This is a big question! Distance education (DE) is one answer. DE allows people to learn - and earn - a certificate, diploma, or degree (almost) wherever they live. Technology has increased its reach, however, in order to reach the increasing number of people who are not able to find sustainable employment, or go to school full-time, DE could be expanded and instructional models and technologies improved. This literature review explores many questions to expand DE's reach.

1. Can Learning
Be Accessible
to All?
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Some images are fair use Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
Policies, practices and
processes in reaching
marginalized learners
Presentation to 2015 Athabasca University
Graduate Student Conference
September 25 – 27, 2015

2. Marginalized learners
Who are these learners?
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3. Marginalized learners
Mismatch between person’s (health) condition and
their environment
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4. How do we learn?
Pedagogy and Technology
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5. Rethink Learning
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6. Accessibility in Learning
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7. Assistive Technology: tools for
learners
• Alternative interface: screen readers; key-guards; keyboard
alternatives and mouse alternatives
• Visualization: video and animation
• Reading: audio narration; colour/front options; comprehension tools;
outlining; text-to-speech
• Recording: video; portable keyboards; digital camera; voice recording
• Writing: handwriting alternatives or handwriting recognition: e.g.
word prediction; word banks
• Planning, organizing or summarising :e.g. mind-mapping
software
• Communication: synthetic speech; symbol systems
(JISC TechDis, 2007a)
Seale, J. 2014, p. 7

8. Policies, Practices, and Processes
Open Education Resources
MOOCs
Collaboration
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9. Stakeholders
within
Educational
Institution
Mediating
Philosophy
Drivers
Stakeholders
outside
Educational
Institution
Disabled
Learner
Adapted from Seale, J. (2014), p. 12

10. Learner + Educational
Institution + Government +
Community +
Employer = Learner
Success
Learner Success
Presentation under Creative Commons
Some images are fair use

11. Can Learning Be
Accessible To All?
Presentation under Creative Commons
Some images are fair use
Policies, practices and
processes in reaching
marginalized learners
Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
Presentation to 2015 Athabasca University
Graduate Student Conference
September 25 – 27, 2015

12. References
 Babatunde I. & Bamidele, C. Opportunities and Challenges
for Open Educational
 Resources and Massive Open Online Courses: The Case of
Nigeria. Ipaye Educo-Health Project, Ilorin, Kwara Nigeria
http://linc.mit.edu/linc2013/proceedings/Session1/Session1Ipaye.pdf
 Bates, T. (2011) Distance Learning in Mongolia. Open
learning and distance education resources.
www.tonybates.ca
 Bersin, Josh. March 22, 2013. Chief Learning Officer. The
Educational Mismatch.
 Retrieved May 29, 2015.
http://www.clomedia.com/articles/the-educational-mismatch
 Guide to Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section
15 – Equality Rights.
 Canadian Heritage Website. Retrieved August 12, 2015
http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1355929397607/
1355929510108
 Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for your
Organization: Overview. September 7, 2012.
http://www.w3.org./WAI/intro/accessibility.php
 Hannum, W.H., Irvin, M.J., Bank, S.B., & Farmer, T.W. (2009).
Distance education use in rural schools. Journal of Research
in Rural Education, 24(3).
 Jenson, J. (2000). Backgrounder: Thinking about
Marginalization: What, Who, and Why? Canadian Policy
Research Networks Inc. (CPRN). Web Version – November
2000.
 Kelly, B., Sloan, D., Brown, S. Seale, J. Petrie, H., Lauke, P., &
Ball, S. (2007). Accessibility 2.0:
People, Policies and Processes. Technical Paper, May 07-08,
2007, Banff, Canada. Co-located with the 16th
International
World Wide Web Conference.
 Parkes, M., Spiegel, J., Breih, J., Cabarcas, F., Huish, R., &
Yassim A. (2009). Promoting the health of marginalized
populations in Ecuador through international collaboration
and educational innovations. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 2009; 87: 312-319.

13. References
 Roach, W.L., 2009. Edited by Atkinson, C. (2010) and Boyd,
D. (2011). ETEC 510. Ensuring Quality Education Through the
Use of Technology in a Rural Setting
 Rahona-Lopez, M. and Perez-Esparrells. (2013). Educational
Attainment and Educational Mismatch in the First
Employment in Spain. International Scholarly Research
Notices. Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 850827. Retrieved
July 12, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850827
 Seale, J. E-learning and disability in higher education:
accessibility research and practice. 2nd
Ed. Routledge.
 Tate, K., Fallon, K.M., Casquarelli, E.J., Marks, L.R. (2014).
Opportunities for Action: Traditionally Marginalized
Populations and the Economic Crisis.
http://tpcjournal.nbcc.org/opportunities-for-action-
traditionally-marginalized-populations-and-the-economic-
crisis/
 Taormina-Weiss, W. 2012. The Costs of Marginalizing People
with Disabilities. 2012.02.24. Disabled World. Editorial.
http://www.disabled-world-com/editorials/marginalizing.php

 Three Principles of Universal Design Principles. Kurzweil
Education Systems. Retrieved at
https://www.kurzweiledu.com/udl-three-principles-p4.html
 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(2006) recognizes Web accessibility as a basic human right.
 http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?
navid=12&pid=150
 World Conference on Youth 2014. Issue Brief: Empowering
Marginalized Youth including Young Key Populations.
http://www.wcy2014.com
 Yembuu, B. n.d. Open and Distance Education in Mongolia:
Possible Relevance of Open Access. National Centre for Non
Formal and Distance Education, Mongolia. Retrieved August
1, 2015 from
www.coady.stfx.ca/tinroom/assets/file/resources/.../yembuu
.pdf