Notes for Foldable on States of Matter

1. States of MatterStates of Matter

2. STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
 Based upon particle arrangementBased upon particle arrangement
 Based upon energy of particlesBased upon energy of particles
 Based upon distance between particlesBased upon distance between particles

3. Kinetic Theory of MatterKinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particlesMatter is made up of particles
which are in continual randomwhich are in continual random
motion.motion.

4. Let’s review matter…Let’s review matter…
 Matter is anything that takes up space &Matter is anything that takes up space &
has mass.has mass.
 It occurs in Four states:It occurs in Four states:
SolidSolid
LiquidLiquid
GasGas
PlasmaPlasma

5. SolidsSolids
 Solids are matter with aSolids are matter with a
definite shape anddefinite shape and
volume.volume.
 The particles are in aThe particles are in a
tight, regular pattern.tight, regular pattern.
 The particles are closeThe particles are close
together and vibratetogether and vibrate
around a fixed positionaround a fixed position
 A solid does not takeA solid does not take
the shape of athe shape of a
container in which it iscontainer in which it is
Heat

6. Solid imagesSolid images

7. LiquidLiquid
 AA liquidliquid is matter that hasis matter that has
a definite volume but noa definite volume but no
definite shape.definite shape.
 Liquid takes the shape ofLiquid takes the shape of
the container.the container.
 The volume of a liquid,The volume of a liquid,
however, is the same nohowever, is the same no
matter what the shape ofmatter what the shape of
the container.the container.
 Particles are further apart,Particles are further apart,
and can move freely,and can move freely,are farare far
enough apart to slideenough apart to slide
over one another.over one another.
Heat

8. Liquid imagesLiquid images

9. ViscosityViscosity
 A liquid’s resistance toA liquid’s resistance to
flow is known as theflow is known as the
liquid’sliquid’s viscosityviscosity..
 The slower a liquidThe slower a liquid
flows, the higher itsflows, the higher its
viscosity is.viscosity is.
 For many liquids,For many liquids,
viscosity increases asviscosity increases as
the liquid becomesthe liquid becomes
colder.colder.
We can see that the honey
is much more viscous than
the red solution
picture from
http://www.physics.hku.hk/~phys0607/lectures/chap05.html

10. Surface TensionSurface Tension
 The uneven forcesThe uneven forces
acting on the particlesacting on the particles
on the surface of aon the surface of a
liquid are calledliquid are called
surfacesurface tensiontension..
 Surface tensionSurface tension
causes the liquid to actcauses the liquid to act
as if a thin film wereas if a thin film were
stretched across itsstretched across its
surface.surface.

11. GasGas
 GasGas is matter thatis matter that
does not have adoes not have a
definite shape ordefinite shape or
volume.volume.
 The particles in gasThe particles in gas
are much farther apartare much farther apart
than those in a liquidthan those in a liquid
or solid.or solid.
 Gas particles moveGas particles move
very freely at highvery freely at high
speeds in allspeeds in all
directions.directions.
Heat

12. Gas imagesGas images

13. VaporVapor
 Matter that exists inMatter that exists in
the gas state but isthe gas state but is
generally a liquid orgenerally a liquid or
solid at roomsolid at room
temperature is calledtemperature is called
vapor.vapor.
 Water, for example, isWater, for example, is
a liquid at rooma liquid at room
temperature. Thus,temperature. Thus,
water vapor is the termwater vapor is the term
for the gas state offor the gas state of
water.water. Picture from
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=88425&articleTypeId=0

14. PHASE CHANGESPHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Melting
Heat goes
into the solid
as it melts.
Liquid
to solid
Freezing
Heat leaves
the liquid as
it freezes.

15. PHASE CHANGESPHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to
gas
Vaporization,
which
includes
boiling and
evaporation
Heat goes into the
liquid as it
vaporizes.
Gas to
liquid
Condensatio
n
Heat leaves the
gas as it
condenses.
Solid to
gas
Sublimation
Heat goes into the
solid as it
sublimates.

16. But what happens if you raise theBut what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…temperature to super-high levels…
betweenbetween
10001000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everythingWill everything
just be a gas?just be a gas?

17. STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
PLASMAPLASMA
 A plasma is anA plasma is an
ionized gas.ionized gas.
 A plasma is a
very good
conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, likePlasmas, like
gases have angases have an
indefinite shapeindefinite shape
and an indefiniteand an indefinite
volume.volume.
• Plasma is the
common state
of matter

18. STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place
to place
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed
of electrical
charged particles

19. Some places where plasmas are found…Some places where plasmas are found…
1.1. FlamesFlames

20. 2. Lightning2. Lightning

21. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

22. The Sun is an example of a star in itsThe Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma stateplasma state