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第1章
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第 1 章
计算机系统结构的基本概念 张晨曦 刘依 www. GotoSchool .net [email_address]
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1.1 引言
1.2 计算机系统结构的概念 1.3 定量分析技术 1.4 计算机系统结构的发展 1.5 计算机系统结构中并行性的发展
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1.1 引言
约 20% 3 个(见下页) 2002 年以来 50% 以上 维持了约 16 年 RISC 结构的出现,系统结构不断更新和变革,制造技术不断发展 20 世纪 80 年代中开始 约 35% 大规模集成电路和微处理器 出现 , 以集成电路为代表的制 造技术的发展 20 世纪 70 年代末 - 80 年代初 25% 两种因素都起着主要的作用 1946 年起的 25 年 每年的性能增长 原 因 时 间
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1.1 引言
系统结构的重大转折: 从单纯依靠指令级并行转向开发线程级并行和数据级并行。 计算机系统结构在计算机的发展中有着极其重要的作用。
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1.4 计算机系统结构的发展
1.4.1 冯 · 诺依曼结构 存储程序计算机的结构
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SGI Cray T3E
, IBM SP2 , DEC AlphaServer 8400 大规模、可扩展 并行与分布处理 超标量、超流水 SMP 、 MP 、 MPP 机群 高性能微处理器高密度电路 第五代 ( 1991 年—) Cray-1 , IBM 3090 , DEC VAX 9000 , Convax-1 并行与分布处理 向量处理 分布式存储器 LSI 和 VLSI 半导体存储器 第四代 ( 1975—1990 年) IBM 360/370 , CDC 6600/7600 , DEC PDP-8 多道程序 分时操作系统 流水线、 Cache 先行处理 系列机 SSI 和 MSI 多层印刷电路 微程序 第三代 ( 1965—1974 年) Univac LAPC , CDC 1604 , IBM 7030 高级语言和编译 批处理监控系统 浮点数据表示 寻址技术 中断、 I/O 处理机 晶体管、磁芯 印刷电路 第二代 ( 1955—1964 年) 普林斯顿 ISA , ENIAC , IBM 701 机器语言 汇编语言 存储程序计算机 程序控制 I/O 电子管和继电器 第一代 ( 1945—1954 年) 典型实例 软件特征 结构特征 器件特征 分代
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