Active Shooter Response: What 911 Needs to Know. (A PowerPhone Webinar)

1 Copyright © 2013, PowerPhone

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About Your Speaker

George Deuchar, MAS; PowerPhone
Law Enforcement Training Consultant
!  Retired 26-year police veteran.
!  19+ years with PowerPhone
!  Tens of thousands trained worldwide
!  Emergency Communications Expert
!  Active Shooting Response
!  Domestic Violence
!  Suicide Intervention
!  Crisis Negotiations
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What are Active Shooters?

•  An “active shooter” is one or
more individuals participating in a
random or systematic killing
spree, demonstrating their intent
to harm others with a firearm.
•  Objective is mass murder.
•  Attacks are dynamic incidents
that vary greatly from one to
another.

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What are Active Shooting Incidents?

•  An intense incident with a
firearm whose activity will
immediately cause death
and serious injury to
innocent victims.
•  It is important to know who
is reporting.
•  Law Enforcement Officers
become targets of
opportunity.
•  To best protect
responding officers, inform
them of the exact location
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of the shooter.

Who are Active Shooters?

Based on Jan 10, 2013 FBI Report:
•  The shooter was male in 96
percent of cases analyzed.
•  The shooter acted alone 96
percent of the time.
•  Active shooter events most
commonly occurred in a
workplace environment (37
percent) or academic setting
(17 percent).

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More on Active Shooters

•  The shooter was
deceased after 51
percent of these events.
•  45 percent of active
shooters were arrested.
•  4 percent active
shooters remain
unidentified.
•  A clear motivation was
never determined in 40
percent of cases
analyzed.

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More on Active Shooters

•  Social isolates, harboring
feelings of hate and anger, and/
or had some reported contact
with mental health professionals.
•  Very few had previous arrests
for violent crimes.
•  Most common identified
motivations were found to be:
–  workplace retaliation (21%)
–  domestic disputes (14%)
–  academic retaliation by a
current or former student (7%).

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Why Do They Act?

Common catalysts or triggers
observed include:
•  Loss of significant
relationships
•  Changes in financial status
•  Loss of a job
•  Changes in living
arrangements
•  Major adverse changes to
life circumstances
•  Feelings of humiliation or
rejection on the part of the
shooter.
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Frequency

•  Reports do NOT indicate
an increase in active
shooter incidents in the
U.S. from 2006 to 2012.
•  Active shooter incidents
may have become more
frequent since 2000.
•  Anecdotal evidence
suggest mass shootings
are getting more deadly.

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Frequency

300 281

Attacks between 1966 and Dec. 21, 2012
# Attacks

8 7 4 1
0
US Can Ger GB S. Korea

A NYPD report also points to the Newtown massacre
at Sandy Hook Elementary School and to the Aurora,
Colorado movie theater and Tucson shootings.
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Recent Cases

In the most recent notable shooting,
Adam Lanza, 20, was identified by
authorities as the killer who fatally
shot his mother in her home, gunned
down 20 children and 6 adults at
Sandy Hook Elementary School,
and then committed suicide on
December 14, 2012.

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Recent Cases

James Holmes, 24, is
accused of shooting dead
12 people and wounding
58 others at a cinema
Friday in Aurora, outside
Denver, as young
moviegoers packed the
midnight screening of the
latest Batman film, "The
Dark Knight Rises."

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Reality

•  The average active shooter
incident lasts 12.5 minutes.
•  Average law enforcement
response time takes 18 minutes.
•  Acts of extreme violence often
cannot be prevented, despite the
best effort to do so.
•  Unless law enforcement is present
at the time of an attack, there will
always be a delay between
initiation of violence and law
enforcement response.

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Reality

•  In the time separating
the first and last shots
fired in Active Shooter
incidents, the only
individuals who have
the capacity to react
are the victims and
potential victims.
•  The only individual
predominantly in
control during an
Active Shooter incident
is the shooter himself.
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PSAP Agency Tactics and Responsibilities

1.  What is the
agency’s
responsibility?
2.  What steps and
tactics should they
plan for and take?

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# 1 Goal: Protect Life

Pilots, like dispatchers, have a moral obligation
to protect life. It is one of the responsibilities
we signed up for. It is our commitment to
public safety. Take control of the situation or
the situation will control you.
Pilot “Sully”
Sullenberger

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The Active Shooter’s Intent: Kill and Injure

•  CHANGE IN POLICE
TACTICS
•  Usual tactics of
negotiations,
containment, and
isolation may not be
appropriate for Active
Shooter incidents
•  Immediate Action Rapid
Deployment (IARD) is
now the prescribed tactic
for the Law Enforcement
response.
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Immediate Action Rapid Deployment

•  Responders take a “Windshield
View” as they rapidly assess the
situation.
•  First arriving police units will set
up a quick perimeter.
•  Based upon vital and accurate
information from the dispatcher,
officers will determine approach
method and entry point.

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Immediate Action Rapid Deployment

•  Officers initiate
immediate action to
locate and stop the
shooter’s action.
•  Go directly to the
sounds of gun fire.
•  Do you know how your
officers will approach?

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Plan for a Crisis: Active Shooter Response

•  Do you know what
responders will
do upon arrival?
•  Have you been
involved in the
planning?
•  Have you been
advised of the
training?

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Plan for a Crisis: Active Shooter Response

•  Know what your responders’ plans are. The
information you obtain can very well establish what
the responders will be directed to do.
•  Be prepared to field an overwhelming amount of
calls.
•  Take all information, even if the description varies.
•  Know that your responders are trained to seek out
the shooter and go directly to the sound of gunfire.
Therefore, your most critical initial question will be
to ask your caller, do you know where the shooter
is now?
•  You may have to be innovative in trying to create a
safe environment for victims and potential victims.
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PSAP Agency Tactics and Responsibilities

Coordinate response plans across
police, fire, EMS, hospitals, school
districts, and private sector.
1.  Review and update procedures.
2.  Raise awareness by conducting
training.
3.  Ensure the staff is aware of their
roles.
4.  Ensure that emergency
communications equipment is
present and operable.
5.  Conduct exercises of emergency
and crisis management plans.
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Agency Responsibilities Should Include:

Your responsibilities include:
•  Updating information to
responders:
–  Inform officers and backup
units of any potential threats
–  Continually update your
police officers of any
changes to the situation
•  Giving pre-arrival survival
instructions to callers and
advising your responders
regarding what your callers have
been instructed to do
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Instructions to Callers

Those caught in the
crosshairs can exercise
three possible scenarios:
1.  Evacuation
2.  Hiding
3.  Taking action:
attempting to disrupt
and/or incapacitate
the active shooter by
throwing objects,
using aggressive
force, and yelling

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Safe Environment: “Setting the Table”

•  Assess the caller’s
environment for safety
of all involved
•  Obtain an accurate
description of scene
•  Work with the caller to
make an unsafe scene
more secure
(barricade, escape)
•  Is defense an option
for your caller?

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Safe Environment: “Setting the Table”

•  Make the scene safer for the
caller and the officers.
•  “Are you calling from a cordless
phone?” Does the caller have the
ability to move around?
•  Call takers need to “set the table”
for your responders and view the
incident through the eyes of the
caller. If possible, do everything
to make an environment a safer
environment. Sometimes, you
might have to improvise. Be
creative and think things out.
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Victim Focus

•  Telecommunicators must strive
to identify the suspect(s), but
not lose focus on the victim.
•  Is it part of your job to assist in
apprehending the suspect(s)?
•  Will the responder be able to
identify the victim or caller?
•  Could the officer be
endangered by the victim?
•  Are there victims and/or callers
that may be armed as well?

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During the Law Enforcement Response

•  Tell callers that help has been
dispatched and to remain inside
a secure area.
•  They may be a dangerous
distraction for the responding
officers.
•  The responders’ goal is to
locate, contain, and stop the
shooter.
•  What type of weapon and
firepower will they encounter?
•  Remember the shooter’s goal is
to kill and injure.
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Preparing and Protecting Responders

•  Keep responders updated.
•  Inform responders regarding the
location of reported sounds of
gun shots
•  Gather information regarding all
possible areas of egress and
entrance to building.
•  NOTE: Schematics of office
buildings and schools integrated
with CAD and GIS would be
extremely useful.

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•  Inform responders when
additional descriptions are
received from other callers.
•  Remember each new caller is
potentially a new witness, with
new and changing information.

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Think in terms of potential
multiples.
•  Multiples will always
complicate the response
•  Shooters, victims,
responders, agencies
•  Do all responders speak
the same language?
•  Use of 10-codes with
multiple agencies could
lead to further confusion

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•  Obtain specific intelligence as it pertains
to the exact location of the Active Shooter
•  Gain sufficient information from caller by
applying the Journalistic Investigative
Approach: 5W + H + W + H + I™
(especially location and weapons)
•  Think about "Victim Focus" and obtain
information also related to the caller/victim
–  Where are they specifically?
–  Do they have any weapons?

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Victim Initiated Mitigation (VIM) System

What’s in the Future? (from Naval
Postgraduate School)
•  Because the victims may be
the only ones available to act
in time, a VIM system has
been recently developed.
•  Victims initiate the system to
trigger automated responses to
protect victims and to corral
the shooter.
•  Makes it easier for police
officers to go direct-to-threat
and neutralize the gunman.
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•  Once initiated through an emergency
call box installed in each room, the
PSAP is alerted and two-way
communications established.
•  Electromagnetic doors automatically
release and lock.
•  Hand-held devices networked to the
call boxes and distributed to first
responders can provide situational
awareness.

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•  Responding officers also carry
key fobs that can open any
locked door equipped with a
proximity reader.
•  Throughout the incident, the
agency communicates with
potential victims and
responding officers to give life-
saving intelligence, such as
where the active shooter is
currently, while alerting the
business or campus and what
protocols to follow.
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Additional Resources

•  FEMA – Active Shooter Lessons Learned Information
Sharing. http://pwrp.hn/Z2UoDw

•  Department of Homeland Security – Active Shooter
Preparedness. http://pwrp.hn/12RD09r

•  NYPD Active Shooter Recommendations and Analysis
for Risk Mitigation (Dec. 2012). http://pwrp.hn/12RDufN

•  DHS – FBI Bulletin: Recent Active Shooter Bulletin
(Dec. 2012). http://pwrp.hn/Z2VmQ3

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Active Shooting Training by PowerPhone

•  Host or contract PowerPhone
to provide this training at your
location.

•  Deeper dive into critical
material. Taught by subject
matter experts.

•  ASR classes currently in 40+
US cities. Register online.

•  PowerPhone.com or
800.53.POWER for more info.

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Thank You!

Webinar Survey sent to
you today.

Link to recording sent to
you later this week.

Active Shooting
Response Bulletin sent
you on Feb. 26.

Contact Us with any
questions or feedback.

learn@powerphone.com
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Active Shooter Response: What 911 Needs to Know. (A PowerPhone Webinar)

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Active Shooter Response: What 911 Needs to Know. (A PowerPhone Webinar)