This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
Artificial Intelligence Course- Introduction
1. Air University, Multan Campus
A Faderally Charted Public Sector University
Introduction
Course: Artifical Intelligence
Tutor: Dr. Muhammad Sanaullah
muhammad.sanaullah@polito.it
3. What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the
mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the
capacities to
reason
plan
solve problems
think abstractly
comprehend ideas
use language
learn.
Intelligence may be judged by
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creativity
personality
character
knowledge
wisdom
skills
4. Features of Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from,
understand, and interact with the environment.
It may encompassed of the following specific
features:
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Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the
current environment
Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it
Capacity for reason and abstract thought
Ability to comprehend relationships
Ability to evaluate and judge
Capacity for original and productive thought
5. Intelligence of Computer
According to the British computer scientist Alan
Turing's test in (1950):
“a computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it
could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”
The users remain unaware of computer existence
and the system can automatically performed the
activities according to the prescribed specifications.
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6. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
“A branch of a computer science which studies the
development of software and hardware which
simulates human intelligence” (Dr. Ghassan Issa)
“AI is the study of how to make computer do things
at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich
and Knight)
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7. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
“AI is study of idea that enable computers to be
intelligent” (Patrick H. Winston)
Thus, AI is the study of programmed systems that can
simulate, to some extent, human activities such as
perceiving, thinking, learning and acting.
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8. Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
Disciplines
Methods
Philosophy
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,
foundations of learning, language, rationality.
Mathematics
Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
Probability/Statistics
modeling uncertainty, learning from data
Economics
utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
Neuroscience
neurons as information processing units.
Psychology/ Cognitive how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
Science
information, represent knowledge.
Computer Engineering building fast computers
Control theory
design systems that maximize an objective function
over time
Linguistics
knowledge representation, grammars
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10. Human Intelligence VS
Artificial Intelligence
Pros
Human Intelligence
Intuition, Common
sense, Judgement,
Creativity, Beliefs etc
The ability to
demonstrate their
intelligence by
communicating
effectively
Plausible Reasoning
and Critical thinking
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Artificial Intelligence
Ability to simulate
human behavior and
cognitive processes
Capture and preserve
human expertise
Fast Response. The
ability to comprehend
large amounts of data
quickly.
11. Human Intelligence VS
Artificial Intelligence
Cons
Human Intelligence
• Humans are fallible
• They have limited
knowledge bases
• Information processing of
serial nature proceed
very slowly in the brain as
compared to computers
Humans are unable to
retain large amounts of
data in memory.
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Artificial Intelligence
No “common sense”
Cannot readily deal with
“mixed” knowledge
May have high
development costs
Raise legal and ethical
concerns
12. Human Intelligence VS
Conventional Computing
We achieve more than we know. We know more than we
understand. We understand more than we can explain
(Claude Bernard, 19th C French scientific philosopher)
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13. Human Intelligence VS
Conventional Computing
Artificial Intelligence
AI software uses the
techniques of search
and pattern matching
Programmers design AI
software to give the
computer only the
problem, not the steps
necessary to solve it
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Conventional Computing
Conventional computer
software follow a logical
series of steps to reach
a conclusion
Computer programmers
originally designed
software that
accomplished tasks by
completing algorithms
Intelligence is what we use when we don’t know what to do.People can recognize intelligence in other people and animals.from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers: A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly (conceptually), comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. (Gottfredson, L.S., 1997). from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association: Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. (Neisser, 1997) and (Perloff, 1996)
Intelligence requires an ability toPerform complex tasksRecognize complex patternsSolve unseen problemsLearn from experienceLearn from instructionUse Natural Language: English , French, Dutch, etc.Be aware of self (consciousness)Use toolsAbility to interact with the real worldto perceive, understand, and acte.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesise.g., image understandinge.g., ability to take actions, have an effectReasoning and Planningmodeling the external world, given inputsolving new problems, planning, and making decisionsability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertaintiesLearning and Adaptationwe are continuously learning and adaptingour internal models are always being “updated”e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines in a human-like fashion. In short it can be described as:Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate: *Recognizing a face.*Navigating a busy street.*Understanding what someone says
The important aspects of human intelligence seem to following the use of intuition, common sense, judgment, creativity, goal directedness, plausible reasoning, knowledge and beliefs.Meaning of intelligence is not human brain’s information processing ability but the ability of humans to demonstrate their intelligence by communicating effectively.