2. Communication
Latin word – communis (common)
An exchange of idea, facts, opinions or
emotions to create mutual understanding.
Nature of communication:
1. Pervasive function
2. Continuous process
3. Mutual understanding
4. Two way process
3. The Communication Process
and Communication Barriers
Communication process – Consists
of a sender who encodes a message
and transmits it through a channel to a
receiver who decodes it and may give
feedback.
5. The Process of
Communication
How may the senderHow may the sender
encode a message?encode a message?
Verbally or nonverbally. By
speaking, writing, gesturing.
What kinds of channelsWhat kinds of channels
carry messages?carry messages?
Letters, e-mail, IM, memos,
TV, telephone, voice, body.
Others?
6. The Process of
Communication
How does a receiverHow does a receiver
decode a message?decode a message?
Hearing, reading, observing
When is communicationWhen is communication
successful?successful?
When a message is
understood as the sender
intended it to be.
How can aHow can a
communicator providecommunicator provide
for feedback?for feedback?
Ask questions, check
reactions, don’t dominate
the exchange.
8. Barriers to Communication
5-8
Thought speedThought speed our minds process thoughts
faster than speakers say
them
FakingFaking
attentionattention
pretending to listen
GrandstandingGrandstanding talking all the time or
listening only for the next
pause
9. Gender Conversation
Differences
Men and women converse for different
reasons.
Men tend to talk to emphasize status.
Women tend to talk to create
connections and develop relations.
10. Role/significance of communication
Planning & decision making
Implementation of plans
Motivation & morale
Human relations
Training & development
Coordination
Public relation
11. Channel of communication
Route through which information flow
Formal – institutionally determined and
related with the status of sender and receiver.
Deliberately created to regulate flow of
information in orderly manner.
1. Downward communication
2. Upward communication
3. Horizontal communication
4. Diagonal communication
12. Channel of communication
Informal communication (grapevine)
1. Informal & inter personal
2. Information passes to all direction
3. Flexible & faster
4. Nobody can be held responsible for it
5. Gossips & rumours
13. Communication media
Oral
Written
1. Clarity of thought
2. Simplicity
3. Brevity (brief)
4. Completeness
5. Correctness
6. Empathy (projection on receiver’s position)
7. Pretesting
Nonverbal(Gestural)
14. Communication network
Circle network – Greater satisfaction, noisy,
slow, unorganized
Chain network – order from one superior,
inflexible
Wheel network – all communication passes
through center person, fast but autocratic
All channel network – free flow of
information, highest satisfaction but
unstructured
15. Barrier to communication
Organizational
Status
Semantic
Inattention
Perceptual
Information overload
Premature evaluation
Channel distortion
16. Effective communication
Clarity
Completeness
Brevity
Timeliness
Compassion
Integrity
Compassion
Feedback
Attention
Strategic use of grapevine