Presentation to 6 May 2009 event in Singapore organised by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC).

1. Under-appreciated and neglected policy opportunities (and reframing competition in urban transport) Dr Paul Barter Assistant Professor LKY School of Public Policy National University of Singapore [email_address]

3. Public transport’s customers? Cartoon: GTZ Thailand

4. Can public transport attract people who have alternatives? Does it take a rail system like Tokyo’s?

8. Importance of frequent service

9. Relatively simple grid-like network – one map can portray all metro, tram and bus lines

13. Urban Bus Regulat ion Categories Government takes responsibility for outcomes Compatible with ambitious integration Government takes little or no responsibility for outcomes Incompatible with integration Public monopolies Proactive planning with service contracts Well-regulated Franchises Passive franchises Deregulation

14. Seoul’s 2004 ‘Semi-public’ bus reforms Public control, private provision suits ambitious integration Source: Kim, GC 2007 with permission

19. Filling the short-trip gap

20. Filling the short-trip gap (last kilometre)

21. 2 km in 12 minutes (at a gentle 10 km/h)

22. Personal Mobility Devices (Not oddities. Opportunities to help fill short-trip gap)

23. Helping cycling (and PMDs) is NOT just about bike paths or bike lanes Source: London Cycling Design Standards book, p. 62

24. Car-sharing: no need to own a car in order to access one when needed http://www.scwalkandroll.com/LibraryIndices/images/carsharing.gif http://i.treehugger.com/files/th_images/photo_ReservedParking.JPG

25. Taxis and taxi-related policy: more important than usually perceived when we remember their role in filling mobility gaps

26. 3 rd generation bicycle sharing and the short-trip gap

28. Car access without owning one prompts a critical look at car ownership cost structures Fixed costs Variable costs Time of purchase 10 years Pay retail price, GST. Bid & pay for COE; Pay ARF, excise duty, registration fee Pay road tax yearly Monthly parking at home Vehicle inspection fees (year 3, 5, 7,9, 10, 11, 12, etc) ERP, fuel tax, parking at destinations, maintenance Scrap or renew COE for another 5 or 10 yrs Pay road tax yearly – higher rate for older cars Scrap & get rebate for next car COE, ARF value Insurance yearly time

29. Possibility of excellent mobility without owning a car prompts a more critical look at car ownership

31. Singapore could make all its fixed taxes PAYD (including COE!) Insurance yearly (but could also be made distance-based) Pay retail price + GST Fixed costs Variable costs Time of purchase 25,000km 75,000km 50,000km 2 years (moderate use) Bid & pay for 25,000km COE; Buy 25,000km worth of ARF, import duty, reg. fee, road tax New 25,000km COE at current price New 25,000km COE at current price Pay for new 25,000km block of other taxes New 25,000km block of other taxes 4 years (moderate use) Veh. inspection & fee ERP, fuel tax, parking fees, maintenance distance New 25,000km COE at current price New 25,000km block of other taxes Veh. inspection & fee

34. Thank you very much Paul Barter LKY School of Public Policy National University of Singapore [email_address]