PPT based on embedded system and robotics

1. B.Tech Industrial Training Presentation on
EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND ROBOTICS
Presented
PALLAVI BHARTI
20130549
E&C Engg. Dept., SMIT
Under the Supervision of
MR.ROHAN SINGH
TRAINING HEAD

2. Contents
• Introduction to Embedded Systems
• Types & Applications
• Microcontroller
• IDE & Programmer
• I/O function registers
• LCD interfacing
• ADC
• Communication
• Introduction to Robotics
• History and Laws of Robotics
• How robot moves?
• Sensors
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 It is a scaled down computer which is
designed to perform a specific task
only/operation.
 Am embedded system is a software
program on a hardware chip designed
for specific purpose and can also
contain some moving parts
 ‘Embedded’ means whole system
embedded(implanted) onto an
appliance

4. Types & Applications Embedded systems
Non-real time embedded
system: no deadline
• Security systems
• Mobile phones
• Alarm system
• Digital camera
Real time embedded
system: deadline to be met
 Sensor system in nuclear plants
 Missile defense system
 Flight control system
PROPERTIES OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
 Small in size
 Low cost
 High accuracy
 Easy to design
 Low power required
 Portable
 Efficient
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
Security system, Cell phone, Automobile system,
Memory storage device, Calculators , Printer ,
Mouse , Alarm system

5. MICROCONTROLLER
• Programmable digital processor with
necessary peripherals.
• It is complex sequential digital circuit
meant to carry out the job according
to the program.
Classification
• Embedded (self-contained) 8-bit
microcontroller
• 16 to 32 bit microcontroller
• Digital signal processor
Features:
• Built in monitor
program
• Built in program
memory
• Facility to interface
external memory
• Interrupts
• Analog I/O
• Serial I/O
• Timers

6. IDE AND PROGRAMMER
Some compilers are:
• WINAVR
• Code vision AVR
• AVR studio
• Parts of programmer:
 Software(to open .hex file on the
computer)
• Avr dude
• Avr studio
• Atprog
 Hardware
• Usb-asp(sub)

7. I/O PORTS
• DDRX(data direction register)
• PORT X
• PINX

8. LCD interfacing
We need to interface LCD to our
microcontroller so that we can display
output on it.
 Types:
• Text display
• Graphics display
 Lcd functions:
• Lcd_clear()
• Lcd_gotoxy(x,y)
• Lcd_putchar(char c)
• Lcd_putsf(constant string)
• Lcd_puts(char arr)
• Iota(into Val, char arr[])
• Foa(float armchair decimal, char arr[])

9. ADC
• Analog to digital converter
• It is used to convert physical
quantity like temperature,
pressure, etc. into electrical
domain i.e. voltage
• functions for adc
• Read_adc()

10. Timers
It is a register which is used to
measure time interval
 Timers in Atmega 16:
• Timer 0(8 bit)
• Timer 1(16 bit)
• Timer (8 bit)
 Timer modes:
• Normal
• PWM(pulse width modulation)
• CTC(clear timer on compare)

11. Communication
Communications Techniques:
• Simplex
• Half duplex
• Full duplex
 Modes of data transfer:
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
 Parallel
 Serial
 Serial peripheral interface(SPI)
 Universal Synchronous
Asynchronous Transmitter
Receiver(USART)

12. Interrupt
It is a signal that stops the
current program and forces the
execution of another program
• Types:
Mask able
Non mask able
Hardware
Overflow
Compare match
3 external Interrupts in
Atmega16:
• INT0: PD2, Pin 16
• INT1: PD3, Pin 17
• INT2: PB2, Pin 3

13. Introduction to Robotics
• Robotics is the science of
designing and building Robots
Robot
• Re-programmable multi-
functional manipulator designed
to move materials, parts, tools
or specialized devices to
programmed motions
• Name ROBOT derived from
Czechoslovakian word Robota
meaning ‘compulsory labour’
• ‘Unimation’ –Joe
Engleberger-Father of
Robotics
Essential characteristics:
• Mobility
• Flexibility
• Programmability
• Mechanical capability
• Sensors

14. Laws of Robotics
Isaac Asimov’s, 1940 ‘robotics’
1. A robot must not injure human
being, or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come
to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders
given it by human being,
except where such orders
would not conflict with the first
law.
3. A robot must protect its own
existence as long as it doesn’t
conflict with law 1st and 2nd.
Basic elements for building
autonomous robot.
• Robot chassis and actuators:
body and wheels arrangement.
• Electronics: includes Sensors,
motion control circuits, power
management system etc.
• Power Source :Usually batteries
or direct supply through wire.
• Intelligence: is achieved by using
Microcontroller.

15. How a Robot
moves?
• Controlling rpm and direction of
wheels, controls speed
•3 motors for 4 wheels
• 2 motors for 2 wheels and 1 ball
bearing caster

16. Motor and Motor Drives
• Convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Motors used in Embedded System &
Robotics:
• Servo, Stepper, Geared DC.
H-bridge:
• Electronic circuit enables a voltage to be
applied across load in either direction
• Allows microcontroller logic chip or remote
control can electronically command the
motor to go forward reverse brake and
coast.

17. Sensors
• Sensors are like “feel” for robot.
• Device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Some sensors are:
 Temperature sensor
• like DS1621,thermistor. LM35 measures from 0 to 100 degrees
 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• a resistor whose resistance varies with intensity of light.
• IR sensor: (IR led + photodiode + LM358)
• Infra red emitting diode as transmitter and photo diode as receiver
• 0V<=Output<=5V
• Output can be taken to a microcontroller by ADC
• From any “non black body” i.e. obstacle, IR reflects and falls on
photo diode.
• Hence Photo diode become forward bias, and it turn on the IC
LM358 that gives the output.

18. Conclusion
• electronics + mechanics +
software = ROBOT
• Efficient
• Reliable
• Interaction with environment
• Multi Tasking
• Favor for Mankind, if Used wisely

19. References• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
Google images
• http://www.embeddedsystem.com/
• http://robotics.nasa.gov/
• www.cmosexod.com
• www.best-microcontrollerprojects.com
• Handouts given by the organization

20. Thank You