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Amnesty International
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Amnesty International
Motto It is better to light a candle than to curse
the darkness.[1]
Founded July 1961 by Peter Benensonin the United
Kingdom
Type Non-profit
NGO
Headquarters London, United Kingdom
Location
Global
Services Protecting human rights
Fields Legal advocacy, Mediaattention, direct-
appealcampaigns, research, lobbying
Members Morethan 7 million members and
supporters[2]
Key people Salil Shetty (Secretary-General)
Website www.amnesty.org
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental organisation focused on human
rights with over 7 million members and supporters around the world. The stated objective of the organisation is "to conduct
research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights
have been violated."[3]
Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article "The Forgotten Prisoners"
in The Observer 28 May 1961,[4]
by the lawyer Peter Benenson. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and
campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on

governments that let abuse take place.[3]
The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign
against torture,"[5]
and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.[6]
In the field of international human rights organisations Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition, and
is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole.[7]
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
The headquarters of the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development are located in the Palace of Nations (United
Nations Office at Geneva,Switzerland).
Abbreviation UNCTAD
Formation 1964
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Website www.unctad.org
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (French Conférence des Nations unies sur le
Commerce et le Développement (CNUCED)) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body.

UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development
issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing
countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."[1]
The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid,
transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in
Geneva.
One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of
Preferences(GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD that to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it
would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries
formulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and some agriculturalgoods from the developing countries
enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries
are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive
advantage.
The creation of UNCTAD in 1964 was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-
national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations. The United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development was established to provide a forum where the developing countries could discuss
the problems relating to their economic development. The organisation grew from the view that existing institutions like
GATT (now replaced by the World Trade Organization, WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World
Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing countries. Later, in the 1970s and 1980s,
UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
The first UNCTAD conference took place in Geneva in 1964, the second in New Delhi in 1968, the third in Santiago in
1972, fourth in Nairobi in 1976, the fifth in Manila in 1979, the sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the seventh in Geneva in 1987,
the eighth inCartagena in 1992, the ninth at Johannesburg (South Africa) in 1996, the tenth in Bangkok (Thailand) in 2000,
the eleventh inSão Paulo (Brazil) in 2004, the twelfth in Accra in 2008 and the thirteenth in Doha (Qatar) in 2012.
Currently, UNCTAD has 194 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff
members and a bi-annual (2010–2011) regular budget of $138 million in core expenditures and $72 million in extra-
budgetary technical assistance funds. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.[2]
There are non-
governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD.[3]
North American Free Trade Agreement
"NAFTA" redirects here. For other uses, see Nafta (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (December 2012)
North American Free Trade Agreement
Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del
Norte (Spanish)
Accord de Libre-échange Nord-Américain (French)

Coat of arms
Administration
centers
Ottawa, Canada
Mexico City, Mexico
Washington, D.C., United
States
Languages English
Spanish
French
Membership
Canada
Mexico
United States
Establishment
- Formation January 1, 1994[1]
Area
- Total 21,578,137 km2
8,331,362 sq mi

- Water (%) 7.4
Population
- 2013 estimate 471,964,016
- Density 23.5/km2
54.3/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013 (IMF) estimate
- Total $20.162 trillion
- Per capita $42,719
GDP (nominal) 2013 (IMF) estimate
HDI (2011) 0.868[2]
very high
Website
www.naftanow.org
NAFTA GDP – 2012 : IMF– World Economic OutlookDatabases (Oct 2013)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del
Norte, TLCAN; French:Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and
the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January
1, 1994.[3]
It superseded theCanada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada.[4]
NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North
American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).
Economic Community of West African States

Economic Community of West African States
Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de
l'Ouest (French)
Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África
Ocidental (Portuguese)
Flag Emblem
Headquarters Abuja, Nigeria
9°2′N 7°31′E
Official languages French
English
Portuguese
Membership 15 members[show]
Leaders
- Chairman Macky Sall
- President of the
Commission
Kadré Désiré
Ouédraogo
- Speaker of the
Parliament
Ike Ekweremadu
Establishment
- Treaty of Lagos 28 May 1975[1]
Area
- Total 5,112,903 km2
(7th)
1,974,103 sq mi
Population
- 2013 estimate 340,000,000 (4th)
- Density 49.2/km2

127.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate
- Total US$ 1,322
billion [2]
(18th)
- Per capita US$ 3,888[3]
GDP (nominal) estimate
- Total $ 675 Billion[4]
2013
- Per capita $ 1,985
Currency
Escudo (CVE)
Cedi (GHS) b
Dalasi (GMD) b
Franc (GNF) b
Dollar (LRD) c
Naira (NGN) b
Leone (SLL) c
W. African CFA
franc (XOF)
Time zone (UTC+0 to +1)
Website
http://www.ecowas.int/
a.
If consideredas a single entity.
b.
To be replacedby theeco.
c.
Liberia andSierra Leone have expressedan interest in joining
the eco.
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS; French: Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique
de l'Ouest, CEDEAO) is a regional group of fifteen West African countries. Founded on 28 May 1975, with the signing of
the Treaty of Lagos, its mission is to promote economic integration across the region.
Considered one of the pillars of the African Economic Community, the organization was founded in order to achieve
"collective self-sufficiency" for its member states by creating a single large trading bloc through an economic and trading
union. It also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region.[5]
The organization operates officially in three co-equal
languages—French,English, and Portuguese.
The ECOWAS consists of two institutions to implement policies—the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for
Investment and Development, formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation until it was renamed in 2001.
A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years. In 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS, and in
December 2000 Mauritania withdrew, having announced its intention to do so in December 1999.
Caribbean Community

Caribbean Community
Comunidad del Caribe (Spanish)
Communauté Caribéenne (French)
Caribische Gemeenschap (Dutch)
Flag
Anthem: Celebrating CARICOM
Dark green: Full CARICOM members.
Lime green: Associate CARICOM members.
Pistachio: Observers.
Seat of Secretariat Georgetown, Guyana
Official languages English, French, Dutch,Spanish
Type Supranational organisation
Member states
15 full members[show]
5 associates[show]
8 observers[show]
Leaders
- Secretary-
General
Irwin LaRocque
- Chairman Perry Christie
Establishment
- Treaty of
Chaguaramas
4 July 1973

- Revised Treaty
of Chaguaramas
2001
Area
- Total 458,480 km2
177,020 sq mi
Population
- 2010 estimate 16,743,693
- Density 34.8/km2
90/sq mi
- Total $107.82 billion
- Per capita $6,439
GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate
- Total $64,771 billion (65)
- Per capita $8,116 (67)
HDI (2012) 0.719[1]
high
Website
CARICOM.org
Established in 1973, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations and
dependencies. CARICOM's main purposes are to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, to
ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and to coordinate foreign policy.[2]
Its major activities involve
coordinating economic policies and development planning; devising and instituting special projects for the less-developed
countries within its jurisdiction; operating as a regional single market for many of its members (Caricom Single Market);
and handling regional trade disputes. The secretariat headquarters is based in Georgetown, Guyana.
Since the establishment of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) mainly by the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean
region, CARICOM has become multilingual in practice with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995
and French- (andHaitian Kreyòl-) speaking Haiti on 2 July 2002. Furthermore, it was suggested that Spanish should also
become a working language.[3]
In July 2012, CARICOM announced that they were considering making French and Dutch
official languages.[4]
In 2001, the heads of government signed a Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas thus clearing the way for the transformation of
the idea for a Common Market aspect of CARICOM into instead a Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy.
Part of the revised treaty among member states includes the establishment and implementation of the Caribbean Court of
Justice. Since 2013 the CARICOM-bloc along with the Dominican Republic is tied to the European Commission via
an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008.[5]
The treaty grants all members of the
European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Within the agreement under Article 234,
the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the European Union
states.[6]
BRICS

Not to be confused with BRIC.
BRICS
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
Finance ministers[show]
Central bank governors[show]
GDP (nominal) in US dollars[show]
GDP (PPP) in US dollars[show]
Area[show]
Population[show]
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa.[4]
The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010.
The BRICS members are alldeveloping or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-
growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.[5]
Since 2010, the
BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. Russia currently holds the chair of the BRICS group, and hosted
the group's seventh summit in July 2015.
As of 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3 billion people, or 42% of the world population; as all five members
are in the top 25 of the world by population, and four are in the top 10. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of
US$16.039 trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the gross world product, and an estimated US$4 trillion in
combined foreign reserves.[6][7]
The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous
commentators.[8][9][10]
Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference,
equality, and mutual benefit (win-win).[11]
It is estimated that the combined GDP (PPP) of BRICS would reach US$50
trillion mark by 2020.
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation

Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation
(BIMSTEC)[show]
Flag
Members of BIMSTEC.
Headquarters Dhaka
Membership
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Burma (Myanmar)
India
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Leaders
- Chairmanship Nepal (since 2014)
Establishment June 6, 1997
Website
www.bimstec.org
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international
organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. These are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri
Lanka,Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.
Background[edit]
In 6 June 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok and given the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri
Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Myanmar attended the inaugural June Meeting as an observer and joined the
organization as a full member at a Special Ministerial Meeting held in Bangkok on 22 December 1997, upon which the

name of the grouping was changed to BIMST-EC. Nepal was granted observer status by the second Ministerial Meeting in
Dhaka in December 1998. Subsequently, full membership has been granted to Nepal and Bhutan in 2003.
In the first Summit on 31 July 2004, leaders of the group agreed that the name of the grouping should be known as
BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.[1]
Bimstec Headquarters is situated in Dhaka Bangladesh and opened by Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (13th
September, 2014)
African Union
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its
contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all
important aspects of the article. (December 2013)
African Union
[show]
Flag Emblem
Motto:
"A United and Strong Africa"
Dark green: member states
Light green: suspended members
Political centres Addis Ababaa

Johannesburg b
Largest city Lagos
Working languages Arabic
English
French
Portuguese
Demonym African
Type Continental union
Membership 54 member states
Leaders
- Assembly Chair Robert Mugabe
- Commission Chair N. Dlamini-Zuma
- Parliamentary
President
B. N. Amadi
Legislature Pan-African Parliament
Establishment
- OAU Charter 25 May 1963;52 years
ago
- Abuja Treaty 3 June 1991
- Sirte Declaration 9 September 1999
- African Union
Founded
9 July 2002
Area
- Total 29,865,860 km2
11,531,273 sq mi
Population

- 2013 estimate 1,053,136,000
- Density 33.9/km2
87.8/sq mi
- Total US$3.757 trillion[2][3]
- Per capita $3,568
- Total $2.390 trillion[4][5]
- Per capita $2,173
Currency 42 currencies
Time zone (UTC-1 to +4)
Calling code 57 codes
Internet TLD .africa c
Website
au.int
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 54 countries in Africa. The only African state that is not a
member isMorocco. The AU was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa and launched on 9 July 2002 in South
Africa,[6]
with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are
made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member
states. The AU's secretariat, theAfrican Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Overview[edit]
The objectives of the AU are:
To achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and Africans.
To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States.
To accelerate the political and social-economic integration of the continent.
To promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples.

To encourage international cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
To promote peace, security, and stability on the continent.
To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance.
To promote and protect human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rightsand other relevant human rights instruments.
To establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in
international negotiations.
To promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African
economies.
To promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples.
To coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual
attainment of the objectives of the Union.
To advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technology.
To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on
the continent.
Arab Maghreb Union
‫حاد‬ ‫ات‬ ‫غرب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عرب‬ ‫ال‬
Union du Maghreb arabe
Arab Maghreb Union
Seat of Secretariat Rabat, Morocco
Largest city Casablanca [1]
Official languages Arabic
Berber
Demonym Maghrebis

Member states
Algeria
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Tunisia
Leaders
- Secretary General Habib Ben Yahia
Area
- Total 6,041,261 km2
(7th)
2,332,544 sq mi
Population
- 2010 estimate 92,517,056 (13th)
- Density 14.71/km2
(207th)
38.1/sq mi
- Total $607.631 billion (24th)
- Per capita $6,835.46 (100th)
- Total $375.932 billion (26th)
- Per capita $4,229.00 (97th)
Currency
Dinar
Dinar
Ouguiya

Dirham
Dinar
Website
http://www.maghrebarabe.org/en/
The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU; Arabic: ‫العربي‬ ‫المغرب‬ ‫اتحاد‬ Ittiḥād al-Maghrib al-‘Arabī; French: Union du Maghreb
arabe, UMA) is a trade agreement aiming for an economic and future political unity among Arab countries of
the Maghreb in North Africa. Its membership is the countries Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.[2]
The union is often stalling due to deep political and economical disagreements between Morocco and Algeria regarding,
among others, the issue of Western Sahara.
Creation[edit]
The idea for an economic union of the Maghreb began with the independence of Tunisia and Morocco in 1956. It was not
until thirty years later, though, that five Maghreb states - Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia - met for the
first Maghreb summit in 1988.[3]
The Union was established on 17 February 1989 when the treaty was signed by the
member states in Marrakech.[4][3]
According to the Constitutive Act, its aim is to guarantee cooperation “with similar regional
institutions... [to] take part in the enrichment of the international dialogue... [to] reinforce the independence of the member
states and... [to] safeguard... their assets....” Strategic relevance of the region is based on the fact that, collectively, it boasts
large phosphate, oil, and gas and it is a transit centre to southern Europe. The success of the Union would, therefore be
economically important.[5]
Arab League
Not to be confused with Arab world or Muslim world.
League of Arab States
‫ية‬ ‫عرب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ال‬ ‫امعة‬‫ج‬
Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabīyah
Flag Emblem

Administrative center Cairoa
Official languages
Arabic
Membership 22 members[show]
Leaders
- Arab League Secretariat Bandar bin Sultan
- Arab Parliament Ali Al-Daqbaashi
- Council Presidency Lebanon
Legislature Arab Parliament
Establishment
- Alexandria Protocol 22 March 1945
Area
- Totalarea 13,132,327 km2
5,070,420 sq mi
Population
- 2014 estimate 410,000,000[3]
- Density 27.17/km2
70.37/sq mi
- Per capita $9347
- Per capita $4,239

Currency 21 currencies[show]
Website
www.LasPortal.org
a.
From 1979to1989, Tunis,Tunisia.
b.
Suspended. The Syrian National Coalition currently
represents Syria.
Part of a series on
Arab League
Issues[show]
Geography[show]
Governance[show]
Unity[show]
Foreign relations[show]
Military[show]
Economy[show]
Transportation[show]
Culture[show]
Demographics[show]

V
T
E
This article
contains Arabic
text.Without
proper rendering support,
you may see question
marks, boxes, or other
symbols.
The Arab League (Arabic: ‫العربية‬ ‫الجامعة‬ al-Jāmiʻah al-ʻArabīyah), formally, the League of Arab States (Arabic: ‫الدول‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫العربية‬ Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabīyah), is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of
Africa and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of
Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949),Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria.[4]
Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945.
Currently, the League has 22 members, althoughSyria's participation has been suspended since November 2011, as a
consequence of government repression during the ongoing uprising and civil war.[5]
The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between
them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab
countries".[6]
Through institutions such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the
Economic and Social Council of the Arab League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates
political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.[7][8]
It has
served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions, to deliberate on matters of common concern, to
settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for
the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab
Economic Action Charter, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.
Each member state has one vote in the League Council, while decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for
them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social
programs of its members, and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing
of an agreement onJoint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of
military defence measures. In March 2015 the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab
Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while
Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen. The participation in the project is voluntary and the army intervenes
only at the request of one of the member states. The growing militarization of the region and the increase in violent civil
wars as well as terrorist movements are the reason behind the creation of the JAF, financed by the rich Gulf countries.[9]
In the early 1970s, the Economic Council of the League of Arab States put forward a proposalto create the Joint Arab
Chambers of Commerce across the European states. This led, under the decree of the League of Arab States no.
K1175/D52/G, to the decision by the Arab governments to set up the Arab British Chamber of Commerce which was
mandated to: "promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade" between the Arab world and its major trading partner,
the United Kingdom.
The Arab League has similarly played a role in shaping schoolcurricula, advancing the role of women in the Arab societies,
promoting child welfare, encouraging youth and sports programs, preserving Arab cultural heritage and fostering cultural
exchanges between the member states.[citation needed]
Literacy campaigns have been launched, intellectual works reproduced and
modern technical terminology is translated for the use within member states. The league encourages measures against crime
and drug abuse, and deals with labour issues—particularly among the emigrant Arab workforce.
Nuclear Suppliers Group

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the
export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and
protection on existing materials.
History[edit]
The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974 and first met in November 1975. The test
demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development.
Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of
nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-Zangger Committee nations, then
specifically France, could be brought in.
A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export, these were
published as INFCIRC/254 (essentially the Zangger "Trigger List") by theInternational Atomic Energy Agency. Listed
items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed
to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.
The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in London. It has also been referred to as the London
Group, or the London Suppliers Group.
The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was
regularly updated. The revelations about the Iraqi weapons program following the first Gulf War led to a tightening of the
export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six
participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the
extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list. A regular series of plenary meetings was
also arranged as was the regular updating of the two key lists.
UNESCO
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la
culture (French)

Abbreviation UNESCO
ONUESC
Formation 16 November 1945[1]
Type Specialized agency
Legal status Active
Headquarters Place de Fontenoy, Paris,France
Head
Irina Bokova
Director-General of UNESCO
Website www.unesco.org
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (French:Organisation des Nations unies pour
l'éducation, la science et la culture;UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is aspecialized agency of theUnited Nations (UN). Its purpose
is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture to
further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamentalfreedom proclaimed in
theUnited Nations Charter.[1]
It is the heir of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
UNESCO has 195 member states[2]
and nine associate members.[3][4]
Most of its field offices are "cluster" offices covering
three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.
UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education,natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture,
andcommunication/information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training
programmes; international science programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional
and cultural history projects; the promotion ofcultural diversity; translations of world literature; international cooperation
agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and
attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also a member of theUnited Nations Development Group.[5]
UNESCO's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and
intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information".[6]
Other priorities of the
organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical

challenges, fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information
and communication.[7]
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community — as set out in the internationally agreed
development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) — underpin all UNESCO's strategies and
activities.
Agenda 21
Agenda 21
Cover of the first edition (paperback)
Author United Nations
Cover artist United Nations (1992)
Country United States
Language English, Chinese, Japanese, Russian,
French, Spanish
Genre Non-fiction
Publisher United Nations
Publication date April23, 1993

Media type Print (Paperback) & HTML
Pages 300 pp
ISBN 978-92-1-100509-7
Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable
development.[1]
It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateralorganizations, and individual governments
around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the
21st Century. It has been affirmed and modified at subsequent UN conferences.
Structure and contents[edit]
Agenda 21 is a 700-page document divided into 40 chapters that have been grouped into 4 sections:
Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions is directed toward combating poverty, especially in developing countries,
changing consumption patterns, promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable settlement
in decision making.
Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development Includes atmospheric protection,
combatingdeforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), control of
pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes.
Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local
authorities, business and industry, and workers; and strengthening the role ofindigenous peoples, their communities,
and farmers.
Section IV: Means of Implementation: implementation includesscience, technology transfer, education, international
institutions and financial mechanisms.
Interpol
This article is about the police organization. For the band, seeInterpol (band). For other uses, see Interpol
(disambiguation).
International Criminal Police Organization –
INTERPOL
Common name Interpol
Abbreviation ICPO

Logo of the International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL
Motto Connecting police for a safer world
Agency overview
Formed 7 September 1923
Employees 756 (2013)[1]
Annual budget €78 million (2013)[1]
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
International agency
Countries 190 member countries
Map of International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL's
jurisdiction.
Governing body InterpolGeneral Assembly
Constituting
instrument
ICPO-INTERPOLConstitution and General
Regulations

General nature
Law enforcement
Civilian agency
Operational structure
Headquarters Lyon, France
Agency executives Mireille Ballestrazzi, President
Jürgen Stock, Secretary General
Facilities
National Central
Bureaus
190
Website
interpol.int
Footnotes
Languages (4)[show]
Interpolheadquartersin Lyon.
Coordinates: 45.78219°N 4.84838°EThe International Criminal Police Organization(French:Organisation internationale de
police criminelle,OIPC - ICPO), orINTERPOL, is anintergovernmental organizationfacilitating international police
cooperation. It was established as theInternational Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its
telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.[2]
Interpol has an annual budget of around €78 million, most of which is provided through annual contributions by its
membership of 190 countries (as of 2015). The organization's headquarters is inLyon, France. It is the second largest
political organization after the United Nations in terms of international representation. In 2013, the Interpol General
Secretariat employed a staff of 756, representing 100 member countries.[1]
Its current Secretary-Generalis Jürgen Stock, the
former deputy head of Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office. He replaced Ronald Noble, a former United States Under
Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement, who stepped down in November 2014 after serving 14 years.[3]
Succeeding Khoo
Boon Hui, Interpol's current President is former Deputy Central Director of the French Judicial Police Mireille Ballestrazzi.
To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it, at least in theory, from undertaking interventions or
activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.[4]
Its work
focuses primarily on public safety and battlingterrorism, crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war
crimes,[5]
organized crime, piracy, illicit traffic in works of art, illicit drugproduction, drug trafficking, weapons
smuggling, human trafficking,money laundering, child pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual
property crime and corruption.

World Meteorological Organization
"WMO" redirects here. For other uses, see WMO (disambiguation).
‫ة‬ ‫جوي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫ألر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ية‬ ‫م‬‫عال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نظمة‬ ‫م‬‫ال‬
Organisation météorologique mondiale
Organización Meteorológica Mundial
Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация
世界气象组织
WMO flag
Abbreviation WMO
OMM
Formation 1950
Type UN agency
Legal status Active
Head
Michel Jarraud (Secretary-General)
David Grimes (President)

Website www.wmo.int
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is anintergovernmental organization with a membership of 191
Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded
in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology(weather
and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and is
a member of the United Nations Development Group.[1]
The current Secretary-Generalis Michel Jarraud.[2]
The current
president is David Grimes.[3]
The organization[edit]
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is the UN system's
authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it
produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.[4]
WMO has a membership of 191 member states and territories, as of February 2014. The Convention of the World
Meteorological Organization was signed 11 October 1947[5]
and established upon ratification in 1950. WMO became the
specialized agency of the United Nations in 1951 for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related
geophysical sciences. It originated from theInternational Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.[4]
World Health Organization
"WHO" redirects here. For other uses, see Who (disambiguation).
Organisation mondiale de la santé (French)
Flag of the World Health Organization
Abbreviation WHO
OMS

Formation 7 April1948
Type Specialized agency of the United
Nations
Legal status Active
Head Margaret Chan, Director General
Parent
organization
United Nations Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC)
Website www.who.int
The World Health Organization (WHO; /huː/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with
international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a
member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League
of Nations. The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the
first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène
Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of
smallpox. Its current priorities includecommunicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria andtuberculosis; the
mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition,
food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting,
publications, and networking. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, a leading international publication on
health, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day (7 April of every year). The head of WHO is Margaret
Chan.
The 2014/2015 proposed budget of the WHO is about US$4 billion.[1]
About US$930 million are to be provided by member
states with a further US$3 billion to be from voluntary contributions.[1]
UNICEF
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund
Abbreviation UNICEF

Formation December 1946
Type Fund
Legal status Active
Headquarters New York City
Head Anthony Lake
Parent
organization
United Nations Economic and Social
Council
Website UNICEF official site
The United Nations Children's Fund(UNICEF; /ˈjuːnɨsɛf/ EW-ni-sef)[1]
is a United Nations Program headquartered inNew
York City that provides long-termhumanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers indeveloping
countries. It is one of the members of theUnited Nations Development Group and its Executive Committee.[2]
UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and
healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. Ludwik Rajchman, a Polish bacteriologist, is
regarded as the founder of UNICEF and was its first chairman from 1946 to 1950.[3]
In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent
part of the United Nations Systemand its name was shortened from the original United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by the popular acronym based on this previous title.
UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors and UNICEF's total income for 2008 was
$3,372,540,239.[4]
Governments contribute two thirds of the organization's resources; private groups and some 6 million
individuals contribute the rest through the National Committees. It is estimated that 91.8% of their revenue is distributed to
Program Services.[5]
UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-
being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in
2006.
Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories. More than 200 country offices carry
out UNICEF's mission through a program developed with host governments. Seventeen regional offices provide technical
assistance to country offices as needed.
Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at its headquarters in New York. UNICEF's Supply
Division is based inCopenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items
as vaccines, antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements, emergency
shelters, family reunification, educational supplies, among others. A 36-member Executive Board establishes policies,
approves programs and oversees administrative and financial plans. The Executive Board is made up of government
representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, usually for three-year terms.

UNICEF School in a box containsbasic educationalitems for1 teacherand 40students
Recent executive directors of UNICEF include Carol Bellamy(1995–2005), a former head of the Peace Corps, and Ann
Veneman (2005-2010), a formerUnited States Secretary of Agriculture whose mandate included increasing the
organization's focus on theMillennium Development Goals. Since 2010, the current Executive Director of UNICEF has
been Anthony Lake, a former US National Security Advisor.
UNICEF is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) and thus is accountable to those governments. UNICEF’s salary and
benefits package[6]
is based on the United Nations Common System.
United Nations Human Rights Council
Not to be confused with United Nations Human Rights Committee orUnited Nations Human Rights Commission.
"UNHRC" redirects here. It is not to be confused with UNHCR, theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
United Nations Human Rights Council
Human Rights Council
Abbreviation UNHRC
Formation 2006
Type United Nations System inter-
governmental body
Region served Worldwide
Official language English, French
Parent United Nations

organization
Website UN Human Rights Council
The Human Rights and Alliance ofCivilizations Room, used by the United Nations Human Rights Council,in thePalace of
Nations (Geneva).
The United Nations Human Rights Council(UNHRC) is a United Nations System inter-governmental body whose 47
member states are responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the world.
The UNHRC is the successor to the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR, herein CHR), and is a subsidiary body of
the UN General Assembly. The council works closely with theOffice of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights (OHCHR) and engages the United Nations' special procedures.
The General Assembly established the UNHRC by adopting a resolution (A/RES/60/251) on 15 March 2006, in order to
replace the previous CHR, which had been heavily criticised for allowing countries with poor human rights records to be
members.[1]
The UNHRC has addressed conflicts including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and also addresses rights-related situations in
countries such as in Burma, Guinea, North Korea, Côte d'Ivoire, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Libya, Iran, and SriLanka. The
UNHRC also addresses important thematic human rights issues such as freedom of association and assembly, freedom of
expression, freedom of belief and religion, women's rights, LGBT rights, and the rights of racial and ethnic minorities.[a]
Secretaries General Kofi Annan and Ban Ki-moon, former president of the council Doru Costea, the European Union,
Canada, and the United States have accused the councilof focusing disproportionately on theIsraeli–Palestinian
conflict.[2][3][4]
The United States boycotted the Council during the George W. Bush administration, but reversed its position
on it during the Obama administration.[5]
Beginning in 2009 however, with the United States taking a leading role in the
organization, American commentators began to argue that the UNHRC was becoming increasingly relevant.[6][7]
The UN General Assembly elects the members who occupy the UNHRC's 47 seats. The General Assembly takes into
account the candidate States’ contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as their voluntary
pledges and commitments in this regard. The term of each seat is three years, and no member may occupy a seat for more
than two consecutive terms. The seats are distributed among the UN's regional groups as follows: 13 for Africa, 13 for Asia,
six for Eastern Europe, eight for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), and seven for the Western European and
Others Group (WEOG). The General Assembly, via a two-thirds majority, can suspend the rights and privileges of any
Council member that it decides has persistently committed gross and systematic violations of human rights during its term
of membership. The resolution establishing the UNHRC states that "members elected to the Council shall uphold the
highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights".[8]
On 18 June 2007, one year after holding its first meeting, the UNHRC adopted its Institution-building package, which
provides elements to guide it in its future work. Among the elements was the Universal Periodic Review. The Universal
Periodic Review assesses the human rights situations in all 193 UN Member States. Another element is anAdvisory
Committee, which serves as the UNHRC’s think tank, and provides it with expertise and advice on thematic human rights
issues, that is, issues which pertain to all parts of the world. A further element is a Complaint procedure, which allows
individuals and organizations to bring complaints about human rights violations to the attention of the Council.
On 11 July 2013, envoys from both Syria and Iran announced that they would attempt to run for a seat in 2014.[9]
This has
sparked controversy among the international community.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
UNFCCC logo
Drafted 9 May 1992
Signed 4 June 1992
Location New York City, US
Effective 21 March 1994
Condition ratification by 50 states
Signatories 165
Ratifiers 196 (all United Nations member states, as well
as Niue, Cook Islands and theEuropean
Union)[1]
Depositary Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) is an international
environmentaltreaty (currently the only international climate policy venue with broad legitimacy, due in part to its virtually
universal membership)[2]
negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
informally known as theEarth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to
"stabilizegreenhouse gasconcentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".[3]
The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement
mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for
negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.
The UNFCCC was adopted on 9 May 1992, and opened for signature on 4 June 1992,[4]
after an Intergovernmental
Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York
from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties.

The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in
dealing withclimate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for
developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.[5]
The 2010 Cancún agreements state that future global
warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.[6]
The 20th COP took place in Peru in
2014.[7]
One of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas
inventories of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and removals, which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for
accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocoland for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions.
Updated inventories must be regularly submitted by Annex I countries.
The UNFCCC is also the name of the United Nations Secretariatcharged with supporting the operation of the Convention,
with offices inHaus Carstanjen, and UN Campus [known as:Langer Eugen] Bonn, Germany. From 2006 to 2010 the head
of the secretariat was Yvo de Boer. On 17 May 2010, Christiana Figueres from Costa Rica succeeded de Boer. The
Secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of theIntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain
consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies.
UNESCO
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la
culture (French)
Abbreviation UNESCO
ONUESC

Formation 16 November 1945[1]
Type Specialized agency
Legal status Active
Headquarters Place de Fontenoy, Paris,France
Head
Irina Bokova
Director-General of UNESCO
Website www.unesco.org
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (French:Organisation des Nations unies pour
l'éducation, la science et la culture;UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is aspecialized agency of theUnited Nations (UN). Its purpose
is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture to
further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamentalfreedom proclaimed in
theUnited Nations Charter.[1]
It is the heir of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
UNESCO has 195 member states[2]
and nine associate members.[3][4]
Most of its field offices are "cluster" offices covering
three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.
UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education,natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture,
andcommunication/information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training
programmes; international science programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional
and cultural history projects; the promotion ofcultural diversity; translations of world literature; international cooperation
agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and
attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also a member of theUnited Nations Development Group.[5]
UNESCO's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and
intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information".[6]
Other priorities of the
organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical
challenges, fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information
and communication.[7]
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community — as set out in the internationally agreed
development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) — underpin all UNESCO's strategies and
activities.
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Community of Latin American and Caribbean
States

Map of North, Central and South America indicating CELAC members.
Official languages
Spanish
Portuguese
French
English
Dutch
Demonym Latin American
Caribbean
Leaders
- President pro tempore Rafael Correa[1]
Establishment 23 February 2010
Area
- Total 20,413,300[2]
km2
7,881,619 sq mi
Population
- 2011 estimate 591,038,580[2]
- Density 29/km2
75/sq mi
- Total $9.144 trilliona[2]
- Per capita $15,175a[2]
Gini 49.6
high
HDI (2011) 0.721

high
Internet TLD .latb
a.
Does not
include Barbados, Cuba, Guyana,Jamaica andSuriname.
b.
Proposed.
The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (Spanish:Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y
Caribeños, CELAC;Portuguese: Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos;French: Communauté des États
Latino-Américains et Caribéens; Dutch:Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten) is a regional bloc
of Latin American and Caribbeanstates thought out on February 23, 2010, at theRio Group–Caribbean Community Unity
Summit,[3][4][5]
and created on December 3, 2011, inCaracas, Venezuela, with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas.[6]
It
consists of 33 sovereign countries in the Americasrepresenting roughly 600 million people. Due to the focus of the
organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries, other countries and territories in the Americas, Canada and
the United States, as well as the territories of France,the Netherlands, Denmarkand the United Kingdom in the Americas are
not included.[7]
CELAC is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America.[8]
CELAC is being created to
deepen Latin American integration and to reduce the previously domineering influence of the United States on the internal
affairs and economics of Latin America. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), the
regional body organised largely by Washington in 1948, ostensibly as a countermeasure to potential Sovietinfluence in the
region.[8][9][10]
CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and
Development (CALC).[11]
In July 2010, CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez andPresident of
Chile Sebastián Piñera, as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization.[
Commonwealth of Nations
"The Commonwealth" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Independent States. For other uses,
seeCommonwealth (disambiguation).
Commonwealth of Nations
Flag Logo
Map highlighting the member states of the Commonwealth (dark blue)

Headquarters Marlborough House,London,United Kingdom
Official language English
Type Intergovernmental organization
Member states 53 states[show]
Leaders
- Head Queen Elizabeth II
- Secretary-
General
Kamalesh Sharma
- Chairperson-
in-Office
MaithripalaSirisena
Establishment
- Balfour
Declaration
19 November 1926
- Statuteof
Westminster
11 December 1931[1]
- London
Declaration
28 April1949
Area
- Total 29,958,050 km2
(1st)
11,566,870 sq mi
Population
- 2013 estimate 2.328 billion
- Density 75/km2
194/sq mi

- Total $14.623 trillion (2nd)
- Per capita $6,222 (116th)
- Total $10.450 trillion (2nd)
- Per capita $4,446 (132nd)
Website
thecommonwealth.org
Note: Rankings exclude themember states.
The Commonwealth of Nations,[2]
or the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations),[3][1]
is
anintergovernmental organization of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire.[4]
The
Commonwealth operates byintergovernmentalconsensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth
Secretariat and non-governmental organisations, organised through theCommonwealth Foundation.[5]
The Commonwealth dates back to the mid 20th century with thedecolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-
governanceof its territories. It was formally constituted by theLondon Declaration in 1949, which established the member
states as "free and equal".[6]
The symbol of this free association is QueenElizabeth II who is theHead of the Commonwealth.
The Queen is also themonarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. The other members
of the Commonwealth have different persons as head of state: 32 members are republics and five members
are monarchies with a different monarch.
Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their
shared values ofdemocracy, human rights, and the rule of law.[5]
These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth
Charter[7]
and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. On 3 October 2013, after 48 years of
membership, Gambia became the most recent nation to withdraw from the Commonwealth.[8]
The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2
(11,566,870 sq mi), almost a quarter of the world land area and spans
all the continents. With an estimated population of 2.328 billion, near a third of the world population,[9]
the Commonwealth
in 2014 produced a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.45 trillion, representing 17% of the gross world
product when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) and 14% of the gross world product when measured nominally.
Commonwealth of Independent States
Not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Nations.
Commonwealth of Independent States
Содружество Независимых Государств
Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv

Flag Emblem
Administrative center Minsk
Largest city Moscow
Working language Russian
Type Regional
organisation
Membership
9 members[show]
1 participant[show]
Leaders
- Executive Secretary Sergei
Lebedev
- Presidency Kazakhstan
Establishment 8 December 1991
- Collective Security Treaty 15 May 1992

Organisation
- Free trade agreement signed 1994[1]
- CIS Free Trade
Areaestablished
18 October 2011[2]
Area
- Total 22,100,843 km2
8,533,183 sq mi
Population
- 2008 estimate 276,917,629
- Density 12.53/km2
32.5/sq mi
- Total $2,906.944 billion
- Total $2,808.844 billion
Currency
Members[show]
Participant[show]
Website
http://www.cis.minsk.by/

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS;Russian: Содружество Независимых Государств,
СНГ, tr. Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, SNG; also called theRussian Commonwealth)[3]
is aregional
organisationwhose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union.
The CIS is a loose association of states. Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is aimed at being more than a
purely symbolic organisation, nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and
security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention. Furthermore, eight of the nine CIS members
states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area, and five of these form the Eurasian Economic Union, a customs union and
common market of over 180 million people. In addition, six member states participate in a mutual defence alliance:
the Collective Security Treaty Organization.
History[edit]
The organization was founded on 8 December 1991 by the Republic ofBelarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine, when
the leaders of the three countries met in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha NaturalReserve, about 50 km (31 mi) north of Brest in
Belarus and signed the "Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States", known as the Creation
Agreement (Russian: Соглашение,Soglasheniye), on the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of CIS as
a successor entity to it.[3]
At the same time they announced that the new alliance would be open to all republics of the former
Soviet Union, and to other nations sharing the same goals. The CIS charter stated that all the members were sovereign and
independent nations and thereby effectively abolished the Soviet Union.
On 21 December 1991, the leaders of eight additional former Soviet Republics –
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova,Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan – signed the Alma-Ata
Protocol expanding the CIS to these states, thus bringing the number of participating countries to 11.[4]
Georgia joined two
years later, in December 1993.[5]
At this point, 12 former Soviet Republics (all except the Baltic States) participated in the
CIS.
Between 2003 and 2005, three CIS member states experienced a change of government in a series of colour
revolutions: Eduard Shevardnadze was overthrown in Georgia; Viktor Yushchenko was elected in Ukraine; and Askar
Akayev was toppled in Kyrgyzstan. In February 2006, Georgia withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers, with the
statement that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures
simultaneously",[6][7]
but it remained a full member of the CIS until August 2009, one year after officially withdrawing in the
immediate aftermath of the 2008 South Ossetia war. In March 2007, Igor Ivanov, the secretary of the Russian Security
Council, expressed his doubts concerning the usefulness of the CIS, emphasising that the Eurasian Economic
Community was becoming a more competent organisation to unify the largest countries of the CIS.[8]
Following the
withdrawal of Georgia, the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan skipped the October 2009 meeting of
the CIS, each having their own issues and disagreements with the Russian Federation.[9]
In May 2009, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine joined the Eastern Partnership, a project
which was initiated by the European Union (EU).
Non-Aligned Movement
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Member countries
Observer countries
Coordinating New York City, United States

Bureau
Membership[1]
120 members
17 observers
Leaders
- Principal
decision-
making organ
Conference of Heads of State or
Government of Non-Aligned
Countries[2]
- Secretary-
General
Hassan Rouhani
Establishment 1961 in Belgrade as the
Conference of Heads of State or
Government of Non-Aligned
Countries
Website
csstc.org
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power
bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observercountries.[1]
The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal
Nehru; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president,Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first presidentKwame
Nkrumah; andYugoslavia's president,Josip Broz Tito. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for
states in the Developing World between the Western andEastern Blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to
represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[3]
In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castrosaid the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the
national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle
against imperialism, colonialism,neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,occupation, domination,
interference or hegemony as well as againstgreat power and bloc politics".[4]
The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement
represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is
particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of theThird World.[5]
Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta.
Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of
the super powers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in
serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal
contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other
members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.
Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6]
it has struggled to find relevance
since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[7]
in 1992
at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General
Assembly of the United Nations.[8][9]
The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed
little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and
joined the European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most
recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and
1998, respectively.[9]
The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency,
representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[10]
Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents,
2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[11]
At the summit,
Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[12]
The 17th Summit of the
Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Venezuela in 2015.[13]

Role after the Cold War[edit]
Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine
itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. Amajor question has been whether many of its foundational
ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can
be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual
non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to
promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with
developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation
and unity amongst member states,[22]
but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and
the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic
principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the
movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[23]
The movement continues to
see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's-poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing
superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[24]
and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has
really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral
measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities
manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified
economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. Summit, Durban,
South Africa, 2–3 September 1998:[25]
Warsaw Pact
Not to be confused with Warsaw Convention or Treaty of Warsaw.
For other uses, see Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (disambiguation).
Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual
Assistance
Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной
помощи
Members of the Warsaw Pact

Motto Союз мира и
социализма (Russian)
"Union of peace and socialism"
Formation 14 May 1955
Extinction 1 July 1991
Type Military alliance
Headquarters Warsaw, Poland
(Command and Control HQ)
Moscow, Soviet Union
(Military HQ)
Membership Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
Albania (withdrew in 1968)
Supreme Commander Petr Lushev (last)
Chief of Combined
Staff
Vladimir Lobov (last)

Logo Military unit Organization The WarsawPact. Unionofpeace andsocialism
The Warsaw Pact(formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes,
informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO)[1]
was acollective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and
Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War, led by the USSR. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to
theCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance(CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of
Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West
Germany[2]
intoNATO in 1955 per theParis Pacts of 1954,[3][4][5]
but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain
controlover military forces in Central and Eastern Europe;[6]
in turn (according to the Warsaw Pact's preamble) meant to
maintain peace in Europe, guided by the objective points and principles of the Charter of the United Nations (1945).
The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagements were aimed against its own members—in 1956 against Hungary and
in 1968 against Czechoslovakia. However, the Pact failed to function in December 1989, when a revolution in
Romaniabrought down the communist government there and ended Romania's Pact membership, and in October 1990 East
Germany also left the Pact, as a result of German reunification.
On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining
member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak PresidentVáclav Havel formally declared an end to
the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955.
The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
"Red Cross" redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross (disambiguation).
International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement

The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from
which the movement derives its name.
Founded 1885 (ICRC); 1919 (IFRC) (idea was in
1859)
Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier
Type Non-governmental organization
Focus Humanitarian
Location
Geneva, Switzerland
Area served Worldwide
Method Aid
Revenue US$3.6 billion (2010)[1]
Volunteers 13.1 million
Website www.icrc.org
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarianmovement with
approximately 97 millionvolunteers, members and staff worldwide[2]
which was founded to protect human life and health, to
ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering.
The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within
the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations. The
movement's parts are:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva,
Switzerland, byHenry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international
humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. The ICRC was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions (in 1917, 1944 and 1963).[3]
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates
activities between the 188 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement. On an international level,
the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding
to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1963, the
Federation (then known as the League of Red Cross Societies) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC.[3]

National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Currently 189 National Societies
are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country
according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. Depending on
their specific circumstances and capacities, National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly
defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. In many countries, they are
tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services.
East African Community
East African Community[show]
Flag Logo
Motto: "One People One Destiny"
Anthem: EAC Anthem
An orthographic projection of the world, highlighting the East
African Community's Member States (green).
Headquarters Arusha
Largest city Dar es Salaam
Official languages Swahili, English
Lingua Franca Swahili

Type Intergovernmental
Members 5 states[show]
Leaders
- Summit
Chairperson
Jakaya Kikwete
- Council
Chairperson
Mwakyembe
- EACJ President Harold Nsekela
- EALA Speaker Daniel Kidega
- Secretary
General
Richard Sezibera
Legislature EALA
Establishment
- First established 1967
- Dissolved 1977
- Re-established 7 July 2000
Area
- Total 1,820,664 km2
(17th a
)
702,962 sq mi
- Water (%) 5.6
Population
- 2014 estimate 153,301,178[1] a
(9th)
- Density 84.2/km2
218.1/sq mi

- Total US$ 297.791
billion[2]
(51sta
)
- Per capita US$ 1,942 a
- Total US$ 122.672 billion
(61sta
)
- Per capita US$ 800 a
Currency 5 Currenciesb
[show]
Time zone CAT / EAT (UTC+2 /
+3)
Website
www.eac.int
a.
If consideredas a single entity.
b. To be replacedby theEast African shilling
The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation composed of five countries in the African
Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Jakaya Kikwete, the president of
Tanzania, is the EAC's chairman. The organisation was founded originally in 1967, collapsed in 1977, and was revived on 7
July 2000.[3]
In 2008, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community(SADC) and the Common
Market for Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), the EAC agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member
states of all three organizations. The EAC is an integral part of the African Economic Community.
The EAC is a potential precursor to the establishment of the East African Federation, a proposed federation of its members
into a singlesovereign state. In 2010, the EAC launched its own common market for goods, labour, and capital within the
region, with the goal of creating a common currency and eventually a full political federation.[4]
In 2013 a protocolwas
signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years.[5]
The geographical region encompassed by the EAC covers an area of 1,820,664 square kilometres (702,962 sq mi), with a
combined population of about 149,959,317[1]
(2013 est.)[6]
World Intellectual Property Organization
Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (French)

WIPO headquarters in Geneva
Abbreviation WIPO, OMPI
Formation July 14, 1967
Type Specialized Agency
Legal status Active
Head Director-General of WIPOFrancis Gurry
Website www.wipo.int
WIPO members
Members
Non-members

WIPO headquarters,Geneva.
Francis Gurry in 2011
The World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO) is one of the 17specialized agencies of theUnited Nations.
WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the
world."[1]
WIPO currently has 188 member states,[2]
administers 26 international treaties,[3]
and is headquartered
inGeneva, Switzerland. The current Director-Generalof WIPO is Francis Gurry, who took office on October 1, 2008.[4]
186
of the UN Members as well as theHoly See and Niue are Members of WIPO. Non-members are the states ofMarshall
Islands,Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau,Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.Palestine has
observer status.[5]
International Labour Organization
"ILO" redirects here. For other uses, see ILO (disambiguation).
Organisation internationale du travail (French)

ILO logo
Abbreviation ILO / OIT
Formation 1919
Type UN agency
Legal status Active
Head Guy Ryder
Website www.ilo.org
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is aUnited Nations agency dealing with labour issues,
particularly international labour standards, socialprotection, and workopportunities for all.[1]
The ILO has 186 member
states: 185 of the 193 UN member states plus theCook Islands are members of the ILO.
In 1969, the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving peace among classes, pursuingdecent
work and justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.[2]
The ILO registers complaints against entities that are violatinginternational rules; however, it does not impose sanctions on
governments.
Organization of American States
Organization of American States[show]
Flag Seal
Motto:

"Democracy for peace, security, and development"
Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Official languages
4 languages[show]
Demonym American
Member states 35 states[show]
Leaders
- Secretary General Luis Almagro
- Assistant Secretary General Albert R. Ramdin
Establishment
- Charter 30 April1948
Area
- Total 42,549,000 km2
16,430,000 sq mi

Population
- 2008 estimate 910,720,588
- Density 21/km2
55/sq mi
Time zone (UTC-10 to +0)
Website
oas.org
The Organization of American States (Spanish: Organización de los Estados Americanos, Portuguese: Organização dos
Estados Americanos, French: Organisation des États Américains), or the OAS or OEA, is an inter-
continental organizationfounded on 30 April 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its
member states. Headquartered inWashington, D.C., United States,[1]
the OAS's members are the 35 independent states of
the Americas.
As of 26 May 2015, the Secretary General of OAS is Luis Almagro.[2]
IBSA Dialogue Forum
India,Brazil and South Africa
Pretoria (South Africa)- Dilma Rousseff,President ofBrazil, Jacob Zuma,President ofSouth Africa andManmohanSingh,Prime
MinisterofIndia pose forphoto.
The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India,Brazil, South Africa) is an international tripartite grouping for promotinginternational
cooperation among these countries. It represents three important poles for galvanizing South-South cooperationand greater
understanding between three important continents of the developing world namely, Africa, Asia and South America. The
forum provides the three countries with a platform to engage in discussions for cooperation in the field of agriculture, trade,
culture, and defence among others.

The IBSA Dialogue Forum plays an increasingly important role in the foreign policies of India, Brazil and South Africa. It
has become instrumental for promoting ever closer coordination on global issues between three large multicultural and
multiracial democracies of Asia, South America and Africa, and contributed to enhancing trilateral India-Brazil-South
Africa cooperation in sectoral areas.
Origin[edit]
After the failperation between India (South Asia), Brazil (South America) and South Africa. The Declaration at the trilateral
meeting in Brasilia, called for removing protectionist policies and trade distorting practices by improving the multilateral
trade system.
On 6 June 2003, Yashwant Sinha (External affairs minister of India),Celso Amorim (Foreign minister of Brazil)
and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma(Foreign minister of South Africa) met in Brasilia, where the IBSA Dialogue forum was
formalized through the adoption of the "Brasilia Declaration".[1]
The IBSA Dialogue forum facilitates regular consultations
at senior officials level, government (summit) levels as well as amongst academics, intellectuals and other members of
the civil society.[1]
By some experts, it is also seen as an endeavor to challenge the international system by Pivotal Middle
Powers through peaceful convincing, instead of other means.[2]
Earth Summit
For other uses, see Earth Summit (disambiguation).
The Earth Summit was a UN event
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit,Rio
Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92[ˈɛku no̞ ˈvẽtɐ j ˈdojʃ]), was a major United Nationsconference held
in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Developmentwas also held in Rio, and is also commonly called
Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012. It was held from 13 to 22 June.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Results
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Overview[edit]
172 governments participated, with 116 sending their heads of state or government.[1]
Some 2,400 representatives of non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) attended, with 17,000 people at the parallel NGO "Global Forum" (also called Forum
Global), who had Consultative Status.

The issues addressed included:
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or
poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change
new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health
problems caused by polluted air and smoke
the growing scarcity of water
An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.
Another agreement was to "not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoplesthat would
cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate".
The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit, and made a start towards
redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic
growth.
Twelve cities were also honoured by the Local Government Honours Award for innovative local environmental programs.
These includedSudbury in Canada for its ambitious program to rehabilitate environmental damage from the
local mining industry, Austin in theUnited States for its green building strategy, and Kitakyūshū in Japan for incorporating
an international education and training component into its municipal pollution control program.
G8 (forum)
Not to be confused with G7 (finance ministers).
"Group of Six" and "Group of Eight" redirect here. For other uses, see G6 (disambiguation) and G8 (disambiguation).
Group of Seven
Canada
Prime MinisterStephen Harper
France
President FrançoisHollande
Germany
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Italy
Prime MinisterMatteo Renzi
Japan

Prime MinisterShinzō Abe
Russia(Suspended sine die)
President Vladimir Putin
United Kingdom
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
United States
President BarackObama
EuropeanUnion
CouncilPresident DonaldTusk
Commission President Jean-ClaudeJuncker
The Group of Seven (G7, formerly G8) is a governmental political forum of leading advanced economies in the world. It
wasoriginally formed by six leading industrial countries and subsequently extended with two additional members, one of
which,Russia, is suspended.[1][2][3][4]
Since 2014, the G8 in effect comprises seven nations and the European Unionas the
eighth member.
The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six
governments: France, theFederal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and theUnited States, thus
leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 in 1976 with the
addition of Canada. The G7 is composed of the seven wealthiest developed countries on earth (by net national wealth or by
GDP[5]
), and it remained active as a finance ministers' forum even during the period of the G8. Russia was added to the
group from 1997, which then became known as the G8; Russia was, however, suspended in 2014. The European Union has
been represented within the G8 since the 1980s but originally could not host or chair summits.[6]
The 40th summitwas the
first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit.
"G8" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annualsummit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The
former term, G6, is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union. G8 ministers
also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8
environment ministers.
Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations composed 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP
(PPP). Each calendar year the responsibility of hosting the G8 is rotated through the member states in the following order:
France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the
agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Both France and the
United Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group to include five developing countries, referred to as
the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil (7th country in the world by nominal GDP,[5]
) People's Republic of China
(2nd country in the world by GDP,[5]
) India (10th country in the world by GDP,[7]
) Mexico, and South Africa. These
countries have participated as guests in meetings that are sometimes called G8+5.
With the G-20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group
announced at theirPittsburgh summit on September 25, 2009, that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic
council of wealthy nations.[8][9]
Today, G8 meetings are held with the purpose of discussing global issues such as economic
growth, crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism without the governments of the developing nations, who
havetheir own major forum (BRICS).[10]
On March 24, 2014, the original G7 nations voted to, in effect, indefinitely suspend Russia from the organization in
response to the country's annexation of Crimea;[11][12][13]
however, it was made clear that the suspension was intended to be
temporary.[14]
Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister Federica Mogherini and other Italian authorities,[15][16]
along with
the EastWest Institute board memberWolfgang Ischinger,[17]
suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group,
adding that the return to the G8 format depends on Moscow and on Russian actions.
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
"BSEC" redirects here. For other uses, see BSEC (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations
forverification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (December 2012)
Organization of the Black Sea Economic
Cooperation
Formation 4 June 1992
Type Economic cooperation organization
Headquarters Istanbul, Turkey
Membership
12[show]
Secretary General Victor Tvircun
Website http://www.bsec-organization.org/
On 25 June 1992, the Heads of State and Government of eleven countries signed in Istanbulthe Summit Declaration and
the BosporusStatement giving birth to the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). It came into existence as a model
of multilateral political and economic initiative aimed at fostering interaction and harmony among the Member States, as
well as to ensure peace, stability and prosperity encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations in the Black Sea
region.
The BSEC Headquarters - the Permanent International Secretariat of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic
Cooperation (BSEC PERMIS) - was established in March 1994 in Istanbul.
With the entry into force of its Charter on 1 May 1999, BSEC acquired international legal identity and was transformed into
a full-fledged regional economic organization: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. With the
accession of Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) in April 2004, the Organization’s Member States increased to twelve.[1]
An important aspect of the activities of BSEC is the development of SME and entrepreneurship in the member countries.
Concerning these issues, a series of workshops have been organized in cooperation withKonrad-Adenauer-
Stiftung and ERENET.[2]
Human Rights Watch
"HRW" redirects here. For other meanings of HRW, see HRW (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bahrain Human Rights Watch Society.

Human Rights Watch
Founded 1978
Type Non-profit NGO
Focus Human rights activism
Location
Empire State Building
New York City, United States
Area served Worldwide
Product non profit human rights advocacy
Key people Kenneth Roth (Executive Director)
James F. Hoge, Jr. (Chairman)
Mission To become a voice of Justice
Website hrw.org
Formerly called Helsinki Watch
Current executive Director Kenneth Roth speaking at the 44th MunichSecurity Conference2008
Human Rights Watch(HRW) is an internationalnon-governmental organization that conducts research
and advocacy onhuman rights. HRW headquarters are in New York City with offices

inAmsterdam, Beirut, Berlin,Brussels, Chicago,Geneva, Johannesburg,London, Los Angeles,Moscow, Nairobi, Paris,San
Francisco, Sydney,Tokyo, Toronto,Washington, D.C., andZurich.[1]
As of June 2011, the organization’s annual expenses totaled $50.6 million.[2]
FIFA
This article is about the international association football organisation. For the video games, see FIFA (video game
series). For the Spanish athlete, see Illias Fifa.
Fédération Internationale de Football
Association
English: International Federation of Association Football
Map of the members of FIFA according to their confederation
Abbreviation FIFA[1]
Motto For the Game. For the World.
Formation 21 May 1904 (111 years ago)
Type Federation of national associations
Headquarters Zürich, Switzerland
Coordinates
47°22′53″N 8°34′28″ECoordinates:
47°22′53″N 8°34′28″E
Region served Worldwide
Membership 209 national associations

Official
language
English
Spanish
French
German[2]
President Joseph S. Blatter
SeniorVice-
President
Issa Hayatou
Vice-
Presidents
Jim Boyce
Ali Bin Al-Hussein
Affiliations International OlympicCommittee
Website www.fifa.com
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA/ˈfiːfə/; English:International Federation of Association
Football) is thegoverning body ofassociation football,futsal and beach football. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of
football's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women's World
Cup which commenced in 1991.
FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now
comprises 209 national associations. Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional
confederations into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania
and South America.
Although FIFA does not control the rules of football (that being the responsibility of the International Football Association
Board), it is responsible for both the organisation of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue
from sponsorship. In 2013 FIFAhad revenues of over 1.3 billion U.S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million, and had cash
reserves of over 1.4 billion U.S. dollars.[3]
Reports by investigative journalists have linked FIFA leadership with corruption, bribery, and alleged vote-rigging pursuant
to the election ofFIFAPresident Sepp Blatter and the organization's decision to award the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to
Russia and Qatar, respectively. These allegations led to the indictments of nine high-ranking FIFAofficials and five
corporate executives by the U.S. Department of Justiceon charges including racketeering, wire fraud, and money
laundering. On 27 May 2015 several of these officials were arrested by Swiss authorities, who were launching a
simultaneous but separate criminal investigation into how the organization awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. Those
among these officials who were also indicted in the U.S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well.
International Olympic Committee
"IOC" redirects here. For other uses, see IOC (disambiguation).
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please
help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing
that often
accompanies biased orunverifiable information. (March
2013)
This article needs additional
citations for verification. (September
2013)
Coordinates: 46°31′5″N 6°35′49″E

International Olympic Committee
Comité international olympique
Motto Citius, Altius, Fortius
(Latin: Faster, Higher, Stronger)
Formation 23 June 1894; 121 years ago
Type Sports federation
Headquarters Lausanne, Switzerland
Membership 105 active members, 32 honorary
members
Official
language
English, French
andthe host country's official language when
necessary
President Thomas Bach
Website Olympic.org
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (French: Comité international olympique,CIO) is an international,non-
profit, non-governmental organizationbased in Lausanne,Switzerland, created byPierre, Baron de Coubertin, on 23 June
1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president. Today its membership consists of 100 active members, 32 honorary
members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the supreme authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement.
The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, every four years.
The first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics was
in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year. After that year,
however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games, to help space the planning of the
two events from one another, and improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives greater income on Olympic
years. The first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held
in Innsbruck in 2012.
World Wide Fund for Nature

World Wildlife Fund
Abbreviation WWF
Formation 29 April1961 a
Founders <div class
Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld b
Julian Huxley [1]
Max Nicholson
Peter Scott
Guy Mountfort
Godfrey A. Rockefeller [2]
Type Charitable trust
Purpose Environmentalism
Conservation
Ecology
Headquarters Avenue du Mont-Blanc,
Gland, Vaud, Switzerland
Coordinates 46.4171864°N 6.2709482°E
Region Worldwide
Methods Lobbying
Research

50 topics assignment 2

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