This document discusses the myth of brown recluse spiders being present in California. It summarizes evidence from experts that no established populations of brown recluse exist in the state, though isolated individuals may occasionally be transported in. The myth is perpetuated by sensationalized media stories and public fear, despite a lack of scientific proof. Many spiders submitted by the public for identification that are believed to be brown recluses turn out to be other, harmless species.

1. Myth of the
Brown Recluse
Fact, Fear, and
Loathing
High Desert State Prison Medical Education
From publications from the Department of Entomology, University of
California, Riverside, CA and the Calif. Dept of Food and Agriculture

3. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
“This website presents evidence for the lack of brown recluse spiders
as part of the Californian spider fauna. Unfortunately, this
contradicts what most Californians believe; beliefs that are born out
of media-driven hyperbole and erroneous, anxiety-filled public
hearsay which is further compounded by medical misdiagnoses.
Although people are free to disagree, this opinion has come about
after more than a decade of constant research. In addition to
personal experience, the sources for this opinion encompasses
conversations with, interactions with, and the cumulative knowledge
of the following, who have experience or expertise in the state of
California and, in some cases, are national or international experts:
Arachnologists throughout the state including those at the Los Angeles
County Museum and San Francisco's California Academy of
Sciences (one of whom is probably one of the top 5 arachnologists
in the world)
The Calif. Dept of Food and Agriculture, which is responsible for
identifying all exotic pests found in California”

4. County Agricultural Commissioner Office entomologists up and down
the state
Hundreds of pest control operators in both Northern and Southern
California County vector and health personnel
THE U.S. recluse expert, who wrote the definitive taxonomic revision
where he described the distribution of all North American recluse
species, and who also happened to be a vector control person in
Northern California Dr. Findlay Russell, the world's foremost
authority on animal venoms. Dr. Russell is an internationally renown
toxicologist, was a medical physician at USC Medical Center and
consulted on hundreds of "spider bite" diagnoses in California. In
fact, Dr. Russell's research was the impetus for many of the ideas
expressed here. Cumulatively, this body of knowledge represents
hundreds of years of experience with spiders and/or their medical
aspects in California and the identification of hundreds of thousands
of spiders. So if you think the material here is in error, consider the
strength of your own sources.

5. Spiders are one group of arthropods that are very well known by the common
person yet are terribly misunderstood; because of the rare occasion of a
deleterious venom incident, almost all spiders are lumped into the category
of "squish first and ask questions later". There are remarkably few spiders in
California that are capable of causing injuries via biting. Overall, spiders are
beneficial to humans in that they eat many pestiferous insects that either
infest our foods (many phytophagous insects), are vectors of disease(flies,
mosquitoes) or are aesthetically-challenged (cockroaches, earwigs).
Unfortunately, humans have a low tolerance for spiders in their homes,
either because spiders are symbols of danger, unkemptness or
arachnophobia. One of the first steps one should take in dealing with these
critters should be to identify them properly before blasting them with
pesticide and/or getting hysterical.
There are no sure long-lasting control measures for spiders, however,
mostly what pest control operators are dealing with in this situation
is a psychological problem rather than an entomological one. Folks
want spiders out of their homes because of fear and/or repulsion.
The assumed risk of spiders in one's home is much greater than the
actual risk they pose and home owners probably do more harm to
themselves by using large amounts of pesticides inside a home to
kill spiders than any harm the spiders could actually do to them.
Unfortunately, the quantities and habits of spiders cause them to
reinfest areas soon after treatment so it is difficult to eliminate
spiders altogether.

6. The spider that poses the greatest health threat to humans in California
is the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus. Before antivenom
was available, bites from these spiders caused death in about 5% of
the cases. Currently there are adequate medical treatments; deaths
from black widow bites are virtually non-existent. This adult female
spider is readily identifiable because of its unique coloration: a shiny
black body with red hourglass on its belly (not on its back as lots of
people think). However, the western black widow looks very
different as an immature because it starts out life bedecked in tan
and white stripes. As spiderlings mature, more black pigmentation is
deposited in the integument with each molt until they turn completely
black. Males retain the coloration of the juvenile striped pattern and
are often turned into our department because folks are afraid that
they are brown recluses. The next "spider" most familiar to
Californians-the brown recluse-is a myth. There are no populations
of brown recluse spiders living in California. In case, this upsets
your applecart, I repeat, there are no populations of brown
recluse spiders living in California. The common name "brown
recluse spider" refers to one species of spider, Loxosceles reclusa,
which lives in the central Midwest: Nebraska south to Texas and
eastward to southernmost Ohio and north-central Georgia.

7. Only a handful of specimens (less than 10) have ever been collected
in California and usually there is some connection between the
spider and a recent move or shipment from the Midwest. There is a
great "awareness" of brown recluse spiders in California mostly
through a misguided media barrage which is fed by a fear of the
unknown and unfamiliar.
• I repeatedly have seen the media in their "quest to seek out the
truth" write completely speculative stories about the existence of the
brown recluse in California. Unfortunately, the truth is not nearly
good enough to sell news and therefore, a speculative story is
fabricated based upon faulty assumptions. Rampant recluse phobia
is based on people's willingness to believe the worst about a
situation and the sensationalistic news media who scream about the
POSSIBILITY of one spider being found in California. Actual titles
from newspapers regarding recluse stories are "Necrotic Wound
Blamed on Elusive Spider" , "Spider-bite Terror in Calif.", "Likely Bite
by Spider Changes Life". Notice how carefully the titles are chosen.
They don't say that they have found the spiders or that a population
of the spider has been verified. They report the belief that the
spiders are here or have caused damage. The brown recluse is the
Richard Jewell of the spider world.

8. • Many times the speculative stories are based on the premise that a
brown recluse COULD be found in California. While this is certainly
true (since people move from the Midwest each day), it is also true
that because I am a male, I could have an illicit and immoral
relationship with a Playboy bunny. This is definitely a possibility.
However the chasm between "POSSIBILITY" and "PROBABILITY"
is so wide you couldn't build a bridge between here and there. A
more tenable example is that someone COULD win the California
state lottery grand prize by buying one ticket a year. This is
definitely a possibility. However, the probability of this is obviously
so close to zero that it is effectively zero. As they say, the lottery is a
tax on those bad in math. Still there are many more California lottery
grand prize winners than brown recluse spiders found in the state
each year. Although there is the chance a brown recluse could be in
California, that one little spider is not responsible for the several
hundred brown recluse spider bite diagnoses that have been made
in California and the probability of being bit by a brown recluse in
California is realistically zero.

9. Yet the finding of one alleged brown recluse in California is enough to
get the news hounds barking for a story. A In its native range, the
brown recluse is a very common house spider. A colleague in
Missouri found 5 in a child's bedroom one night, a person in
Arkansas found 6 living under his box spring in his bedroom, during
a cleanup at the Univ. of Arkansas, 52 were found in a science lab
that was being used everyday, a colleague found 9 living under one
piece of plywood in Oklahoma, a grad student and I collected 40 of
them in a Missouri barn in 75 minutes, and would have collected
more, but we ran out of vials to house them. One amazing story is
an 8th grade teacher in Oklahoma checking up on his students
avidly collecting material by some loose bricks around a flagpole on
an insect collecting trip. In about 7 minutes, 8 students collected 60
brown recluses, picking them all up with their fingers and not one kid
suffered a bite. An even more amazing story is that of a woman in
Lenexa, Kansas who collected 2,055 brown recluse spiders in 6
months in 1850s-built home. This family of 4 has been living there 8
years now and still not one evident bite. (see Vetter and Barger
2002, Journal of Medical Entomology 39: 948-951). When you find
brown recluses in an adequate environment, you do not find one,
you find dozens. And yet, the people who live with these spiders
rarely get bitten nor do they run around in constant fear.

10. With the current paranoia, if we had populations like that in California,
they would evacuate the state and close it down. The California
reaction to the mythical brown recluse is based solely on the fear of
the unknown and the willingness to believe that there is an 8-legged
menace running around causing havoc. I was interviewed by a local
newspaper reporter looking for a sensationalistic sound bite. The
question was, "What do you think the effect of this brown recluse
event will have on southern California?" My answer was "All the
tourists from Missouri, Arkansas and Kansas are laughing
themselves off their hotel beds because a story on one alleged
brown recluse spider found in Los Angeles makes the evening
news."
California county entomologist said that when he found a potential
recluse spider, he had 2 television news trucks parked outside his
office waiting for him because they wanted to get "THE STORY". In
1998 or so, there was a rumor that a Marin County park ranger and
2 others were dead from brown recluse bites. People freaked out.
One woman called a taxi cab, handed the driver some money and a
dead spider and told him to deliver it to the County Agricultural
Commissioner's Office for identification. (Apparently the driver just
took the money and drove off, never delivering the spider.) No park
ranger died and it was just hysteria. Other news articles abound
when there is the "thought" that a brown recluse might have been
found in California.

11. How ludicrous do you think this looks to the rest of country? How hard
is that Arkansas guy laughing who was sleeping on top of 6 brown
recluses? How much head-shaking does the woman in Nashville do
who collected 7 running through her apartment in one month? How
about the Kansas arachnologist who found 12 under a rug in a
doghouse? (Actually, he does laugh pretty hard every time I relate a
California brown recluse paranoia story to him.) How about the
Oklahoma kids who each collected an average of 1.07 brown
recluses per minute where it would take the average kid in that
group 8 minutes to collect more brown recluses than has the entire
California populace (currently about 32 million people) in 40 years?
People get all worked up and say, "BUT IF THEY FOUND ONE
BROWN RECLUSE IN CALIFORNIA THAT MEANS .." It means
they found one, it is smashed, mangled, mutilated, pickled in
alcohol, dead, deceased, passed on, no more, ceased to be,
bleeding demised, bereft of life, resting in peace, gone to meet its
maker, pushing up the daisies, rung down the curtain and joined the
choir invisible, etc. and no longer poses a threat to humanity (not
that it posed a great threat to begin with).

12. THIS is an ex-spider! Brown recluses are almost communal and can be
found in great numbers. If you truly have a brown recluse infestation
in your house or your community, then you should readily be able to
find dozens more with little effort. Once again, every few years a
brown recluse can be found in the state but it is a single itinerant
that was brought here, is not the tip of a massive invasion and does
not justify hundreds of medical misdiagnoses, hyperbolic news
stories nor public hysteria. If they truly lived here then you should be
able to find many specimens for identification. Finally, despite all my
antagonism, I fully realize that someday someone somewhere may
find a thriving population of brown recluse spiders living in
California. But to date, this has not happened despite 1) the
overwhelming public concern about the presence of this spider in
the state, 2) the false belief that it already is here and causing
massive damage and 3) the voluminous collections, spanning
several decades and including hundreds of thousands of spiders, by
many arachnologists, amateur and professionals alike. One reason
for my verbal assault is that I want to get folks as incensed about
finding a real brown recluse as I get incensed about all these folks
telling me that brown recluses are everywhere.

13. It is really amazing that wherever I go (the supermarket, dental
appointments, on campus, etc.) any place where one makes idle
chit-chat, folks are always telling me that they have found brown
recluses, are afraid of brown recluses, have been bitten by brown
recluses, have had neighbors die or lose limbs to brown recluses.
The brown recluse has been elevated to a major urban legend
status very much like UFOs, Bigfoot and Elvis. There is this mythical
characteristic about their legend and the fear they invoke such that
the majority of people I run into in California are either convinced
that brown recluses live here or are surprised to find out that they
don't. The biological evidence that is available resoundingly deflates
any of the arachno-propaganda that is constantly being given new
life with each newspaper story or word-of-mouth tale of terror. I
emphatically state THERE ARE NO BROWN RECLUSE SPIDERS
LIVING IN CALIFORNIA.

14. Close-up of cephalothorax head region of desert recluse
showing typical arrangement of eyes.

15. The head region (cephalothorax) and abdomen of a brown recluse,
Loxosceles reclusa (left), and a desert recluse,
Loxosceles deserta. Note the characteristic spacing of the six
eyes arranged in three dyads. The violin marking is well defined
on the brown recluse but is very faint on the desert recluse.

16. Spiders Commonly Confused with Recluses
• Because of the misinformation surrounding the brown recluse‘s presence in
California, many spiders that are virtually harmless are submitted by the
public for identification. Most of them are not from the recluse family and
some are not even spiders. A nationwide study was undertaken from 2000
to 2005, offering to identify any spider that was considered to be a brown
recluse spider. Nearly 600 specimens were submitted from California, many
from people who were adamant that they had a brown recluse. Only one of
these specimens was a brown recluse, from a house where the family had
moved from Missouri. No additional recluses were found in the house. The
occasional finding of a translocated spider is not overly surprising, however,
it still does not happen often. There were 17 desert recluses in this study, all
submitted from the desert regions of southeastern California where the
spiders are known to occur. Yet nonrecluse spiders were submitted in great
numbers including many false black widow, woodlouse, and yellow sac
spiders. Presented below are descriptions of spiders that share some of the
same physical features as the brown recluse and have been misidentified as
recluse spiders

17. • Six-Eyed Spiders
• Spitting spiders (Scytodes spp.) are closely related to recluse
spiders and have six eyes arranged in a similar pattern. However,
they also have many black spots or lines on their bodies that would
exclude them as recluses. Unlike the recluse, the woodlouse spider,
Dysdera crocata, has six eyes arranged in two groups of three
(triads) and no bodily markings.
• Spiders with Violin-Shaped or Other Dark Markings
• Many common tan or gray spiders have dark markings on the head
region, which convinces people that they have caught a bona fide
recluse spider. These spiders include cellar spiders (Pholcus
phalangioides, Psilochorus spp., Physocyclus spp.), pirate spiders
(Mimetus spp.), and sheet web spiders (Linyphiidae). The marbled
cellar spider, Holocnemus pluchei, also confuses people even
though the dark marks are on the ventral (underside) not the dorsal
(top) surface of the body. Another frequent submission is Zoropsis
spinimana, which is found only in the San Francisco Bay area and is
a harmless Mediterranean immigrant established in Sunnyvale
around 1995. It is large, frequently found in homes, and Bay Area
residents see the dark marking on the top surface of the abdomen
as a violin which is the wrong body part to be sporting the violin
marking in order to be identified as a recluse.

18. • Ubiquitous Brown Spiders
• Virtually every spider that is tan or brown has been turned in as a
potential brown recluse. There are hundreds of species of these
spiders in California. They include ground spiders (Gnaphosidae),
sac spiders (Cheiracanthium spp., Trachelas spp.), wolf spiders
(Lycosidae), grass spiders (Agelenidae), orb weavers (Araneidae),
and male crevice spiders (Filistatidae). More specifically, males of
both the western black widow (Latrodectus hesperus) and the false
black widow (Steatoda grossa) are frequently brought in for recluse
verification. One of the most common submissions as brown
recluses are spiders in the genus Titiotus, which are found just north
of Los Angeles, through central California to Redding and are
commonly found in redwood forests. Titiotus spiders have a hair
pattern that gives the impression of a violin and its coloration is
similar to that of a brown recluse. All of these brown spiders have
eight eyes and can quickly be eliminated from consideration.

19. AMERICAN RECLUSE SPIDERS
• Eleven species of recluse spiders are native to the United States and two non-natives
have become established in certain highly restricted areas of the country. The brown
recluse spider is the proper common name for only one species, Loxosceles reclusa.
It is the most widespread of the North American recluse spiders and lives in the south
central Midwest from Nebraska to Ohio and south through Texas to Georgia.
Although the brown recluse does not live in California, we do have four species of
native recluse spiders. The most common Californian recluse spider is the desert
recluse, Loxosceles deserta. It is found mostly in the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, in
the foothills of the lower San Joaquin Valley, and in adjacent areas of Mexico; most of
these areas are sparsely populated by humans. In older literature, this spider was
referred to as Loxosceles unicolor. There are additional species (Loxosceles russelli,
Loxosceles palma, Loxosceles martha), but they are so uncommon that they are of
scientific interest only.
• In addition to these native species, the Chilean recluse spider, Loxosceles laeta
(pronounced “LEE-ta”), has become established in portions of Los Angeles
(Alhambra, Sierra Madre, Monterey Park, San Gabriel). This spider, however, seems
to be confined to a very limited area in Los Angeles County even though it has lived
there for possibly over 70 years (one specimen collected from Los Angeles in 1936 is
housed in Chicago’s Field Museum spider collection). Also, occasional interceptions
of the Mediterranean recluse, Loxosceles rufescens, are found in commercial goods
shipped from out-of-state, but no populations of this spider are currently known in
California.

20. Non-abundance of Brown Recluses in California
• Unlike many other spiders that disperse by either migrating or being carried
by air currents when small (“ballooning”), recluse spiders can expand only
outside their native range as a result of human intervention. The few brown
recluses that have been collected in California typically are found in facilities
that receive goods from out of state or are unintentionally transported by
people who have moved from the Midwest. In these instances, searching
the immediate area yielded no additional brown recluses so they were
considered to be individual stowaways. Undoubtedly, more brown recluses
have been inadvertently brought into the state via commerce and the
relocation of household belongings; however, amazingly few specimens
have ever been collected. Never have any of these translocated spiders
been able to establish a foothold and start a population in California.
Considering that brown recluse spider bites are not common in the south-
central Midwest where brown recluses frequently cohabit with people, it is
clear that California does not have anywhere near sufficient populations of
these spiders to be responsible for the number of cases or illnesses that are
attributed to them. The problem of misdiagnosis is widespread in North
America, including such unlikely places as Alaska and Canada where
doctors have attributed skin lesions to recluse bites when no brown recluse
spiders have ever been found north of the 48 contiguous U.S. states.

21. • Potential Toxicity of Bites
• All Loxosceles spiders tested so far have the venom component that
is capable of causing necrotic skin lesions, so it is best to assume
that all recluse spiders may be capable of causing skin damage. In
general, the desert recluse spider’s venom is similar to that of the
brown recluse and should be considered of equal potency. In
comparison to the brown recluse spider, the Chilean recluse
supposedly has venom more potent and the Mediterranean
recluse’s venom has been said to be less potent. However, these
comparisons are more anecdotal than quantitive assessments.
• About 10% of brown recluse bites cause moderate or greater tissue
damage and scarring, but the vast majority heal very nicely without
medical intervention. There is still not one proven death from brown
recluse bite (a person was bitten by a spider caught in the act and
properly identified). While there are several highly probable deaths
reported in children, these are extremely rare occurrences, about
one every decade or so.

22. MEDICAL MISDIAGNOSES
• One reason for the great awareness of the recluse spiders throughout North America
is that necrotic (rotting flesh) wounds are commonly misdiagnosed as “brown recluse
bites.” Although recluses can cause these types of wounds, the biological data
involving the distribution of the spider indicate that most of these diagnoses are
incorrect. A world-renowned toxicology physician who worked at University of
Southern California Medical Center estimates that most general spider bites in
California referred to him were actually the work of other arthropods and that 60% of
“brown recluse spider bite” diagnoses came from areas where no Loxosceles spiders
were known to exist. This is a serious problem in that several medical conditions
misdiagnosed as recluse bites can lead to debilitating and potentially fatal
consequences. For example, group A Streptococcus infection, sometimes
misdiagnosed as a brown recluse bite, has a fatality rate that can vary from 20 to 80%
depending on how quickly it is correctly diagnosed. In serious cases death can occur
in a few days.
• Additionally, many people diagnosed as having brown recluse bites in California are
treated with antibiotics. The recommended treatment for most actual brown recluse
bites (the ones that do not become traumatic) is simple first aid: RICE therapy (Rest,
Ice, Compression, Elevation). Antibiotics work against bacteria and have no effect on
spider venom. However, regardless of the causative agent, it is wise to seek medical
attention if you feel that it is warranted.

23. Distribution of the desert recluse, Loxosceles deserta (shaded area) and a
South American recluse spider (dot), Loxosceles laeta, in California.

27. The Brown Recluse
Loxosceles reclusa
• Brown body with a violin
shape on abdomen.
• Hemolytic venom.
– Destroys tissue.
– Mild to serious bite.
• Rarely dangerous.

28. On the brown recluse, notice six
eyes, in three pairs of two (triads).

29. Do Brown Recluse occur in California?
• The answer is NO.
• There is no
• evidence of
• brown recluses
• in California.

30. This is Rick Vetter
• UCR Entomologist
• He has spent his entire career
trying to de-bunk this myth.
• If interested:
http://spiders.ucr.edu
– Swanson, D. L. and R. S. Vetter.
2005. Bites of brown recluse spiders
and suspected necrotic arachnidism.
New Engl. J. Med. 352:700-707.
– Multiple other publications.
– His “bets” are world famous.
• He has yet to lose a bet.

31. The brown recluse, however,
can cause damage…
• The hemolytic toxin can cause necrosis of
tissue.
– This causes the tissue to decompose.
– This can cause major damage.
• The next slide has two photographs of
actual brown recluse spider bite victims.

32. Actual brown recluse spider
bites.

33. SPIDERS
• More than 35,000 species of spiders
occur in the world. Of these, about
3,400 species in 64 families are found
in North America.
• In North America, primary concerns
are the Black Widow and Brown
Recluse.

34. Spiders in the USA
• Black Widows
• Brown Recluses

35. The Black Widow
• The most venomous
spider in North America.
• Generally not deadly
unless victim is very
young or old.
• Identifiable by shiny
black body and red
“hourglass” on belly.
• Relatively small, usually
around 1.5” in size.

36. Where They Live
• Seldom disturbed
areas
• Stock piles
• Storage Areas
• Shoes left outside
• Basements/Attics
• Freshly cleared
sites
• Cobwebs can be a
sign (but not
always)

37. The BITE
• Venom is 15 times more potent
than that of a rattlesnake
(relatively much less is
injected).
• Only 63 deaths were reported
in the United States between
1950 and 1989
• Bite is often not painful and
may go unnoticed at first.
• Symptoms include: abdominal
pain similar to appendicitis, pain
to muscles or the soles of the
feet, alternating salivation and
dry mouth, paralysis of the
diaphragm, profuse sweating
and swollen eyelids.

38. Treatment
• If Bitten:
-Apply ice pack to bite
location and keep elevated
to about heart level.
-Try to collect spider
specimen in jar or bag for
positive identification and
treatment (even if you have
crushed it)
-Call the Poison Control
Center for more info:
1-800-222-1222
-Bite can be very painful,
victim should go to doctor
immediately for treatment.

39. Bite Prevention
• Be Careful!
• Wear Gloves and Pay Attention to where
you put your hands and feet (check your
boots!).
• Remove all materials where they might
hide.
• Knock down webs, egg sacks and spiders.
• This spider is resistant to insecticides.
• Avoid storing materials outdoors for an
extended period of time.

40. The Brown Recluse
• Identifiable by “violin” on back.
• ¼” to ½” long.
• Dark brown, yellow, or greenish-
yellow
• Nocturnal
• Likes to hide in small dark areas
• Attracted to areas with lots of insects
(i.e. near outdoor artificial lighting).

41. Identification
Notice the Violin
on the back

42. Where They Live
• Dark, undisturbed
places.
• Often in
cardboard boxes,
clothing, shoes,
and behind
furniture.
• Also beneath
logs, loose
stones, and
stacks of lumber.

43. The BITE
• Some may not be aware of
the bite for 2-8 hrs.
• Many bites cause just a little
red mark that heals without
event.
• For some, the venom kills the
tissues (necrosis) at the site
of the bite.
• Can result in a painful, deep
wound that takes a long time
to heal (can be deadly for the
very young and old).
• Can also cause a “volcano
lesion”.

44. First Aid
• If bitten, remain calm
and seek immediate
medical attention.
• Collect spider for
positive identification
and proper treatment.
• Rubbing alcohol can
help preserve what is
left of the spider.

45. Harmless Brown Recluse Look-
alikes
Wolf Spider Southern House Spider

46. Bite Prevention
• Check boots, gloves, tool belts, etc. before
use.
• Wear gloves when handling lumber, rocks,
landscape trimmings, etc.
• Exercise care when handling cardboard
boxes (they are often found in the space
under the folded cardboard flaps).

47. Spider Control
• Recluses and Widows are very resistant to
common insecticides.
• In fact, recent studies have shown that
insecticides can worsen spider problems since
Recluses tend to be scavengers and are drawn
by the high numbers of killed insects.
• Make sure the chemical you use is designed to
eliminate these spiders.
• Good housekeeping and “Just-In-Time” delivery
are great ways to reduce the presence of
spiders.

48. Spiders and OSHA
• OSHA regulations do not go into detail with
spiders.
• 1926.21 - In job site areas where harmful plants
or animals are present, employees who may be
exposed shall be instructed regarding the
potential hazards, and how to avoid injury, and
the first aid procedures to be used in the event
of injury.
• 1926.250 (c) - Storage areas shall be kept free1926.250 (c) - Storage areas shall be kept free
from accumulation of materials that constitutefrom accumulation of materials that constitute
hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, orhazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or pestpest
harborageharborage..

49. Related Websites
• Brown Recluse Information:
• http://www.brownreclusespider.org/
• http://www.desertusa.com/desert-animals/brown_spider.html
• Black Widow Information:
• http://www.desertusa.com/july97/du_bwindow.html
• http://doyourownpestcontrol.com/black_widow_spider.htm
• http://www.badspiderbites.com/black-widow-spider.php