This document introduces anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and outlining approaches to studying the form and structure and functions of the body. It describes microscopic vs macroscopic anatomy and regional vs systematic anatomy. It also defines the four anatomical planes of reference, directional terms, body cavities, levels of organization from cells to organ systems, and homeostasis as the maintenance of equilibrium in the body.

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

5. Anatomic Planes of Reference

6. Directional Terms Human Left Right Superior Nasal Inferior Posterior Anterior Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Anterior Domestic Animal Left Right Cranial Rostral Caudal Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Dorsal Direction Individual’s left Individual’s right Toward the head end of the body Toward the tip of the nose (head only) Toward the tail end of the body Toward the back Toward the belly Toward the median plane Away from the median plane Toward the center (whole body or part) Toward the surface (whole body or part) Toward the body (extremity) Away from the body (extremity) “ Back” of forelimb distal to carpus “ Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus “ Front” of forelimb & hindlimb distal to carpus & tarsusl