2. Time Studies
The classical approach to time studies was
developed by Frederick W. Taylor in 1911, and is
the accepted procedure for production analysis.
A time study, also termed a stopwatch time study,
is an analysis of a worker`s performance against
a time standard.
Time studies are normally performed on short
repetitive production types of tasks.
3. How is a time study performed?
There are several basic steps which must be
followed in any time study:
1. Define the job to be analyzed.
2. Break the job into discrete tasks.
3. Measure the actual time required for each task.
4. Develop a statistically significant sample size of
the task work cycles to be measured.
4. Cycle Time
Operator Cycle Time
• total time required for a worker to
complete one cycle of an operation
Machine Cycle Time
• total time for a machine to finish one
complete cycle
• includes loading and unloading
5. Normal Time
Normal time = (average element time) x
(Performance rating / 100)
The normal time for a particular employee is rated
against the average job element time
6. Allowance
This may take into consideration personal factors
as well as unavoidable constraints encountered in
the work situation.
Allowances include all unavoidable delays, but
rule out avoidable delays.
An allowance factor represents time lost due to
personal factors, shift adjustments, improper
equipment, fatigue, and related issues.
7. Standard Time
When calculating the standard time, three
different types of time are actually utilized.
Actual time is the time a particular employee
actually takes to perform a particular job operation.
Normal time is the time needed to complete an
operation by an employee working at 100%
efficiency having no delays.
Standard time is the time needed to complete an
operation by an employee working at 100%
efficiency with unavoidable delays:
8. Standard time = normal time + allowance time
Standard time = normal time / (1 - allowance
fraction)
Allowances are generally applied to total cycle
time as some percentage of it, but sometimes
these are given separately for machine time as
some % and for manual effort time some other %.