6. hydrocele
Excessive collection of fluid within tunica
vaginalis
Divided into congenital & acquired
(further divided into primary and
secondary )
7. Congenital
-patent connection with peritoneal cavity via patent
processus vaginalis
Acquired
Primary:
-Idiopathic
-Can reach very large size with no pain
Secondary:
-Trauma/infection/tumor
-Small size. Tender if underlying testis tender
11. hamatocele
Collection of blood within tunica
vaginalis
Due to trauma or underlying malifnant
Not translucent (distinguished from
hydrocele)
12. varicocele
Dilated, tortuous & elongated veins of
pampiniform plexus of spermatid vein
(varicose vein in spermatid cord)
90% on the left because Lt testicular vein drain
into high pressure renal vein where the Rt
testicular vein drains directly into IVC
Usually asymptomatic but pt usually infertile as
it increases scrotal temperature which affect
normal sperm function
13.
14. Spermatocele & epididymal cyst
Testis are palpable
Cant distinguished clinical. Only by
aspiration.
-Spermatocele: slightly grey, opaque fluid
containing spermatozoa
-Epidydymal cyst: clear fluid
15. Testicular tumor
20-40 years old
>90% are derived from germ cells
Most common
-Seminomas: derived from spermatocyte
-Teratoma: dereved from 3 germ cell layer
ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
21. Acute epidydymo- orchitis
Primarily an infection of the epididymis
but then spread into testis
Organism : chlamydia/gonococcus/
E.coli
May be assoc with UTI
22. Presentation
Acute severe testicular pain
Pain is decrease by raising the testis
Scrotal skin red, hot & edematous
23.
24. Aetiology and pathological
features
Rare,except a/w mumps
Blood-borne infection
Surgical procedure on the lower urinary
tract,e.g. TUR
Organism: Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Escherichia coli and Chlamydia. In young man,
the commonest is Chlamydia
Tuberculosis
25. Clinical features
Preceding Hx of an operation or of
dysuria, frequency and heamaturia
Acute pain in scrotum,swelling
Epididymis:acutely tender and
enlarged(although it maybe difficult to
differentiate from the equally tender
testis)
Overlying redness and oedema maybe
present
26. Investigation
FBC: leucocytosis
Blood culture: helpful to direct antibiotic
treatment
Urinalysis: pyuria, organism maybe
revealed by culture
Aspiration of the epididymis
USG: increased blood flow
27. Management
Bed rest,scrotal elevation
Tetracycline or erthromycin
Other antiobiotic refer to culture
Partner should also be investigated and
treated
28.
29. Epidemiology
Both testes are undescend in 30% of
premature infants
Term:3%
One year:1%
Spontaneous descent after one year is
rare
30. Aetiology
Failure of migration along the normal
line of descent
Ectopic testis:testicle deviates away
from the line and lie in front of the penis
in the superficial inguinal pouch,in the
perineum or in the thigh.(reason
unknown)
31. Risk factor
Prematurity
Low birth weight
Twin gestation
Down syndrome(fetus) or other chromosomal
abnormality
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Prenatal alcohol exposure
Hormonal abnormalities (fetus)
Toxic exposures in the mother
Mother younger than 20
A family history of undescended testes
32. Clinical features
An empty scrotal sac or hemiscrotum at 1 year
indicates:
Proximal to the external inguinal
ring(undescended)
Truly absent
Retractile-the cremaster muscle reflexly pulls the
organ up towards the inguinal canal
Ectopic
33. Complication
Infertility:inevitable in bilateral and
common in unilateral
undescent,frequent in those who are
undescent treated.
Torsion
Trauma
Inguinal hernia
Malignant disease
34. Investigation
USG,CT and laparoscopy
Management
Target is to bring the testicle with its blood supply
into the scrotum as early as possible
Orchidopexy:should be done beyong puberty
Testicular prosthesis can be placed in the
scrotum
35. 1 Epididymis
2 Head of epididymis
3 Lobules of epididymis
4 Body of epididymis
5 Tail of epididymis
6 Duct of epididymis
7 Deferent duct (ductus deferens or vas
deferens)
36. Testicular torsion
Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic
cord(from which the testicle is suspended)
twists, cutting off the testicle's blood
supply(ischemia)
Cause: recognised complication of testicular
maldescent wherein the testis is inadequately
affixed to the scrotum allowing it to move freely
on its axis and susceptible to induced twisting of
the cord and its vessels.
Occurs most probably between birth and early
adolescence
37. Twist VS Untwist
Twist deprives the organ of its blood
supply
If untwist does not take place within 6
hours,ischaemia is irreversible,gangrene
develops and the testis either
suppurates or atrophies
38. Presentation & Finding
Acute severe testicular pain(affected side)
Testis is tender,swollen and hang higher
up(compared to other side)
Poorly localized central abdo pain
Vomitting(sometimes)
Scrotal skin become red,hot and edematous in
later stage
Palpation may feel the twisted cord
Pain is increase or no improvement by raising the
testis
40. Management
Surgical emergency
Non-operative
Maybe possible to de-rotate the testis
Surgical
Failure of non-operative reduction require
emergency operation
The testis is de-rotated and fixed
The gangrenous testis is removed
41. Dignosis of lumps in the scrotum
1. Can u get above it? : if not, mostlikely is an
inguinoscrotal hernia.(or a hydrocele extending
proximally)
2. Is it separate from the testis?
3. Is it cystic or solid?
Separate and cystic - epididymal cyst or
spermatocele
Separate and solid - epididymitis (may also
orchitis)
Testicular and cystic – hydrocele
Testicular and solid – tumour, orchitis