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Concrete compaction [compatibility mode]
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CONCRETE : COMPACTION
BY
RAJESH JINDAL
15 Sep 2013
CTM : 2013
References
MS Shetty - Concrete Technology
Neville & Brookes - Concrete Technology
IS 456
www.concrete.org
Guide for consolidation of concrete : ACI
Committee Report 2006
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GEN OUTLINE
What is Compaction
Why is it required
Compacting Efforts
Manual
Mechanical
Certain Do’s & Don’ts
Compaction of Concrete
What is Compaction
Process adopted for expelling the
entrapped air to achieve dense
mass
Constituent Entrapped Air
Before
Compaction
After
Compaction
Aggregates 60-75% 60-75%
Cement 25-40% 25-40%
Air 25-30% 1-2%
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Compaction of Concrete
Why is Compaction required
To drive out entrapped air to densify
fresh concrete
During Mixing, Transportation & Placing – air gets
entrapped
Quantity of air entrapped inversely proportional
to workability
Entrapped air adversely affects quality & strength
To make fresh concrete conform
intimately to shape of form
Increased homogeneity & uniformity
Why is Compaction Required
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Compaction of Concrete
Adverse Effects of Entrapped Air
Low Strength & Durability
Low resistance to abrasion
Poor bonding with reinforcement and
low bond strength
High Porosity
Resulting in easy ingress of moisture,
chemicals
Weakening of Concrete & reinforcement
CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE
Inadequate consolidation
can result in:
Honeycomb
Excessive amount of
entrapped air voids (bug-
holes)
Sand streaks
Placement lines (Cold joints)
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Compaction of Concrete
How to Achieve Full Compaction
Adequate Workability
Mix not to be too wet – reduces strength
For max strength – driest possible mix to
be used
Usage of Compacting Efforts
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Compaction of Concrete
Compacting Efforts
Manual Compaction
Rodding
Ramming
Tamping
Compaction by Vibrations
By Vibratory rollers
Compaction by Pressure and Jolting
Compaction by Spinning
Compaction of Concrete
Manual Compacting Efforts
Suitable For
Unimportant Concrete work, small works
Places where reinforcement is more &
does not permit use of vibrating
equipment
Higher consistency
Upto concrete thickness of 15 to 20 cms
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Compaction of Concrete
Manual Compacting Efforts
Rodding
Poking concrete with 2 m long, 16 mm dia
rod to pack concrete between rft, corners
& edges
Ramming
In foundations, unreinforced concrete on
ground
Not permitted where rft may be disturbed
or formwork may fail
Compaction of Concrete
Manual Compacting Efforts
Tamping
Consists of beating the top fresh concrete
surface by wooden crossbeam of size 10 x
10 cm
When thickness is less
Surface is more
Not only compacts, but also levels top
surface
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Compaction of Concrete
Compaction by Vibrations
Manual Compaction – may give
satisfactory results; iff - Adequate
Workability & Care
Strength low because high W/C ratio
In case of High Strength Concrete, Low
W/C ratio, thick members, larger
volumes – mechanical means of
compaction - mandatory
Compaction of Concrete
Compaction by Vibrations
Energy for compaction is supplied
through oscillatory motion of vibrations
(nearly SHM)
Vibrations are generated by means of
rotating eccentric masses having
Frequency
Amplitude
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Compaction of Concrete
Principle behind Compaction by Vibrations
Prior to compaction, concrete is mass of
separate particles coated with mortar,
held in pile by arching action of coarser
particles.
Arching is result of friction between
aggregate particles, surface tension &
cohesive forces of cement paste.
Voids caused by arching – upto 30%
Compaction of Concrete
Principle behind Compaction by Vibrations
Vibratory impulses liquefy mortar portion of
concrete, thus help reduce friction resulting in
consolidation under gravity
After vibrations, concrete internal friction is re-
established, cohesion restores and strength
increases
Velocity of compression waves generated is 45
m/sec in beginning of vibrations which
increases to 240 m/sec at the end
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Compaction of Concrete
Principle behind Compaction by Vibrations
Waves move air & water more than
solids & generate hydraulic pressure
with interstitial water filled space. Excess
pressure results in pressure on pores,
causes these to break, forces water out.
Pressure max in most constricted spaces
& causes reduction in internal friction
giving the paste temporary fluidity
Compaction of Concrete
Principle behind Compaction by Vibrations
Consolidation takes place in two stages
Stage – I
Vertical settlement of coarse aggregates
takes place in a manner similar to packing
of granular material
Shape of aggregates plays a major role, air
voids up to 5% remains at this stage
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Compaction of Concrete
Principle behind Compaction by Vibrations
Stage – II
Concrete behaves like dense fluid
Internal vibrations set particles in motion,
reducing internal friction, achieving temp
liquefaction, thus enabling easy settlement
Air voids are removed forcing mortar to
appear at the surface
This is one of the way to assess sufficiency
achieved in of compaction by vibrations
Optimum Vibration Time
Timings of Vibrations in Seconds
Unitweight
Optimum Time is
directly proportional to
Size of Vibrator
Type of concrete
Size of concrete or
member
Type of vibrations i.e.
frequency, amplitude &
acceleration
Optimum Time
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Compaction of Concrete
Advantages : Compaction by Vibrations
Efficient than Manual
Concrete can be placed and compacted in
difficult sections
Slump requirements – 4 cm with vibrations &
12 cms with manual method
Facilitates use of less water – thus increased
strength & durability
In essence, method of removal of entrapped
air is different
Compaction of Concrete
Type of Vibrators
Internal
Poker - immersed in concrete for compaction
Poker can easily be removed & moved from
point to point
External
External vibrators clamp direct to the
formwork requiring strong & rigid forms.
Examples - Formwork, Table, Platform,
Surface & Vibratory Rollers type
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To aid in the removal of trapped air the
vibrator head should be rapidly plunged into
the mix and slowly moved up and down.
Internal Vibrators
The actual completion
of vibration is judged by
the appearance of the
concrete surface which
must be neither rough
nor contain excess
cement paste.
Immersion / Poker
/ Submersible /
Spud Type
Flexible Drive
Type
Motor in Head
Internal Vibrators
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Most Common
Vibrations upto 12000 cps
Dia of poker 20 to 175 mm
Length of poker – 25 to 90 mm
Needle can be replaced by flat needle
(blade) to compact congested areas
Portable
Internal Vibrators
Internal Vibrators
d
1½ R
Vibrator
R - Radius of Action
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Penetrate vertically to sufficient depth,
hold stationary and remove slowly @
7.5 m/sec
Vibrations at regular spacing to ensure
compaction of all portions & overlap
Minimum 10 sec are required for
complete compaction.
Execution of Vibrations
Execution of Vibrations
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Execution of Vibrations
R is Radius of
action
D is Spacing
E is thickness
of section
Execution of Vibrations
CORRECT
Vertical penetration a few inches
into previous lift (which should not
yet be rigid) of systematic regular
intervals will give adequate
consolidation
INCORRECT
Haphazard random penetration of
the vibrator at all angles and
spacings without sufficient depth
will not assure intimate combination
of the two layers
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External Vibrators
Form vibrators
Vibrating tables (Lab)
Surface vibrators
Vibratory screeds
Plate vibrators
Vibratory roller
screeds
Vibratory hand floats
or trowels
External vibrators rigidly clamped to formwork so
that form & concrete are subjected to vibrations.
Considerable work needed to vibrate forms.
Forms must be strong and tied enough to prevent
distortion and leakage of the grout.
Suitable for thin members or Pre-Cast units
Frequency range – 1000-5000 cycles per min
Finish quality – Good
Consumes more power – less efficient than internal
External Vibrators
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Vibrating Table
Used for small
quantities of
concrete (lab &
some precast
elements)
External Vibrators
Table Vibrators
Larger than table vibrators.
Used for manufacture of
Concrete Poles
Railway Sleepers
Prefabricated roofing elements
Platform vibrators may also be coupled for
jerking and shock to achieve thorough
compaction.
External : Platform Vibrators
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Also : Screed Board Vibrators
Suitable for
Roof slabs
Floor Slabs
Roads surfaces
Effective upto 15 cm depth
Types : Pan Type, Vibrating Roller screed,
Vibratory Plate, Vibratory roller for
pavements
External : Surface Vibrators
Other vibrators
are not suitable
Used for mass concrete : Dams,
pavements.
Heavy roller vibrates dry lean concrete
Tech originated in Japan & now being
used worldwide.
Example : Roller compacted M-10 grade
concrete used in Mathura Highway and
Pune Expressway.
External : Vibratory Rollers
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Combined action of Vibrations – Pressure
& Jolting results in very good compaction
& dense concrete
Very effective for very dry lean mixes
Gen used for compacting hollow blocks,
cavity blocks, solid concrete blocks,
railway sleepers etc.
Compaction of Concrete
Vibrations with Pressure & Jolting
Efficient
High frequency & Low amplitude
results in efficient compaction
Compaction by Vibrations
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Used for compacting concrete pipes.
Recent technology
Plastic concrete when spun at a very high
speed, gets well compacted by centrifugal
force.
Used for concrete spun pipes, hume pipes
etc.
Compaction of Concrete
External : Spinning
Vibrators are powered by
Electric motor either driving the vibrator
through flexible shaft or by motor situated in
head of vibrator
IC engines driving the vibrator needle
through flexible shaft.
Compressed air motor situated near the
head of vibrator
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
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Electricity driven or electric motor
driven – most reliable & efficient
Light & Compact
Consistent
Ease of Handling
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
Care should be taken for
Vibrating head – not to come in
contact with hard objects – Impact
may damage bearings.
No sharp bends in flexible shaft drive
Vibrators to conform to IS 2505 – 1963
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
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Vibrators to be selected on
appreciation of quantum & type of
concreting
Concrete to be compacted must be
stiff of high compaction factor of 0.75
to 0.85
Good and strong formwork
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
Size of vibrating needle, Timings of
vibration & time of introduction &
removal of needle must be taken care
of.
Joints of formwork to be tight to
prevent squeezing out of grout and
sucking in of air during vibrations.
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
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Absence of precautions may lead to
honeycombing.
Needles must be inserted vertical and
at regular intervals.
Careful application of mould releasing
agents.
Ensure bonding between layers.
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
Internal vibrator not to be used to
spread concrete.
Deposit concrete in advance and then
vibrate.
No vibrations recommended near free
end of concrete, usually not within
120 cms of it.
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
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Restrict concrete layers upto 60 cms
to ensure proper vibrations and
removal of trapped air. Concrete upto
1m thick may require very powerful
vibrators.
Depth of vibrations must facilitate
bonding between layers.
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
Ensure careful spacing and overlap
for full compaction at all places.
Vibrations to be completed within an
hour - initial setting time.
Grouping of reinforcement may be
resorted to enable vibrations.
Over vibrations result in segregation.
Compaction of Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
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Imperfections in Concrete
Guidelines for use of Vibrators
Issue Appearance
&
Description
Design
Issues
Form &
condition
Concrete &
Placement
Compaction
Honey
Combing
Stony, air
voids
Narrow
sections
Grout loss Free Fall,
Low slump
Poor
Bug Holes Small Holes Excess Oil Lean, Low
slump
Inadequate
Subsidence
Cracking
Short cracks Plastic
settlement
High W/C Inadequate
Form Offset Irregular
Surface
Weak Form Non uniform
Cold Joints Discontinuity Poor
Planning
Delayed
Placing
Inadequate
Thank You