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Lymphatic Filariasis Winnable Battle presentation
1. Eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis in the Americas
A Winnable Battle
Center for Global Health
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
2. Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)
Caused by worms spread from person-to-person by the
bite of infected mosquitoes
The worms live in the human lymphatic system and can
cause:
lymphedema (swelling) and elephantiasis in limbs and breasts
hydrocele (severe fluid accumulation) affecting men’s genitalia
Microfilaria of Wuchereria Microfilaria of Brugia malayi
bancrofti (CDC photo, DPDx) (CDC photo, DPDx)
3. Health and societal impacts of LF
Usually develop years after initial infection
Cause pain, severe and irreversible disfigurement, loss
of productivity, and social stigmatization
lymphedema elephantiasis
CDC photos
4. LF: A costly and disabling NTD
One of the most disabling and economically costly
neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
NTDs are a group of poverty-associated parasitic and bacterial
infections affecting more than 1 billion persons
NTDs are responsible for tremendous suffering and economic loss
More than 120 million persons are infected with LF, a
disease that can be eliminated
Photo courtesy Carter Center/Emily Staub
6. Global impact of LF
A leading cause of disability globally
Endemic in 81 countries
44 million persons suffer from chronic manifestations
Photos courtesy of CDC. Left: Dr. Susan Montgomery, Middle and Right: CDC PHIL
7. Global Programme to Eliminate LF (GPELF)
Target elimination date of 2020
Launched by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000
Two-pronged strategy to:
1. Interrupt the spread of infection
2. Reduce the suffering of persons already infected
To interrupt infection, medication is
distributed to entire at-risk population through mass
drug administration (MDA)
At least 5 rounds on MDA are needed to interrupt transmission
Treatment kills worms circulating in the blood
8. GPELF: Progress and successes
53 countries have ongoing MDA campaigns
37 countries have administered 5 or more rounds of MDA in many
target areas
2.8 billion doses of medicine delivered in first 9 years
Treatment cost typically less than US $0.50 per person
and often less than $0.10
Transmission interruption has protected 6.6 million
newborns from becoming infected with the disease
Economic benefit of first 7 years of program estimated
at $24 billion
Full economic benefit could exceed US $55 billion
10. WHO Guidelines for LF Elimination Programs
Rounds annual
mass drug administration (MDA)
Post-MDA Period
1 2 3 4 5 n
Monitoring & Evaluation Passive Surveillance ( > 5 years)
Coverage
Impact Assessment
“Mapping”
TAS TAS TAS
TAS = transmission assessment survey
11. LF elimination in the Americas
The Americas is the first region targeted for elimination
of LF
Improvements in standard of living have reduced disease
prevalence in continental Americas and Caribbean Islands
In areas where disease remained (Costa Rica, Suriname, and
Trinidad and Tobago), transmission was interrupted through
selective and community treatment
Transmission still occurs in Guyana, Haiti, and parts of Brazil and
the Dominican Republic
12. Notable achievements in the Americas
Surveys carried out in the Dominican Republic suggest
transmission interruption
MDA treatment scaling up in Guyana and Haiti
4.5 million of 8.6 million at-risk Haitians received MDA
3 million Haitians treated since January 2010 earthquake
Disease management programs operating in all four
endemic countries
CDC photo
13. Notable achievements in the Americas
Although there is still active transmission in Guyana,
Haiti, and parts of Brazil and the Dominican Republic,
each country has achieved notable success in the fight
against LF
As of late 2009, nearly 5 million persons living in
Americas had received MDA
Elimination in the Americas is within reach
14. Progress in MDA for LF, WHO’s Region of the
Americas, 2000-2009
Graph courtesy of WHO GPELF
15. CDC and partner support
CDC and its partners:
Work with each country’s ministry of health to offer
advice and expert consultation
Develop monitoring and evaluation strategies
Provide technical support
Carry out operational research including working to
understand:
• Adherence to medication
• Optimal surveillance methods
• Strategies to accelerate elimination
16. Winning the battle against LF:
What more can be done to eliminate LF by 2020?
Continue and scale-up MDA programs to interrupt
transmission
Use operational research to develop strategies to
accelerate the elimination of LF
Increase each country’s efforts to provide appropriate
care for persons with filarial disease
Expand the reach of LF programs to include service
delivery for other NTDs and health priorities
17. CDC partners
We would like to acknowledge and thank our partners
working to eliminate lymphatic filariasis:
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
CBM International
Eisai
GlaxoSmithKline
IMA World Health
Inter-American Development Bank
Merck
Pan American Health Organization
RTI International
The Task Force for Global Health
University of Notre Dame
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
18. Thank you
www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles
For more information please contact Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone, 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)/TTY: 1-888-232-6348
E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov Web: www.cdc.gov
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official
position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Center for Global Health
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
Notas do Editor
Chronic manifestations of LF include lyphedema and hydrocele. Image: Left: Children in western Kenya, courtesy Dr. Susan Montgomery, DVM, MPH Right: Elephantiasis of leg due to filariasis. Luzon, Philippines, CDC Public Health Image Library. Center: Photograph of a female Aedesaegypti mosquito as she was in the process of obtaining a "blood meal." Laboratory strains of Aedesaegypti can be infected with Brugia.
Treatment consists of one or more the following medications: albendazole, ivermectin and/or diethylcarbamazine (DEC). These medications are readily available through pharmaceutical donations. Within the first 8 years of the worldwide elimination program, 1.9 billion treatments for lymphatic filariasis (LF) were delivered to more than 570 million people in 48 countries.
The full potential economic benefit could be in excess of US$ 55 billion whenGPELF is extended to all endemic populations.
This timeline illustrates the components of the WHO guidelines for LF elimination, and illustrates the various M and E components, from mapping to measuring coverage to sentinel sites to stopping MDA to post MDA surveillance Mapping determines which areas of the country are endemic for LF. The endemic areas are treated with at least 5 rounds of annual mass drug administration (or MDA), a stopping MDA survey determines whether further rounds of MDA are necessary, then the program moves into the post-MDA period. The main activity of this period is “passive surveillance”.Current guidelines also recommend repeating “stopping MDA” surveys at least twice in evaluation areas within the endemic districts.