Evolution of Man

1. Under The Guidance of By :- Ramshankar
Pushpraj Singh Kaurav Msc 2nd sem.
S.O.S earth science S.O.S in Earth Science
Jiwaji University Gwalior

2.  Introduction
 History of human evolution
 Major sites of human fossils
 Place and Time origin of man
 Morphological similarities and Differences
between man and apes
 Geological time scale
 Pre-human ancestors
 Future of man
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

3.  Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by
which people originated from apelike ancestors.
 Scientific evidence show that the physical and behavioral
traits shared by all people originated from apelike
ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately 6
million years .
 The closest relatives of man in evolution belong to family
SIMIDAE which include man like anthropoid apes. A
large number of fossil bone and teeth have been found at
various places throughout Africa ,Europe and Asia.

5.  T.H. HUXLEY (1863)-: made first attempt to man’s origin in
his book ‘Man’s place In Nature’ and visualized apes the
closest human relatives .Later in 1871. Charles Darwin
advocated his idea about man’s ancestry in his book ‘The
Descent with man’ and propounded origin of man from
apes.
 First fossils of human ancestors were described by Eugene
Dubois in 1880’s This includes skull cap . Lower law jaw
fragments and thigh bones from East Indies . Most pre
human fossils were discovered and studied from 1920
onward .
 The main contributors for the study of human evolution
were Raymond Dart (1920s). Davidson Black (1934). L.S.B
Leakey and Mary Leakey and son Richard.

6.  Human and Pre-human fossils have been obtained from
Africa, India, China, Algeria and In south Africa, fossils
of AUSTROPHITAUCS, PARANTHROPUS, HOMO
ERECTUS AND NEANDERTHAL man were Tanzania,
java, Zambia and Kenya respectively. East Africa, Israel,
Iraq and Lebanon were rich in human fossil deposits of
Neanderthal, Heidelberg and Cro-Magnon man .

7.  The fossils of pre-human a ancestral human forms have been
obtain from widely divers regions of Africa, Asia and Europe
which indicate that man’s centre of origin was probably in
Asia and Africa. Most precisely in central Asia.
 Primates are presumed to have started evolving in Eocene of
Tertiary period between 75 and 60 million years ago. They
were small lemur like animals. They were primarily arboreal
with a long and small face. In late Oligocene ,about 25 to 30
million years ago, when these evergreen forest were replaced
by drier Savannah Grasslands, some tree dwelling primates
returned back to the ground and became ancestors of apes
and man. Thus evolution of man and apes started together
about 25 to 30 million years ago. HUMANIZTION separated
from other apes about 6 million years ago in Pliocene (in
Africa).

8.  Great similarities between ape and man indicates that
they have evolved simultaneously and from some
common ancestral stock for quite some time. After that
man’s ancestors assumed bipedal gait and upright
posture, whereas ape’s ancestors still used their
knuckles. Following are the special features of man
which have been acquired during humanization.
 Bipedal locomotion
 Upright posture
 Opposable thumbs
 Large brain and high cranial capacity.
 Face become orthognathous, simian shelf absent, chin
present eye brown ridge absent

9.  In man dental arch is rounded parabola. Canines and
incisors are small. Simian gap is absent in the upper jaw
between incisors and canines.
 Man is omnivorous now.
 Intelligence reached highest level.
 humans have evolved forwardly directed eyes with great
power of accommodation and posses binocular and
stereoscopic vision enabling depth perception and distance
estimation.
 Social and cultural organization
All difference between modern apes and man indicates both
might have evolved from some common ancestors
simultaneously but on 2 different path. Apes tool to
brachiation and man returned back to ground habit.

12.  Ape-like primate.
 Short arms.
 Lived in Oligocene period.
 Ancestors of modern
apes and man.
 Their incisor teeth were
vertical rather than direct
forward and molars had
5 cusps each

13.  Fossils found in Cairo.
 Fossils ape.
 Similar to propliopithecus.
 Lived in Oligocene
period.

14.  Lived in Oligocene period
or early Miocene period.
 Descended from
Propliopithecus.
 Had arms and legs of
same length, has semisecret
posture, without browrigdes.
 It was arboreal ,knuckle
walker , ate soft fruits and
leaves
 Common ancestors of
man and apes.

15.  Prior to Ape-man.
 Lived in late Miocene and
early Pliocene period.
 Fossils contain only jaws
and dentition V shaped.
 Collected from India and
Africa.
 Direct ancestor to man.
 Waked erect on its hind feet.
 Had small canines and low
crowned molars capped with
thick layer of enamel, ate hard
hard nuts and seeds.

16.  Ape-Man.
 Lived in Pleistocene period.
 Connecting link between man
and ape.
 Australopithecus African's
is a common fossil.
 Erect posture with 4 feet
height.
 Bipedal locomotion.
 Hand used for non-locomotory
functions.
 Cranial capacity is 500 cc
 Brown ridges projected over eyes,
did Not have chin.

17.  First true Man.
 Primitive man.
 Lived in Pleistocene period.
 Also called skillful man
or tool maker.
 Bipedal locomotion.
 Taller than Australopithecus.
 They were hunters and
gatherers.
 brain capacity 700-800 cc
 Was first to use tools.
 Less body hair.
 Cannibalistic .
 Flattened skull.

18.  Fore-runner of modern man.
 Evolved from Homo Habilis
 1.5-1.8 meters high.
 Had protruding jaws,
projecting brow ridge and small
canines and large molar teeth.
 Cranium capacity is 800-1300 cc
 He use fire.
 Also called java man.
 Lived in java and Peking.

19.  Early Homo sapiens.
 Lived in late Pleistocene
period.
 Found near Heidelberg
River.
 Ancestor to Neanderthal man.
 Cranial capacity 1300 cc
 Known from their massive
lower jaw.
 Jaw is large and heavy
and lack a chin.

20.  Advanced primitive man.
 Found in Neander valley.
 Slightly shorter than
modern man.
 Had slightly Prognathous face.
 Brain capacity 1300-1600 cc
 Walk upright, Low brows,
receding jaws, large teeth
and domed head.
 Skillful use of tools.
 Developed speech.
 Cave dwellers.
 Adapted to cold environment.

21.  Found in Rhodesia.
 Lived in late Pliocene period
 Receding forehead and
Heavy brows.
 Cranial capacity 1300 cc

22.  Extinct modern man.
 Lived in old stone age.
 Lived in caves.
 They were hunters and artists.
 Cranial capacity 1650 cc
 Face orthognathous with an
arrow, Elevated nose, broad
and arched forehead, moderate
brow ridges, strong jaws with
man like dentition and a well
developed chin.
 Were direct ancestor of living
modern man.

23.  Evolved from Cro-Magnon.
 Appear from Holocene epoch
near Mediterranean seas.
 Cranial capacity 1450 cc
 Advanced in forming techniques.
 Domesticate animals.
 Establishment of town.
 Presence of 4 curves in vertebral
column.
 Course cultural evolution has
Been divided into Paleolithic,
Mesolithic, Neolithic, bronze age
and the present iron age.

24.  Cultural and industrial evolution today has reached that
stage that man can change his environmental conditions.
This has reduced the impact of biological evolution on
human races. Anthropologist Shapiro, has imagined that
man future will be tall, slim and without body will be 5th
digit in the feet will be lost. This future race of man is
named as homo futures.

25.  Homo sapiens, our species, seems to have evolved in
Africa and then , like homo erectus before it, migrated
to Europe and Asia.
 Our species, homo sapiens, is good at conceptual
thought and tool use, and is the only animal uses
symbolic language.
 The transition to behavioral modernity with the
development of symbolic culture, language and
specialized lithic technology happened around 50,000
years ago .

26.  Evolution and Animal
Distribution By:- Dr. P.C. Jain
Dr. M.S. Anantharman
 An Introduction To
Paleontology By:- Dr. Harjendra Singh

27. THANK YOU