1. A Project report on
COMPUTER BASIC
Submitted to
The Institute of Chartered Accountant of India
XXXXXXX Branch
In Partial Fulfillment of the ITT 100 hours
Training
Guided By: Submitted By:
XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX
Center in Charge EROXXXXX
XXXXX
Faculty
ITT, Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India,
XXXXXXX Branch
Year 2012
ITT 100 Hours Training Under Institute Of Chartered Accountants
Of India

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that XXXXX XXXX a student of ITT 100 hours of
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has prepared a project
on “COMPUTER BASICS” under my guidance.
She has fulfilled all the requirements needed for preparing the
project report.
I wish her all success in life.
Date:- _________________________
Authorised Signature
ITT Branch, XXXXXX

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There is no project that can be completed through an individual effort.
It always takes the contribution of a lot of people. The contribution of
some is direct and of others is indirect. I express my sincere gratitude
towards all those who help me directly and indirectly throughout the
project.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation
and gratitude to XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX who in the role of
institutional guide offered me their precise guidance, motivation,
suggestion in completing this project work.
My sincere thanks also goes to my parents who have continuously
supported me in this effort.
Finally, I offer my thanks to my fellow group members as without
their co-operation it would not have been possible for the project
report to materialize.
Registration No.:ERO-XXXXXXX

4. INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a global network of networks.People and organizations
connect into the Internet so they can access its massive store of
shared information.It is an inherently participative medium. Anybody
can publish information or create new services.The Internet is a
cooperative endeavor -- no organization is inchargeof the net.
By the turn of the century, information, including access to the
Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political
advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information
superhighway. Whether we want to find the latest financial news,
browse through library catalogs, exchange information with
colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool
that will take us beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a
burgeoning networked information frontier.
The Internet supplements the traditional tools we use to gather
information, Data Graphics, News and correspond with other people.
Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings information,
expertise, and knowledge on nearly every subject imaginable straight
to your computer.

5. CONTENTS
Chapter 1:
 Introduction
 Executive Summary
 Objective of the Study
 Resarch Methodology
Chapter 2:
 Search Engine
 How search engine works
 Web Crawling
 Indexing
 Searching
 Bibliography

6. EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Topic:
Internet
Sources of Data:
Internet
Books
Location of study:
Guwahati
Institutional Guide:
Himanshu Haloi(Centre-in-Charge)
Sagar Nath(Faculty)
Objective:
The project was basically prepared to view the working and
importance of Internet.
Data Source:
Secondary

7. OBJECTIVEOFTHE STUDY
To gain in-depth knowledge about Internet, both of which are
important tools in the areas of software development and
computer programming.
To understand the structure of flowcharting, the symbols and
steps required to prepare it and the different types of flowcharts.
To analyse the advantages and limitations of Internet and its
extensive use in different feilds.
To comprehend the meaning and types of decision tables and the
steps in the process of making it.
To understand the applications of decision tables in various
fields.

8. RESEARCHMETHODOLGY
Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research
studies. Researches conducted in different fields of study can be
different in methodology but every research is based on data which is
analyzed and interpreted to get information.
Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like
census, population variables, health statistics, and road accidents
records are all developed from data.
Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures
in computer are all data.
Primary Data:
Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as
primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more
reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed
or altered by human beings, therefore its validity is greater than
secondary data.
Following are some of the sources of primary data.
Experiments: Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in
which to perform logical study to collect data. Experiments are more
suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and for other
scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control
over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results.
Survey: Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences,
management, marketing and psychology to some extent. Surveys can
be conducted in different methods.
Questionnaire: is the most commonly used method in survey.
Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-ended or close
-ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire

9. can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in
an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other
methods.
Interview: Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the
respondent. In interview the main problem arises when the
respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in
depth source of information. The interviewer can not only
record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observe
the body language, expressions and other reactions to the
questions too. This enables the interviewer to draw conclusions
easily.
Observations: Observation can be done while letting the
observing person know that he is being observed or without
letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural
settings as well as in artificially created environment.
Secondary Data:
Data collected from a source that has already been published in
any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in
nay research is based on secondary data.
Mostly from books, journals, periodicals,internet and electronic
media.
The methodology used in preparation of this project is mostly
secondary with the help of books and internet .

10. Search Engine
The World Wide Web is "indexed" through the use of search engines,
which are also referred to as "spiders," "robots," "crawlers," or
"worms". These search engines comb through the Web documents,
identifying text that is the basis for keyword searching.
The list below lists several search engines and how each one gathers
information, plus resources that evaluate the search engines:-
Alta Vista
Alta Vista, maintained by The Digital Equipment Corp., indexes the full
text of over 16 million pages including newsgroups. Check out the Alta
Vista Tips page.
Excite Netsearch
Excite includes approximately 1.5 million indexed pages, including
newsgroups. Check out
the Excite NetSearch handbook.
InfoSeek Net Search
Indexes full text of web pages, including
selected newsgroups and electronic
journals. Just under one-half million pages indexed.
Check out the InfoSeek Search Tips.

11. Inktomi
As of December 1995, the Inktomi search engine
offers a database of approximately 2.8 million indexed Web
documents and promises very fast search retrievals. Results are
ranked in order of how many of your searched terms are used on the
retrieved pages.
Lycos
Lycos indexes web pages (1.5 million +), web page titles, headings,
subheadings, URLs, and significant text.
Search results are returned in a ranked order.
Magellan
Magellan indexes over 80,000 web sites. Search results are ranked and
annotated.
Open Text Index
Indexes full text of approximately 1.3 million pages. Check out the
Open Text Help pages for tips on using this search engine.
WebCrawler
Maintained by America Online, WebCrawler indexes over 200,000
pages on approximately 75,000 web servers. URLs, titles, and
document content are indexed.
WWWW -- World Wide Web Worm
Approximately 250,000 indexed pages; indexed content includes
hypertext, URLs, and document titles.
Yahoo
A favorite directory and search engine, Yahoo has organized over
80,000 Web sites (including newsgroups) into 14 broad categories.

12. How Search Engine Works?
Each search engine works in a different way. Some engines scan
for information in the title or header of the document; others look
at the bold "headings" on the page for their information. However,
a search engine operates, in the following three steps:
• Web Crawling:A special
Software robots called
spiders built list of word
found on millions of web
sites. When a spider is
building its list , the
process is called
web crawling.
• Indexing: After crawlin
the contents of each page
are then analyzed to
determine how it
should be indexed.
• Searching: It means Building a query and submitting it
through the search engine.

13. Web Crawling
A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World
Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly
fashion. This process is called
Web crawling or spidering.
Many sites, in particular search
engines, use spidering as a
means of providing up-to-date
data. Web crawlers are mainly
used to create a copy of all the
visited pages for later processing
by a search engine that will
index the downloaded pages to
provide fast searches. Crawlers
can also be used for automating
maintenance tasks on a Web site,
such as checking links or validating HTML code. Also, crawlers
can be used to gather specific types of information from Web
pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses (usually for
sending spam).
A Web crawler is one type of bot, or software agent. In general, it
starts with a list of URLs to visit, called the seeds. As the crawler
visits these URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in the page and
adds them to the list of URLs to visit, called the crawl frontier.
URLs from the frontier are recursively visited according to a set of
policies.

14. Indexing
Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to
facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. An alternate
name for the process in the context of search engines designed to
find web pages on the Internet is web indexing. The purpose of
storing an index is to
optimize speed and
performance in finding
relevant documents for
a search query. Without
an index, the search engine
would scan every document
in the corpus, which would
require considerable time
and computing power.
For example, while an index
of 10,000 documents can
be queried within
milliseconds, a sequential
scan of every word in
10,000 large documents could take hours. The additional
computer storage required to store the index, as well as the
considerable increase in the time required for an update to take
place, are traded off for the time saved during information
retrieval.

15. Searching
When a user enters a query into a search engine, the engine
examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web
pages according to criteria, usually with a short summary
containing the documents title
and sometimes part of the
text. Most search engines
support the use of the Boolean
operators AND, OR and
NOT to further specify the
search query. Some search
engines provide an advanced
feature called proximity
search which allows users
to define the distance between
keywords. The usefulness of
a search depends on the
relevance of
the result set it gives back.
While there may be millions
of web pages that include a
particular word or phrase,
some pages may be more
relevant, popular, or
authoritative than others.
Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to
provide the “best” results first.