Normal Nominal and Verbal Sentence Patterns _________________________________________________ 175
B. Shifting Direct Object [ ِ671 _______________________________________________________________]مَفْعول بِه
C. Shifting Jarr Construc tion [671 ____________________________________________________________]شِبْه مجلة
D. Arrangement of Connected Words [ 871 _____________________________________________________ ]معطوف
E. Established Word Arrangements in the Qur’ān _________________________________________________ 181
II. O MISSION [381 ____________________________________________________________________________ ]احلذْف
َ
A. The Passive Tense and Omission of the Doer ___________________________________________________
B. Omission of the Verb _____________________________________________________________________
C. Omission of a Noun ______________________________________________________________________
D. Omission of a Particle ____________________________________________________________________
E. Omission (Miscellaneous) _________________________________________________________________
III. NARRATIVE SHIFTING IN SENTENCES [ _________________________________________________________ ]اِلْتِفات
184
185
187
188
189
190
A. Narrative Shifting: 3rd person to 2nd person ___________________________________________________
B. Narrative Shifting: 2nd person to 3rd person __________________________________________________
C. Narrative Shifting: 3rd person to 1st person ___________________________________________________
D. Examples from the dynamics of Narrative Shifting ______________________________________________
IV. D EFINITE AND INDEFINITE NOUNS [______________________________________________________] َّعْريف و الْتَنْكري
الت
190
191
191
192
193
A. Definite Words __________________________________________________________________________ 193
B. Indefinite Words ________________________________________________________________________ 193
Table 49: The Definite Article “Al” [591 ____________________________________________________________ ]الم َّعْريف
الت
V. CHANGING THE GENDER OF THE VERB [691 __________________________________________________ ]َتذْكري الفعل أو تَأنيث
VI. ACTION NOUNS FUNCTIONING AS VERBS ___________________________________________________________ 197
VII. THE PERMANENCE OF NOUNS AND THE TRANSIENCE OF VERBS ___________________________________________ 198
VIII. BREAKING (FROM THE EXPECTED I‛RĀB) [991 ______________________________________________________ ]الْقِطْع
11
14. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
LESSON 13: IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF ELOQUENCE [ 102 _____________________________________]البالغة
INTRODUCTION TO BALĀGHA [102 _________________________________________________________________ ]البالغ ة
THE STUDY OF ELOQUENCE [ 202 _________________________________________________________________ ]عِل ُ البَيان
ْم
I. M ETAPHORS [202 ____________________________________________________________________________ ]اجملاز
A. Majāz Mursal [502 ___________________________________________________________________ ]اجملاز اُرْسَل
مل
B. Majāz Bil’istiārah [ 702 ______________________________________________________________ ]اجملاز بِاال سْتِعارَة
C. Majāz Aʻqli [902 ______________________________________________________________________ ]اجملاز العقلي
D. Majāz Murakkab [012 ________________________________________________________________ ]اجملاز املر ّب
ك
II. THE SIMILE [112 ___________________________________________________________________________ ] َّشْبي ه
الت
TYPES OF SIMILE [212 _______________________________________________________________________ ]أَنْواع َّشْبي ه
الت
Examples of Simile [312 _____________________________________________________________________] َّشْبي ه
الت
III. IDIOMS [ 712 ______________________________________________________________________________ ]الكِنايَ ة
LESSON 14: INIMITABILITY OF THE QUR’ĀN [ 322 ___________________________________________]ِإعْجا ُ الْ ُرآن
ز ق
INTRODUCTION TO [322 _____________________________________________________________________ ]إِعْجا ُ الْ ُرآ ن
ز ق
I. E XAMPLES OF Q UR’ĀNIC ELOQUENCE_______________________________________________________________ 224
B. Deep Meaning of Arabic Words _____________________________________________________________ 228
C. Word Order in Sentences [ 922 _________________________________________________________ ]الَّقْدمي و َّأْخِري
الت
َت
D. Contrasting Simi lar Āyāhs / Qur’ānic Phrases _________________________________________________
E. Coherence of Qur’ānic Sūrahs _______________________________________________________________
F. Coherence between Sūrahs _________________________________________________________________
G. Gems of Logic and Admonition in the Qur’ān [ __________________________________________ ]املَنْطِق وَ العِ بْرَة
229
233
235
238
H. Rhyming Schemes and Phonation of the Qur’ān [ 242 ______________________________________ ] َّجْع و التَسْويت
الس
I. Graphic Imagery in the Qur’ān [ 542 ______________________________________________________ ]الّصوير ِّي
الفن
ت
J. Scientific Miracles [642 _______________________________________________________________ ]اإلعجاز العلمي
CONCLUDING REMARKS _____________________________________________________________________ 251
D IRECTIONS FOR FUTURE ARABIC STUDY _____________________________________________________________ 251
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR ESSENTIALS OF QURANIC ARABIC ___________________________________ 253
LESSON 1 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 2 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 3 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 4 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 5 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 6 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 7 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 8 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 9 R EVIEW Q UESTIONS_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 10 REVIEW Q UESTIONS____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 11 REVIEW Q UESTIONS____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 12 REVIEW Q UESTIONS____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 13 REVIEW Q UESTIONS____________________________________________________________________
253
254
255
256
257
259
260
262
263
265
267
269
271
ANSWERS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS __________________________________________________________ 275
LESSON 1 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________ 275
LESSON 2 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________ 275
LESSON 3 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________ 276
12
15. Table of Contents
LESSON 4 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 5 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 6 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 7 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 8 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 9 ANSWERS ___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 10 ANSWERS __________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 11 ANSWERS __________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 12 ANSWERS __________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 13 ANSWERS __________________________________________________________________________
277
278
279
280
281
283
284
286
290
293
APPENDIX __________________________________________________________________________________ 297
Table 69: The 10 Forms Table – Conjugation of Verb Families ____________________________________________
Table 70: Conjugation of Irregular Type I Verbs ________________________________________________________
Table 71: Conjugation of Irregular Verbs - Families I through VI _________________________________________
Table 72: Conjugation of Irregular Verbs - Families VII - X _______________________________________________
297
298
299
300
REQUIRED Q UR’ĀNIC VOCABULARY ASSIGNMENTS _______________________________________________________ 301
SUPPLEMENTARY Q UR’ĀNIC VOCABULARY_____________________________________________________________ 302
SUPPLEMENTARY QURANIC V OCABULARY ____________________________________________________ 302
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [503 ___________________________________________________ ] َّشبيه - األج وَف
الت
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [603 ______________________________________________ ] َّشْبيه البليغ - اَلْحذْ ُ ُّون
َ ف الن
الت
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [703 _________________________________________________ ]حَرْف - ضمِري ُنْفَصِل
َ م
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [803 ____________________________________________ ] ظَرْف - الفعل املاضي االِسِْتمْراري
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [903 ______________________________________________ ]الفعل املاضي القَريب - ُتَكَّم
م َل
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [ِ013 ___________________________________________________ ]املِثال - املَفْ ُول فِيْه
ع
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC GRAMMAR TERMS [113 ___________________________________________________ ]املَفْ ُول مَعَه - نَظْم
ع
REFERENCES _______________________________________________________________________________ 313
About the Author ____________________________________________________________________________ 317
13
16. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
Transliteration Key
ئ/ؤ/أ/ء
١
ب
ت
ث
ج
ح
خ
د
ذ
’
ā
b
t
th
j
ḥ
kh
d
dh
ر
ز
r
z
س
ش
s
sh
ص
ṣ
ض
ط
ḍ
ṭ
ظ
ع
ẓ
‛
غ
ف
ق
ك/ﮎ
ل
م
ن
ه/ﻫ
و
ي
f
q
k
l
m
n
h
w, ū, u
y, i, ī
gh
This transliteration key is being provided to help bridge the gap between Arabic and English letters. There
are several letters that are specific to the Arabic language, and do not have an English equivalent. Please
also note that we have chosen to capitalize many of the Arabic terms mentioned in this book, especially
those of a grammatical context. Furthermore, Arabic terms written in English have been pluralized in
English to facilitate the reader.
14
17. Foreword
Foreword
Dr. Moḥammad Yūnus
Arabic grammar deals with principles by which the states of the endings of the words are known in
regard to declension (I‛rāb) and construction (Binā‛), and the manner of constructing one word with
another. It is highly essential for the students of Arabic to learn this science in order to be proficient in the
language. Acquiring an understanding of word patterns (Ṣarf ) is also of prime importance in learning the
language. “Essentials of Qur’ānic Arabic” is a book compiled for easy understanding of Qur’ānic Arabic with
focus on its grammar rules. There are many books on Arabic grammar on the market today. For example,
Hidāyatun Naḥw is one classical book that has been used in teaching Arabic grammar for generations.
The goal of this book is to enable the student to read, translate, and understand the āyahs of the Qur’ān,
Ḥadīths, and Arabic sentences without difficulty. Emphasis is also placed on learning vocabulary with the
help of a standard dictionary. Topics in “Essentials of Qur’ānic Arabic” are organized in a simple and
coherent fashion such that they can be easily understood and learned. Review questions at the end of this
book are very useful to practice and revise the concepts learned during the study. This is a comprehensive
book dealing with all the important aspects of the subject of Qur’ānic Arabic grammar. I am confident that
when a student studies this book thoroughly with the guidance of a teacher or engages in self-study, they
would develop a very good foundation in this science, and it would absolve them of the need to study
similar books on the subject.
I pray to Allah that He may make this book beneficial for the students of Arabic grammar and simplify
the path to understanding the Qur’ān, and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muḥammad . I also pray that
Allah bestow rewards for the compiler and everyone who contributed to its completion and publication.
آمِني
Dr. Mohammad Yūnus is currently the director of the Tarbiyah Department of ICNA, and has held the position
of Amīr of ICNA for 17 years from 1977 - 2000. He is the Imām/Director at Masjid Daʻwah in Bonifay, FL. Dr.
Yūnus is a cardiologist and a Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at Florida State University, College of
Medicine.
15
19. Preface
Preface
The Qur’ān is undoubtedly a vast ocean of Guidance and Wisdom. In order to obtain a deeper meaning
of the Qur’ān, it is required that the student have a certain depth and knowledge of the Arabic language
while also being familiar with Classical Tafsīrs. Furthermore, it goes without saying that the student must
develop a strong connection with the Qur’ān on a daily basis. The Prophet said:
[ْ ََ َ
ذ ﻫب ت
]إَّما مَثَ ُ صَاحِبِ الْ ُرْآنِ كَمَثَلِ صَاحِبِ الْإِبِلِ الْ ُع َّلَةِ إِنْ عَاﻫَدَ عَلَيْهَا أَمْسَكَهَا وَإِنْ أَطْلَقَهَا
م َق
ق
ِن ل
“The parable of someone who knows the Qur’ān is that of a tethered camel. If he attends to it, it stays with
him. If he lets it go, it wanders away”.1
A daily connection to the Qur’ān is essential whether it be
recitation, listening, reading its Tafsīrs, contemplating its meanings, etc. Additionally, memorizing the
sacred words of the Qur’ān as much as possible has numerous benefits even if it is done without
consciously delving into its meaning. Likewise, listening to its recitation on a regular basis strengthens
one’s connection to the Qur’ān. Moreover, it is perhaps best experienced through listening, preferably
when standing in prayer, before Allah . Keeping this close connection with the Qur’ān prevents it from
wandering away, and allows one to attain a unique bond with one’s heart and mind.
The Qur’ān becomes devoid of benefit to those whose faith is not increased, and those who are not
propelled by it to do good deeds. The Qur’ān is indeed a vehicle in attaining prophetic character. When
Ā’isha , the beloved wife of the Prophet , was asked about him, she stated: [َ اْ ُ ْآ
ل قر ن
was the Qur’ān”2.
خلقه
ُ ُ ُُ َ“ ,]كانHis character
Thus, righteous deeds and excellent conduct are endpoints attained from deep
understanding and implementation of the Qur’ān.
The main reason behind the Two-Volume series “Essentials in Qur’ānic Arabic” is to bridge the barriers
to understanding and comprehending the Qur’ān. Specifically, to enable the student to understand its
language by learning its grammar. In particular, the focus is kept on Qur’ānic Grammar, and Conversational
Arabic is not emphasized. The goal of Volume 1 was to ground the student on the fundamentals of Arabic
grammar. There were several important principles in Qur’ānic Arabic Grammar that could not covered in
Volume 1 due to their advanced nature and difficulty. Our aim here in Volume Two is to extract a correct
basic meaning from the Qur’ān. Furthermore, many of the topics in this Second Volume are found in Arabic
grammar texts like Al-Ajrūmiyyah [ ,]األ ْ ُومَّةthose dealing with the study of Morphology [ ,] َّ ْفand other
جر ِي
الصر
1
Saḥīḥ Bukhāri: Ḥadith #4743 in Chapter on the Bounties of the Qur’ān [.]كتاب فضائل القرآن
2
Musnad Aḥmed, Ḥadith #24080 in [ِ.]بَاقِي ُسْنَدِ الْ أَنْصَار
م
17
20. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
texts of Intermediate Grammar. Please note that several topics specific to the study of Ṣarf are merged in
this volume with topics of Naḥw to keep a simplified approach and keep the focus on Qur’ānic study. One
chapter has been devoted to learning a specific methodology to analyze āyahs from the Qur’ān. The last
three chapters are focused on more advanced discussions relative to Qur’ānic Arabic such as Eloquence
(Balāgha), the Inimitability of the Qur’ān (I‛jāz al-Qurʾān), and other advanced grammar topics. Similar to
the first volume, numerous examples from the Qur’ān have been given so that our focus is maintained.
“Review Questions” are included in the back of this book and are an essential part of this text. These
questions force the student to review the material each and every week. It is hoped that the content
presented here in this second volume will allow for a more thorough understanding of the lofty words of
the Qur’ān along with other Classical Islāmic literature Inshā Allah.
18
21. Lesson 1: Important Principles of Morphology []الصرف
Lesson 1: Important Principles of Morphology []الصَّرْف
I. Introduction to Ṣarf [] َّرْف
الص
Ṣarf is the study of morphology of Arabic words in their specific and varied forms. This science deals
with Arabic words that have irregular, difficult, or awkward pronunciation or phonation. In particular, it
deals with changes of certain letter(s) of the word so that its pronunciation and phonetics can be enhanced.
Please note that Ṣarf does not cause a grammatical change or a change in meaning per se. The rules of verb
conjugation and derivation of specific types of nouns3 from a root verb do not change. A good grasp of Ṣarf
helps a great deal in learning Qur’ānic Arabic, since there are numerous Irregular verbs and nouns found in
the Qur’ān. Please note much of the discussions involving verb conjugation, verb families, and “action”
nouns directly involve the study of Ṣarf. Half of Ṣarf is really knowing the “default” conjugations of verbs
and verb like nouns such as those found in the “10 Forms Table” (see Appendix).
II. Important Principles from Ṣarf
There are three important principles that will be commonly used when looking at conjugation of the
Irregular verbs in Lesson 2.
Principle # 1: Deletion of a Letter []تَخْفِيف
1. Changing of a Hamza to a weak letter [ ] َ ْف عَّةor deleting the Hamza.
حر ِل
[ . ]َل ِع ُ ا ْ َه ُوز
ا ف ْل لم م
This occurs in
2. Deleting the Hamza:
◦ Command of [َ ََ ] is [ْ .]ِسَْلHere the Hamza is deleted to get [ْ .]ِسْلSince it is
سأل
ا أ
ا
impossible to have two consecutive Hamzas, the Fatḥah that was originally on the
Hamza is placed on the [ ]سsince the Hamza al-Waṣl is removed to get [ْ َ ].
سل
◦ Command of [َ َ َ] is [ْ .]ُؤْ ُلThe Hamza is deleted to obtain [ْ . ]ُ ُلSubsequently, the
أكل
اك
اك
Hamza al-Waṣl is removed to obtain [ ْ ُ ] .
كل
Principle # 2: Changing of the Hamza
1. Joining of Hamzas to an Elongated Alif [:]آ
Conjugating the verb [َ َ َ] in the first person present tense, the verb [ُ ُ َْ].
أكل
أأكل
Here,
the two Hamzas are merged to form an Elongated Alif to get [ُ ُ .]آ
كل
3
Nouns that are conjugated from verbs are termed [ ]اِسْم فاعل ], [اسم مفعول ], [ مصدرwhich are mentioned above, but also include nouns
termed [ .]ظرفThese nouns were covered in Volume 1 in some depth.
19
22. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
2. Changing of the Hamza to [ عَّة
ِل
:]حرْف
The Maṣdar of [ َ َ , ]آwhich is the Family IV verb from the stem [ ]أمنis [ ٌ .]ِ ْ َاHere,
من
إئم ن
the second Hamza gets changed to the weak letter [ ]يbecause of the preceding
Kasrah. And from this, the Maṣdar becomes [ٌ .]ِ ْما
إي ن
Principle # 3: Merging of heavy letters or light letters []ِدْغام
إ
1. Idghām refers to merging of heavy letters or of light letters4. This principle occurs primarily in
Verb family VIII [ َ َ َْ ِ] and in [ اْ ُضا َف
افتعل
لم ع
,]الفعلverbs that contain root letter bearing a Shadda.
2. If the letters are doubled or there are two consecutive light letters [ز
/ , ]د / ذ
then there is
Idghām and merging of letters into a Shadda.
e.g. Verb [َ َ َ ] is converted to [َّ .]ع
عدد
َد
3. If there are two similar letters preceded by a Sukūn, the vowel on the [ ]عletter will be
transferred to the preceding [ ]فletter and there will be joining of the similar letters.
e.g. [َ َ َ ] stem in present tense is [ُ ُ ْ َ]. It then becomes [ُ ْ ُ َ] then finally [ُّ .]َض
ضرر
يضرر
يضرر
ي ُر
4. In Verb Family VIII conjugations and its noun derivatives, please note following phenomenon
that can sometimes occur with the extra inserted Tā [ ]تon the [ ]فletter. If the [ ]فletter is
one of the heavy letters [ ظ
/ ,]ض / ص / ط
then the Tā [ ]تis changed to the [ ,] طwhich
phonetically agrees with the heavy [ ]فletter. If the [ ]فletter is one of the light letters [,]د/ذ
then the Tā is changed into a “light” Dāl [ ]دor is merged into a single letter bearing a Shadda.
4
In Tajwīd, Idghām term classically denotes merging of letters [ ,]ن/م/و/يor with the letters [ .]ر/لIn this Volume however, this
term is describing the merging of similar non-vowel letters for enhanced phonetics as per principles of [ .]الصرفSpecifically, the
rules described above are based on Idghām called [ ]إدغام متماثلنيand [ ,]إدغام متجانسنيwhose discussion is beyond our focus here.
Arabic has 28 letters, eight of which are heavy, and the remaining letters being light. The heavy letters are the following:
[.]ق/غ/ظ/ط/ض/ص /خ
20
23. Lesson 1: Important Principles of Morphology []الصرف
5. Examples of Idghām
Table 1: Examples of Idghām []ِ ْغام
إد
Form “A”
باب
Form “B”
َصَبَر
َاِصْتَبَر
VIII
َاِصْطبَر
َ
َضَرَب
َاِضَْترَب
VIII
َاِضْطرَب
َ
َذَكَر
َِاذْتَرَك
VIII
َا َّكَر
ِذ
َزَجَر
َاِزَْترَج
VIII
َاِزْدجَر
َ
فِعْ ُ ا ُج َّد
ل مل َر
form “A” or “B” can be used below
َدَبَر
َبر
ُ ََّيتَد
V
َّبر
ُ َّيَد
َذَكَر
َِاتْذ َّر
َك
V
َاِذ َّر
َّك
َتَدَّر
َت
ُتَدِّر
م َث
اسم الفاعل
ُدِّر
م َّث
َتَص َّق
َد
ُتَص ِّقَة
م َد
اسم الفاعل
ُص ِّقَة
م َّد
6. Examples of Idghām from the Qur’ān
No Idghām
﴾
Idghām
ٰ﴿ يَوْمَ َيتَذ َّ ُ ٱلْإِنْسَا ُ مَا سَعَى
ن
َكر
﴾
“The Day when man will remember that for which he
strove”. (79:35)
[َ ْ ًا
عهد
“He who fears [Allah] will be reminded.” (87:10)
﴾
ِ]أَٱطَتلَعَ الْغَيْبَ أَمِ َّخَذَ عِنْدَ َّحْمَٰن
الر
ات
ْ
﴿ أَطلَعَ ٱلْغَيْبَ أَمِ َّخَذَ عِنْدَ َّحْمَٰنِ عَهْدًا
ٱلر
ٱت
َّ
“Has he looked into the unseen, or has he taken from the
Most Merciful a promise?” (19:78)
ۚ ِ﴿...وَمَن تَز َّىٰ فَإَّمَا يَتَز َّىٰ لِنَفْسِه
َك ِن َك
﴾
ٰ﴿ سَيَذ َّ ُ مَنْ يَخْشَى
َّكر
﴾
ري
ُ ِوَإِلَى ٱ َّهِ ٱلْمَص
لل
ٰ﴿ وَمَا ُدْرِيكَ لَعَّ ُ يَز َّى
َله َّك
ي
“But what would make you perceive, that perhaps he
might be purified” (80:3)
“And whoever purifies himself only purifies himself for
his soul. And to Allah is the [final] destination”. (35:18)
21
24. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
Principle # 4: Changing of weak letters preceded by a vowel []َعْ ِيل
تل
a) If a Fatḥah is followed by a [ ,]و], [يor [ ,]وthe letter becomes an Alif [ .]ا
▪ e.g., [َ ] َوbecomes [َ .]خا
خ ِف
ف
▪ [ َ َ َ ] becomes [ ( ] َ َىthe [ ]ىis actually an Alif, and specifically called
جر ي
جر
[ . ]َل ُ اْ َ ْ ُو َة
أِف لمقص ر
b) The form [ ]ُ ِلor [ ]ُِلis converted to [. ]ِيل
فو
في
ف
◦ e.g. [َ ِ ُ] becomes [ َ ْ ِ] .
قول
قيل
c) The form [ َ ِ َ] becomes [ َ ِ َ] .
فعو
فعي
◦ e.g. [َ ِ َ ] becomes [ َ ِ َ ].
رض و
رضي
d) The form [ ]ِ ْلbecomes [ . ]ِيل
فو
ف
◦ e.g. [ ] ِ ْزانbecomes [ .] ِيزان
مو
م
e) The form [ ُ ِ ْ ُ] becomes [ ُ ِ .]ُو
ييعل
ي ْعل
◦ e.g. The verb [ َ َ ْ ]أbecomes [ُ ِْ ُ] and not [ُ ِ ْ ُ].
يقن
يوقن
ييقن
Principle # 5: Impossibility of Pronouncing Any Vowel on an Alif [] َّع ُّر
الت َذ
This applies to both verbs and nouns. When this occurs, the vowel is simply omitted and the result is an
[ , ]َل ُ اْ َ ْ ُو َةwhich is really an Alif.
أِف لمقص ر
ي
ُ َتَرْض
a)
becomes
تَرْضَى
م ى
ُ َ ُوسbecomes ُوسَى
م
b)
Principle # 6: Difficulty of Pronouncing Certain Vowels on Alif/Yā [] ِّقْل
الث
This principle applies to both Nouns and Verbs, and does not affect I'rāb.
[ ]يpreceded by Kasrah cannot take Ḍammah or Kasrah.
a)
b)
[ ]وpreceded by Ḍammah cannot take a Ḍammah.
c)
Cannot have two consecutive silent letters (i.e. two continuous Sukūns).
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
[ ُ ِ ]َد ُ ُ اْقاis incorrect because rule (a) and (b) are violated.
ي ْعو ل ضي
[ ْ ِ اْقا
ل ضي
ْ = ] يَد ُوcorrect.
ْع
[ ٌ ِْ ُ ُ ُ ْ َ ] = incorrect; [ ٍ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ] = correct
ينمو مفتي
ينمو مفت
[ ٌ ِْ ُ ] is changed into two Kasrahs because of [ . ] ِّقل
مفتي
الث
◦ Other words that can be changed into a similar pattern are those below.
[ ٌ ِ ]قاor [ ٍ ِ ]قاbecomes [ٍ ]قا
ضي
ضي
ض
[ ٌ ِ ]مثاor [ ٍ ]متاbecomes
ني
ين
22
ٍثَمان
25. ]الصرف[ Lesson 1: Important Principles of Morphology
ْ ِّ ]- Variation of Endings on Alif and Yāل [ Table 2: Examples of
الثق
] Alifا [
] Yāي [
إعراب
جَلَسَ الْفَتَى
جَلَسَ الْقاضِي
رَفْع
رأَيْ ُ الْفَتَى
َت
رأَيْ ُ الْقاضِي
َ
َت
نَصْب
أَشَرْ ُ بِالْعَصا
ت
أَشَرْ ُ إِىل الْقاضِي
ت
ر
جَ ّ
جَلَسَ فَتًا
جَلَسَ قاض
ٍ
رَفْع
رأَيْ ُ فَتًا
َت
رأَيْت قاضِيا
َ ُ ً
نَصْب
أَشَرْ ُ إِىل فَتًا
ت
أَشَرْ ُ إِىل قاض
ٍ
ت
ر
جَ ّ
Principle # 7: Adding or Deleting the Tā letter
] in the conjugation ofت[ Another principle of Ṣarf that is frequently found is the addition or deletion of Tā
.certain verbs and their derivatives
The
.] conjugations of Family V and VI verbsفعل
مضارع [ 1. Deletion of the Tā is allowed in certain
.conjugations where the deletion of Tā is allowed are highlighted in the following table
Table 3: Deletion of the Tā Letter
]َف َّ َ [ Family V
ت َعل
]َ َا َ َ[ Family VI
تف عل
ُفْرَد
م
ُثَّى
مَن
جَمْع
ُفْرَد
م
ُثَّى
مَن
جَمْع
غائِب ُذَ ّر
مك
ل
يَتَفاعَ ُ
يَتَفاعَالنِ
يَتَفاعَُونَ
ل
َعل
يَتَف َّ ُ
يَتَف َّالنِ
َع
يَتَف َُّونَ
َعل
غائب ُؤّث
من
ل
تَتَفَاعَ ُ
تَتَفَاعَالنِ
يَتَفَاعَلْنَ
َعل
تَتَف َّ ُ
تَتَف َّالنِ
َع
يَتَف َّلْنَ
َع
ُخاطب مذ ّر
ك
م
ُخاطب مؤّث
ن
م
ل
تَتَفَاعَ ُ
تَتَفَاعَلِنيَ
تَتَفَاعَالنِ
تَتَفَاعَالنِ
تَتَفَاعَُونَ
ل
تَتَفَاعَلْنَ
َعل
تَتَف َّ ُ
تَتَف َّلِنيَ
َع
تَتَف َّالنِ
َع
تَتَف َّالنِ
َع
تَتَف َُّونَ
َعل
تَتَف َّلْنَ
َع
ُتَكِّم
م َل
ل
أَتَفاعَ ُ
ل
نَتَفاعَ ُ
ل
نَتَفاعَ ُ
َعل
أَتَف َّ ُ
َعل
نَتَف َّ ُ
َعل
نَتَف َّ ُ
الفعل املضارع
32
26. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
2. In Family VIII verbs, if the [ ]فletter is a weak letter or a Hamza, then it is replaced by a Tā.
This enhances its phonation. This is specifically the case with the verbs [َ َ َّ ] اand [ ,] اَّ َىboth of
ِتخذ
ِتق
which are found frequently in the Qur’ān.
َأَخَذ
وَقَى
Family VIII
َاِئْتَخَذ
[
اِوْتَقَى
]تreplaces
َ
[ َ ] root letter
ف
24
َاَّخَذ
ِت
اَّقَى
ِت
27. Lesson 2: Irregular Verbs [ّ املعت
ل
]الفعل
Lesson 2: Irregular Verbs - Root Letters with Hamza/Shadda
فِعْ ُ ُّالثِي َالْ ُج َّدِ إِىل غَيْر سالِم : َالْفِعْ ُ الْمَهْ ُوز و الْفِعْ ُ الْ ُضَاعَف
ل م َ ل م
ٍ ِ
م َر
ل الث
I. Introduction to Irregular Verbs
In the Qur’ān, Irregular Verbs and their derivatives are used very frequently. It is necessary that the
student be familiar with their anomalous morphology and structure. This cannot be done unless there is a
sound understanding of the conjugation of “Sound” or [ ]ساِمverbs, inflection changes from particles, and
ل
derivation of “action words” from the verb in question. Thus, the conjugation tables presented in Volume 1
need to be learned “cold”, backwards and forwards. The same holds true for the “10 Family Table”, which
really incorporates within it, the essential principles of Ṣarf. If any of these are not thoroughly learned,
Irregular Verbs can be quite difficult to learn.
The rules of Nominal Sentences and Verbal Sentences and recognition of individual sentences need to be
internalized. The acquisition of new Qur’ānic vocabulary is very important with advance in grammatical
study. At this stage, the need to stick to Arabic terminology will be of more importance. The student
should also be able to readily recognize Qur’ānic words and categorize them into nouns, verbs , and
particles. This is irrespective of knowing the meaning of the word.
Furthermore, for nouns, the student should be able to determine its I‛rāb, even if its meaning is not
known. Other characteristics such as plurality, gender, flexibility, or belonging to a specific word
category (verbal noun, Doer noun, etc.) should also be readily identified.
If the word is a verb, the student should be able to determine its tense and conjugation. The verbal
Doer [ ] فاعلand Direct object [ ِ ِ
به
]مَفْ ُولor Indirect object should also be recognized if applicable.
ع
If the word is a particle, they should be able to determine which I‛rāb it causes and whether it acts
on a noun or verb. If there is still a great deal of unfamiliarity in the above, then Volume 1 must be
revisited and restudied.
25
28. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
II. Irregular verbs ]] ِعْ ُ ُّالِي ِىل َيْر ساِم
ف ل الث ث إ غ ل
A. Classification and Division of Family I Verbs
Verb Family I [ُّالثي
الث
◦
]الفعْ ُ الْ ُج َّدis the root verb for the vast majority of Arabic nouns.
ل م َر
You can divide Type I Verbs into two types: Sound [ ]ساِمand Irregular [ساِم
ل
ل
ر
ُ ْ.]غَي
◦ Please refer to the Verb Categorization Algorithm below for a complete scheme on verb
classification.
1. Regular or Sound verbs do not have any of the following letters in its three-letter root:
ّ / أ / و/ ي/ ا
2. Irregular Verb I types have one or more of these above letters in the 3-letter root including doubled
letters (with a Shadda). These verbs follow the same rules of conjugation, and noun derivation as
Sound verbs that were previously mentioned.
3. Irregular verbs can be broken into 3 categories:
a. Verbs containing a Hamza ( اْ َ ْ ُوز [ -) أ
لمهم
ل
ُ ْ.]اَلْفِع
b. Verbs containing a Doubled letter with a Shadda [ ا ُضا َف
مل ع
c. Verbs containing a weak letter [ عَّة
ِل
ل
ُ ْ.]اَلْفِع
ْف
ُ ]حَرlike (.) و / ١ / ي
as one of its root letters is called [ ّ َْ ُ ا
ملعتل
ل
ُ ْ.]اَلْفِع
A verb, which contain a weak letter
This verb type [ ّ َْ ُ ا
ملعتل
ل
ُ ْ ]اَلْفِعis further broken into five
different types depending on where the weak letter is located.
(i) If the weak letter is on the [ ]فletter, then it is called [.] ِثال
م
(ii) If the weak letter is on the [ ]عletter, then it is called [. ]َج َف
أ ْو
(iii) If the weak letter is on the [ ]لletter, then it is called [. ]َج َف
أ ْو
(iv) If the weak letter is on the [ ]فletter and on the [ ,]لthen it is called [ ا ْ َ ْ ُوق
لمفر
(v) If the weak letter is on the [ ]عletter and on the [ , ]لthen it is called [ا ْ َ ْ ُن
لمقر
26
ف
ُ .]لَفِي
ف
ُ .]لَفِي
29. Lesson 2: Irregular Verbs [ّ املعت
ل
]الفعل
B. Algorithm for Classification of Regular and Irregular Verbs
فِعْل
الفِعْ ُ ُّالثي
ل الث
ُّالثي ا ُج َّد
مل َر
الث
الفعل ُّباعي
الر
ُّباعي ا ُج َّد
مل َر
الر
ُّالثي املزِيد
الث
غَيْ ُ سالِم
ر
ال ّالِم
س
املَهْ ُوز
م
ُضاعَف
م
املِثال
َّاقِص
الن
ال ّالِم
س
مل ل
ّ َا ُعْت
ُّباعي املزِيد
الر
غَيْ ُ سالِم
ر
ُضا َف
م ع
مل ل
ّ َا ُعْت
املِثال
لَفِي ُ املَفْروق
ف
املَهْ ُوز
م
الناقِص
الْأجْ َف
و
الْأجْوَف
لَفِي ُ الْمَق ُون
ف ْر
لَفِي ُ املَفْروق
ف
لَفِي ُ املَق ُون
ف ْر
III. Verbs with a Hamza Letter ][َلْ ِعْ ُ الْ َهْ ُوز
اف ل م م
(1) The [ اْ َ ْ ُوز
لمهم
ل
ُ ْ ]الفِعverbs are almost like [ ]ساِمverbs, with very few exceptions.
ل
(2) In the command tense for these verbs, the beginning Hamza can be cut off, or it can be
conjugated like a typical Family I verb. Please note that the abbreviated, truncated form is
preferred. This, however does not happen for the Lām of [ .]اْ َ ْ ُوز
لمهم
i.
َأَكَل
[
ii.
َأَمَر
[
ْ ] ُلor [ْ]ُؤْ ُل
ك
اك
ْ ] ُرor [ْ]ُؤْ ُر
م
ام
27
30. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
(3) In the present tense conjugation for first person, the two Hamzas join to become an elongated
Alif ( .)آSee the example below.
Verb [ َ َ َ] conjugated to [ ُ ُ َْ] instead becomes [ُ ُ .]آ
أخذ
أأخذ
خذ
Table 4: Verb Conjugation Summary for []َلْ ِع ُ الْ َهْ ُوز
ا ف ْل م م
مضارع
ماضي جمهول
اجلزم
الّنصب
األمر
املضارع
املاضي
ذ
ُ َُيؤْخ
َُأخِذ
ْلَمْ َأْ ُذ
يخ
َلَنْ َأْ ُذ
يخ
ُْؤْ ُدْ/ ُذ
اخ خ
ي خذ
ُ ُ َْأ
َأَخَذ
][ ف
ُز
ُ ْالـمَهْمو
ل
ُ َُيسْأ
َُئِل
س
ْلَمْ يَسْأَل
َلَنْ يَسْأَل
ْاِسْأَلْ/سَل
ل
ُ َيَسْأ
َسَأَل
][ع
ُز
ُ ْالـمَهْمو
ي َأ
ُُقْر
َُرِئ
ق
ْلَمْ يَقْرَأ
َلَنْ يَقْرأ
َ
ْاِقْرَأ
يَقْرَُأ
َقَرَأ
][ل
ُز
ُ ْالـمَهْمو
جمهول
(4) Qur’ānic Examples of [ ا ْ َ ْ ُوز
لمهم
i.
﴾...
فعل
ل
ُ ْ]الفِع
ٍ﴿ سَلْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ كَمْ آتَيْنَا ُم ّنْ آيَةٍ بَّنَة
ِي
ِﻫ م
“ Ask the Children of Israel how many clear signs We have sent them...”.( 2:211)
[ ] فعل ما ٍ] [ فعل أمر
ض
ii.
﴾...
ْ﴿.. ُُواْ مِن طَّبَاتِ مَا رَزَقْنَا ُم
ك
ِي
كل
“…Eat of the good things that We have provided for you..” (2:172) [ ] فعل أمر
IV. Verbs with a Doubled Letter/Shadda []ال ِعْ ُ الْ ُ َا َف
ف ل مض ع
(1) The [ ]ال ِ ْ ُ اْ ُ َا َفfollow the same conjugation pattern
فعل لمض ع
as Sound verbs with the
exception that in some occasions, the Shadda letter is preserved, and in other cases the Shadda
letter breaks.
(2) For the Command Tense [اَْ ْر
لأم
ل
ُ ْ ,]الفِعthe Shadda can be either broken or retained.
It also has a
multiple number of forms for single person command tense. The Forbidding Command will have a
similar number of forms as well. These are due to complex rules of Ṣarf that cannot be elaborated
here. An example of Command Tense conjugation is in the following:
[ َّ ]مbecomes [ ُّ ] مor [ ْ ُ ْ ُ] .
َد
ُد
امدد
28
31. Lesson 2: Irregular Verbs [ّ املعت
ل
]الفعل
(3) For Verb conjugations where something is added to the end with a Sukūn on the last root
letter, the Shadda typically breaks. For example, let us examine the conjugation of the verb [َّ ]م
َد
below. For the [ ]أنتمand [ َ ]أنconjugations, the Shadda breaks, and two letters are used instead of a
ت
single Shadda letter. This happens whenever an unvowelled letter follows the Shadda letter.
أنتم
ْم َُّم
َدت
َأنت
ت
ُ ْمَدَد
َم َّت
َد
ُم
ﻫ
م ُّوا
َد
ُما
ﻫ
َد
َّ م
ْمَدَدُْم
ت
م َّا
َد
Table 5: Detailed Verb Conjugation for [] ال ِعل ا ُضا َفال
ف مل ع
الفعل املاضي
الفعل املضارع
جَمع
ُفْرَد
م
جَمع
ُثَّى
مَن
ُفْرَد
م
[ َّ ]ظ
َن
ظُّوا
َن
ظَّا
َن
َن
َّ ظ
َيَظُّون
ُن
ِيَظَّان
ُن
ُن
ُّ يَظ
غائِب ُذَ ّر
مك
َن
َّ ظَن
ظَّا
َن
ْظَّت
َن
ُن
َّ يَظْن
ِتَظَّان
ُن
ُن
ُّ تَظ
غائب ُؤّث
من
ْظَنَنُْتم
ظَنَنُْما
ت
َظَنَنْت
َتَظُّون
ُن
ِتَظَّان
ُن
ُن
ُّ تَظ
ُخاطب مذ ّر
ك
م
ُن
َّ ظَنَنْت
ظَنَنُْما
ت
ِظَنَنْت
ُن
َّ تَظْن
ِتَظَّان
ُن
َتَظِّني
ُن
ُخاطب مؤّث
ن
م
ظَنَّا
َن
ظَنَّا
َن
ت
ُ ْظَنَن
ُن
ُّ نَظ
ُن
ُّ نَظ
ُن
ُّ أَظ
ُتَكِّم
م َل
ظُّوا
ُن
*َّ ُ ْن
اظُن
5
ُثَّى
مَن
ظَّا
ُن
ظَّا
ُن
ُن ُن ُن
ُّ ظ َّ/ظ ِّ/ظ
ُظُْين
ان
Command5
* female conjugation
For [ ]الفعل مضاعفin the Command Tense, there are three different possibilities for the tense of male single person. Specifically
for the verb stem [َّ ,]يَ ف ُّ/فthese are ] ُّ . [ف ِّ/ف َّ/فThere are two possible conjugations in this tense for stems [َّ ]يَ ف ُّ/فand [َّ .]يَ ف ُّ/ف
ُل َل
ُل ُل ُل
َل َل
ِل َل
29
32. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
Vowel in
مضارع
Ḍammah
Kasrah
Fatḥah
*multiple possible
forms
ل
]اَلْفِعْ ُ
ل
الفِعْ ُ
املاضي
الفِعْ ُ الْ ُضارع
ل م
َج
ح َّ
ُج
يَح ُّ
َر
ف َّ
ِر
يَف ُّ
َس
م َّ
َس
يَم ُّ
ا ْ ُ َا َف[ Table 6: Various Conjugations of
لمض ع
الّنصب
ُج
لَنْ يَح َّ
الفِعْ ُ الْأَمْر
ل
اجلزم
ماضي جمهول
مضارع
جمهول
لَمْ يَحْ ُجْ
ج
ُج
ح َّ
َج
ُيح ُّ
لَمْ يَفْرِرْ
ُر
ف َّ
َر
ُيف ُّ
لَمْ يَمْسَسْ
ُس
م َّ
ي َس
ُم ُّ
ُحْ ُجْ
ا ج
ُج ُج ُج
ح ُّ/ح ِّ/ح َّ
اِفْرِرْ
ِر
لَنْ يَف َّ
ِر ِر
*ف َّ/ف ِّ
اِمْسَسْ
َس
َلنْ يَم َّ
َس َس
*م َّ/م ِّ
فعل
اِسْ ُ الْفاعِل
م
اِسْ ُ الْمَفْ ُول
م ع
مَصْدَر
َد
م َّ
ماد
ٌّ
د
مَمْدو ٌ
َد
م ٌّ
]اَلْفِعل
﴿
ا ُضا َف[ (4) Qur’ānic Examples of
مل ع
قَالَتْ أَّى يَ ُو ُ لِي ُالَ ٌ وَلَمْ َيمْسَسْنِي بَشَ ٌ وَلَمْ أَ ُ بَغًّا
ك ِي
ر
َن ك ن غ م
﴾
.i
] فعل ما ٍ [ )02:91( .”“She said: "How shall I have a son, seeing that no man has touched me
ض
﴿
...وظَنَنُمْ ظ َّ َّوْءِ وَ ُنُمْ قَوْمًا ُورًا
ب
َ ت َن ٱلس ك ت
﴾
.ii
] فعل ما ٍ [ .)21:84( .”“ ...you harbored an evil thought, and you are an immensely evil people
ض
﴿ وَجَعَلْ ُ لَ ُ مَالًا َّمْ ُودًا
ت ه مد
]اِسم
﴾
.iii
مفعول [ )21:47( .”“and to whom I granted extensive wealth
﴿
ك َّ سَنَكُْ ُ مَا يَ ُو ُ وَنَم ُّ لَ ُ مِنَ ٱلْعَذَابِ م ًّا
َد
َال تب ق ل ُد ه
﴾
)97:91( .” “No! We will record what he says and extend for him from the punishment extensively
]مصدر][ فعل مضارع [
03
.iv
33. Lesson 3: Irregular Verbs [ّ املعت
ل
]الفعل
Lesson 3: Irregular Verbs - Verbs with Vowel Letters
ل م ل
ّ َفِعْ ُ ُّالثِي اَلْ ُج َّدِ إىل غَيْر سالِم : اَلْفِعْ ُ الْ ُعْت
ٍ ِ
م َر
ل الث
I. Introduction to Irregular Verbs with Weak Letters [ّ َْ]َل ِعْ ُ الْ ُع
ا ف ل م تل
مل ل
ّ َا ُعْت
الْأجْ َف
و
املِثال
َّاقِص
الن
A. Irregular Verbs: ال ِعْل الْ ِثال
ف م
(1) In the present tense, the Wāw is replaced by a Yā. As a result, the present tense verb
conjugation is composed of at least three letters instead of four letters with a Sound verb.
(2) In the command tense, the Wāw is omitted and appears like verbs with a beginning Hamza.
This is similar to other verbs that we have studied.
Table 7: Various Conjugations of the Derivatives of [املثال
ماضي جمهول مضارع جمهول
]الفعل
اجلزم
النصب
ّ
الفعل األمر
الضارع
املاضي
الفعل املِثال
ي ن
ُ َُوْز
َُزِن
و
ْلَمْ يَزِن
َلَنْ يَزِن
ْزِن
ن
ُ ِيَز
َوَزَن
Kasrah in
ع
ُ َُيوْض
َُضِع
و
ْلَمْ يَضَع
َلَنْ يَضَع
ْضَع
ع
ُ َيَض
َوَضَع
Fatḥah in
ي ث
ُ َُور
َُرِث
و
ْلَمْ يَرِث
َلَنْ يَرِث
ْرِث
ث
ُ ِيَر
َوَرِث
Kasrah in
31
(rare)
مضارع
مضارع
ماضي
and مضارع
34. Essentials of Qur’ânic Arabic
Table 8: Conjugations of Past/Present Tense of [املثال
املاضى
ُثَّى
مَن
جَمع
ُفْرَد
م
جَمع
ُثَّى
مَن
ا ُضارِع
مل
ُفْرَد
م
]الفعل
[َ َ َ ]
وضع
وَضَ ُوا
ع
َوَضَعْن
وَضَعا
وَضَعَتا
َوَضَع
ْوَضَعَت
َيَضَ ُون
ع
َيَضَعْن
ِيَضَعان
ِتَضَعان
ع
ُ َيَض
ع
ُ َتَض
الغائِب ا ُذ َّر
مل َك
ْوَضَعُْتم
وَضَعُْما
ت
َوَضَعْت
َتَضَ ُون
ع
ِتَضَعان
ع
ُ َتَض
ا ُخَاطَب الْ ُذ َّر
م َك
مل
ُن
َّ وَضَعْت
وَضَعُْما
ت
ِوَضَعْت
َتَضَعْن
ِتَضَعان
َتَضَعِني
ا ُخَاطَب ا ُؤَّث
مل َن
مل
وَضَعْنا
وَضَعْنا
ت
ُ ْوَضَع
ع
ُ َنَض
ع
ُ َنَض
ع
ُ َأَض
املتَكِّم
ُ َل
ضَ ُوا
ع
ضَعا
ْضَع
الفِعْل األَمْر
(3) Qur’ānic Examples of [ ا ِثال
مل
i.
﴾....
الغائِب ا ُؤَّث
مل َن
]اَلْفِعل
ِ﴿ َّيْطَا ُ يَعِ ُ ُ ُ ٱ لْفَقْرَ وَيَأْ ُ ُ ُم بِٱلْفَحْشَاء
م رك
ٱلش ن دكم
“The Evil one threatens you with poverty and orders you to immorality..”. (2:268). [ ] فعل مضارع
ii.
﴾
﴿ ... وَمَن ُهَاجِرْ فِي سَبِيلِ ٱلّهِ يَجِد فِي ٱ لْأَرْضِ ُرَاغَمًا كَثِريًا
م
ْ ل
ي
“...He who forsakes his home in the cause of Allah, finds in the earth, a refuge, wide and spacious ”.
(4:100). [ ] فعل مضارع جمزوم
B. Irregular Verbs []ال ِعْل الَْجْ َف
ف أ و
(1) In [ ]ََْ ْ َفverbs, there is an Alif on the [ ]عletter.
الأجو
(2) The letter Alif on the [ ]عletter often represents a [ ]يor [ ]وeven though it appears to be an
Alif. This Alif is known as [ .]َل ُ اْ َ ْ ُو َة
أِف لممد د
َ : قَالits Maṣdar is [ٌ ْ ,]قَوits present tense is [ُ .]يَ ُو
ل
قل
َ : جاشits Maṣdar is [ ,]جَيْشانits present tense is [ُ .]يَجِي
ش
َ : نامits Maṣdar is [ٌ ْ ,]نَوits present tense is [ُ .]يَنا
م
م
Depending on the middle letter, whether it is a , و , يor , اthe middle letter in the []فعل مضارع
e.g.
(3)
form retains this letter. We see that the [ ]عmiddle letter for [ َ ]قاis a [ ]وbecause the middle letter
ل
is expressed as a [ ]وin its [ مضارع
]فعلform.
(4) Similarly, for the verb [َ , ] باits middle [ ]عletter is a [.]ي
ع
32
35. Lesson 3: Irregular Verbs [ّ املعت
ل
]الفعل
(5) A less common case is when the middle Alif is actually an Alif. This happens in the case of
verbs like
َ,خافَ ,نام
or
َ.شاء
In the command tense, there is a Fatḥah, not a Ḍammah or Kasrah.
An exception is its conjugation in the past tense, when there is a Kasrah before Sākin letters (letters
carrying a Sukūn. For example, for [َ ]خاin the conjugation of [ ]َناis conjugated as [ُ ْ ِ ], not
ف
أ
خفت
as [ ُ ْ َ ] .
خفت
(6) For the Command state, the weak letter [ّ َْ ُ
معتل
]حَرْفis deleted during conjugation of the single
male tense form [ َ ْ ]أand for [ َّ . ]أ ْ تFor all other conjugations of the Command Tense like [,]أ ُْما
نت
نُن
نت
6
[[ ْ ُْ ,أand [ ِ ْ , ]أthe weak letter is retained. Even though the weak letter is deleted, the vowel is
نتم
نت
retained which denotes the specific deleted vowel. For example, for the verb [ َ ,]قاthe middle
م
letter [َ ] is deleted to derive [ْ ُ] . Here, the Ḍammah on the first letter [ُ ] indicates that the deleted
و
قم
ق
weak letter was indeed a [ َ ]. For the verb [َ ,]سارthe Command Tense form is [ْ ِ ]. Here the Kasrah
و
سر
on the [ ِ ] indicates that the deleted weak letter is a [ .]ي
س
(7) For the Jazm state in present tense [ ,]املضارعthe conjugation of the [ ]َْأ ْ َفform is practically
ال جو
identical.
The [ّ َْ ُ
معتل
]حَرْف
is again deleted as in the Command Tense of all single person
conjugations (except single second person female) and plural female. The other conjugations retain
the weak letter. For example, when a [ ] َ ْف َ ْمacts on the conjugated verb [ُ ,]َ ُوit becomes [ْ ُ َ]
حر جز
تق م
تقم
as the weak letter is omitted. Similarly, for the conjugated verb [ُ ِ َ], its Jazm state is [ْ ِ َ]. For the
نسري
ن سر
conjugated verb [َ , ]َ ِ ُوhowever, its conjugation is [ ]َ ِ ُواas the weak letter is retained since it is a
يسري ن
يسري
plural male form. Please see Footnote #6 below regarding the deletion or retaining of the weak
letter during conjugation.
(8) For the Naṣb state in [ ,]املضارعthe weak letter is retained in all conjugations except the
conjugations with the Feminine Nūn.7 Similar to Sound verbs, the last vowel on single person
conjugations retain a Fatḥah while plural or dual conjugations have their last Nūn deleted.
6
For the verb [َ ,]قَا مthe Command Tense conjugation for [َ ]أَنْتis [ْ ] ُو مِيnot [ْ ] ُمْيsimply because it is not possible grammatically to
ق
ق
have two consecutive Sukūn letters. Similarly, for the verb [َ ,]سَارit would be [ْ ,]سِ ريِيnot [ْ.]سِرْي
7
The exception is the [ ]نof Femininity [ ,]نو ُ اإلناثwhich is [ ] مَبْنِيand cannot change its structure irrespective of I‛rāb. This occurs
ن
in the tense of [َّ ]ﻫand [َّ ]أَنْتin verb conjugations. For example, the conjugated verb [ُ ]تَ ُوin Naṣb is [َ ]تَ ُو مwhile [َ ]تَ ُو ُونis [ .]تَ ُو ُواThe
ُن
ُن
قم
ق
قم
قم
conjugation of [َ ]تَ ُمْنcontaining the feminine Nūn remains [َ.]تَ ُمْن
ق
ق
33
