2. Challenges
Rising fuel costs which in most of
power generating companies are
passed through to customer ,caught
the attention to regulating agencies.
Regulating agencies are now paying
more attention to efficiency of power
plants.
3. Heat Rate Definitions
Heat rate is defined in units of
kJ/kWh and is simply the amount of
heat input into a system divided by
the amount of power generated by a
system.
Less heat rate (less fuel) means more
efficient system.
4. BENEFIT -identification of losses
Efficiency increase
Green house gases emission decrease
Particulate emission reduction
Availability improvement
Reduction in O&M cost
Less capacity addition
Increase profitability
5. Steam Turbine losses
Symptoms
HP/IP/LP section efficiency less than
design.
Causes (any one or more than one)
Change in internal conditions of turbine
1.Mechanical damages
2.Flow area decreases
3.Flow area bypass
4.Flow area increases
Change in inlet conditions
6. 1.MECHANICAL DAMAGES
Symptoms
Sudden change in section efficiency.
Sudden change in section pressure ratio.
Cause
Metallurgical defects.
Maintenance practice.
8. 2.FLOW AREA DECREASE
Symptoms
Increase in pressure ratio
Decrease in section efficiency
Increase in up stream pressure
cause
Mechanical blockage
Sudden increase in pressure ratio
Sudden decrease in section efficiency
Sudden increase in up stream pressure
Blade deposits
Gradual increase in pressure ratio
Gradual decrease in section efficiency
Gradual increase in upstream pressure
14. 3.FLOW AREA BYPASS
Symptoms
Decrease in section efficiency
Decrease in pressure ratio
Decrease in upstream pressure
Cause
Hp turbine bushing leakage
Main steam stop valve leakage
HP gland seal leakage
IP stop/intercept valve leakage
IP turbine bushing leakage
15. 4.Flow area increase
Symptoms
Decrease in pressure ratio
Decrease in section efficiency
Decrease in upstream pressure
Cause
Spill strip or packing leakage
Erosion of turbine stages
Solid particle erosion of nozzle block
Blade mechanical damage
16. Spill strip or packing leakage
Symptoms
Increased down stream extraction temperatures
Sudden decrease in stage efficiency
Cause
Thermal stress
Rubbing
Vibration
Operating procedures
17. Solid particle erosion of nozzle
blocks
Symptoms
Increase in pressure down stream of first
stage
Increase in ratio of first stage to throttle pressure
Cause
Cycling
Exfoliation in boiler tubes
1. Condenser tube leak
2. Poor water chemistry
18. Erosion of turbine stages
Symptoms
Gradual decrease in pressure ratio
Gradual decrease in section efficiency
Gradual decrease in upstream
pressure
19. Blade mechanical damages
Symptoms
Sudden decrease in pressure ratio
Sudden decrease in section efficiency
Sudden decrease in upstream
pressure.
20. Cross section of turbine –showing
efficiency loss due to leakage
Leaking steam not
contribution to power
generation (in RED)
23. Impact of parameter deviation from design
parameters on HEAT RATE (210 MW ,KWU
Turbine )-operator controllable parameters..
SN PARTICULAR UNIT DESIGN
PARAMETERS
INCREASE in
HEAT RATE DUE
TO DEVIATION
from design
parameter (IN
KCAL/KWH )
MULTIPLICATIO
N
FACTOR
1 PARTIAL LOADING MW 210 24.7 PER 20 MW 1.235
2 MS PRESS KG/CM2 150 25.5 PER 20
KG/CM2
1.275
3 MS TEMP AT HPT INLET DEG C 535 7.5 PER 10 DEG
C
0.75
4 HRH TEMP AT IPT INLET DEG 535 6.6 PER PER
10 DEG C
0.66
5 CONDENSER VACUUM mmHg 660 23.4 PER 10 mm
Hg
2.34
6 FEED WATER TEMP DEG C 241 16 PER 20 DEG
C
0.8
7 RH ATTEMP FLOW T/HR 0 6.4 PER 10 T/HR 0.64
8