1. Solid waste management
Pavani
Asst Prof
GRCP
Hyd

2. What are Wastes?
“substances or objects which are disposed of or
are intended to be disposed of or are required
to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”
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4. Sources of Wastes
Households
Commerce and Industry
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5. Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries
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6. Solid Waste in India
• 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
• One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
• Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
• In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year,
which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

7. Waste Collection in India
• Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product eg bio-degradable,
glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
• Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers)
-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling

9. Open Dumps
• Predominant method of waste disposal in developing
countries
• Illegal dumping problems
• Groundwater contamination, air pollution, pest and
health hazards
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10. Ocean Dumping
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11. How solid waste affected us in recent years?
• Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage
line due to large no. of plastic bags
• Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused
due to imported scrap from Iran
• Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to
consumption of contaminated foods
• Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due
to consumption of plastic bags, which blocks the
food movement in their stomach

12. Solid Waste Management and Disposal
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13. Waste management
 Waste management is the collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
 The two conventional principles of waste management

14. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL
I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)
(A) WASTE TO COMPOST
(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING
(B) WASTE TO ENERGY
(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION
(ii) BIO-METHANATION
II RECYCLING OF WASTE
III SANITARY LANDFILLING
IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

15. WEALTH FROM WASTE
(PROCESSING OF ORGANIC
WASTE)

16. Producing Mulch and Compost
• Mulch is organic material used to protect
areas where the soil is disturbed, or to
control growth of unwanted vegetation.
– Organic material chopped or shredded
into smaller pieces.
• Composting is using natural decomposition
to transform organic material into compost
(humus-like product).
– With proper management of air and
water, composting can transform large
quantities over a short period of time.
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17. Composting
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18. Incineration and Types
• Mass Burn - Everything smaller than major furniture
and appliances loaded into furnace.
 Creates air pollution problems.
• Refuse-Derived Fuel - Refuse is sorted to remove
recyclable and unburnable materials.
 Higher energy content than raw trash.
Reduces disposal volume by 80-90%.
 Residual ash sent to landfills and usually
contains toxic material.
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19. Mass-Burn Garbage
Mass-Burn Garbage
Incinerator
Incinerator
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20. WASTE TO ENERGY
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) / pelletization
• Material separation, size reduction and
pelletizing

21. Incineration
• Incinerators drastically reduce the amount of municipal waste.
– Up to 90% by volume and 75% by weight.
• Primary risks of incineration involve air quality problems and
toxicity and disposal of ash.
• Even with modern pollution controls, small amounts of pollutants
still released into environment
• Cost of land and construction for new incinerators are also major
concerns facing many communities.
• U.S. EPA has not looked favorably on construction of new waste-to-
energy facilities.
– Encouraged recycling and source reduction as more effective
solutions to deal with solid waste.
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22. WASTE MINIMISATION
Prevention of waste being created is known as waste
reduction which is an important method of waste
management.
The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle.

23. The best place to practice conserving resources is at
home. Individuals can substantially REDUCE, REUSE,
AND RECYCLE waste and conserve resources
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24. REDUCE: cut the amount of WASTE used:
SOLID WASTE (consuming and conserving):
• Packaging:
– Choose products with minimal packaging to reduce
• Paper Products:
– Reduce the amount of paper products used
• Other:
– Identify products and practices to reduce waste toxicity.
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25. REDUCE: cut the amount of ENERGY used:
• Lighting
• Surface Units
• Refrigerators / Freezers
• Ovens
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26. REDUCE: cut the amount of WATER used:
• Faucets
• Dishwashing
• Cooking Methods
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27. REUSE: Products that you can use again
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28. Processing of a waste item into usable forms.
Benefits of recycling:
-Reduce environmental degradation
-Making money out of waste
-Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product
manufacture
Saving through recycling:
-When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost
-Making paper from waste saves 50% energy
-Every tonne of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 litres
of oil

29. Solutions:
• Choose recyclable products
• Select products made from recycled materials
• Compost yard clippings and some food scraps.
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30. Benefits of Recycling

31. Closed loop recycling
"Closed loop" recycling is basically a production process
in which post-consumer waste is collected, recycled
and used to make new products.
This process can be as simple as using recycled
aluminum to make new cans, or as complicated as
weaving reclaimed plastic bottles into polyester for
clothing and other products.

32. Recycling is not a solution to all problems!
Recycling is not a solution to managing every
kind of waste material
For many items recycling technologies are
unavailable or unsafe
In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.

33. Source Reduction
• Simplest way to reduce waste is to prevent it from ever becoming waste in
the first place.
– Source reduction is the practice of designing, manufacturing,
purchasing, using and reusing materials so that the amount of waste or
its toxicity is reduced.
• Design Changes
– Since 2-liter soft drink bottle introduced in 1977, weight has been
reduced by 25%.
• Manufacturing Processes
– Reduce waste, increase efficiency.
• Purchasing Decisions
– Choose reduced packaging and plan quantities accordingly.
• Reusing Items
– Delay or prevent entry of items into waste collection stream.
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34. Sanitary Landfills
• More than 1,200 of the 1,500 existing
landfills in the U.S. have closed.
• Many major cities must export their trash.
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35. Sanitary
Landfills
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36. • Biomedical waste, (BMW), consists of solids,
liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste that are
potentially infectious or dangerous
• It must be properly managed to protect the
general public, specifically healthcare and
sanitation workers who are regularly exposed
to biomedical waste as an occupational
hazard.

38. Dealing with Material Use and Wastes

40. HIERARCHY OF
WASTE MINIMIZATION