The document provides information about the Arctic and Antarctic regions, including: 1) The Arctic has multiple definitions based on location north of the Arctic Circle or 60° north latitude, while the Antarctic is defined as south of 60° south latitude or the continent of Antarctica. 2) Polar regions have a polar climate with extremely cold temperatures due to receiving less intense solar radiation and axial tilt of the Earth directing the least sunlight to the poles. 3) The midnight sun phenomenon causes the sun to remain visible at midnight during summer months in areas within and near the Arctic and Antarctic circles.

1. The Arctic has numerous definitions, including the
region north of the Arctic Circle currently (Epoch 2010
at 66°33'44" N), or the region north of 60°
north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south
to the timberline.
The Antarctic is usually defined as south of 60°
south latitude, or the continent of Antarctica. The
1959 Antarctic Treaty uses the former definition.

2. Distributions of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere.
purple region : permafrost
blue regions : seasonally frozen ground (the soil is frozen for 15
days
or more per year )
pink regions : intermittently frozen ground ( the soil is frozen for
fewer
than 15 days per year )
solid line : the average maximum extent of the seasonal snow cover

3. Climate
Polar region receive less intensive solar radiation because the sun's energy arrives
at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance
through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or
reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of
the year in temperate areas.
The axial tilt of the Earth has a major effect on climate of the polar regions. Since
the polar regions are the farthest from the equator, they receive the least amount
of sunlight and are therefore frigid. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects
a large part of what little sunlight the Polar regions receive, contributing to the
cold. Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold
temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form
permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours
of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

5. While the Sun doesn't rise above the horizon, it does come close to doing so.
Instead of the pitch black many imagine it to be like, you get a blue light
much of the time during the days of the polar night.

6. The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon occurring in summer months at
latitudes north and nearby to the south of the Arctic Circle, and south and nearby
to the north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun remains visible at the local
midnight. Given fair weather, the sun is visible for a continuous 24 hours, mostly
north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. The number of days per
year with potential midnight sun increases the farther pole ward one goes from the
equator.

7. When to see the midnight sun
According to Visit Norway the midnight sun is visible at
the Arctic Circle from June 12 until July 1. The further north
one goes the longer this period extends.
At North Cape, Norway, known as the northernmost point
of Continental Europe this period extends approximately from
May 14 to July 29. On the Svalbard archipelago further north
this period extends from April 20 to August 22.

8. Polar ice caps form because high latitude regions receive less
energy in the form ofsolar radiation from
the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface
temperatures.

9. Sea ice is largely formed from seawater that freezes. Because
the oceans consist of saltwater, this occurs below the freezing point of
pure water, at about -1.8 °C (28.8 °F).

10. Purple aurora

12. Icebergs

13. A glacier carving a valley in Greenland

14. Photo of Pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin)
on Petermann Island, Antarctica,
Transantarctic Mountains, Northern
Victoria Land, view from close to Cape
Roberts

15. artic animals

17. milkwort

18. People of the arctic
The Yakuts - a Legendary Horse People
The Lapps - the Indigenous People of Lapland

19. Transport
Traditional qamutik (sled),
umiak
kayak

20. clothing
This Inunait or Inuit parka/anorak is typical of an Inuit
woman's parka from the early 1900s and was made from
the thin skins of summer caribou (the summer skin is
short, mostly consisting of tight under wool). The parka
has 2 extra layers to provide additional warmth to its
user.
Clothing consisted of
coat, trousers, stockings, shoes or boots.

21. House of inuits- igloo