1. CRIMES / OFFENSES Assassination - murder of a public figure by surprise attack; an attack intended to ruin someone's reputation Arson - malicious burning to destroy property Assault – a threatened or attempted physical attack by someone who appears to be able to cause bodily harm if not stopped; close fighting during the culmination of a military attack; thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1946; the crime of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse against her will; verb: attack someone physically or emotionally (
The mugger assaulted the woman
); force (someone) to have sex against their will; attack in speech or writing Bigamy – the offense of marrying someone while you have a living spouse from whom no valid divorce has occurred; having two spouses at the same time Blackmail – extortion of money by threats to divulge discrediting information Bribery - the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage Burglary - entering a building unlawfully with intent to commit a felony or to steal valuable property Child abuse – the physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children Embezzlement – the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to your care but actually owned by someone else (растрата, хищение; присвоение (денег, имущества - from; обманным путем)) Espionage – the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets (разведка, шпионаж, шпионство) Forgery – criminal falsification by making or altering an instrument with intent to defraud; a copy that is represented as the original (подделка, подлог, фальсификация, фальшивка) Fraud – something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage; intentional deception resulting in injury to another person; a person who makes deceitful pretenses Genocide – systematic killing of a racial or cultural group Hijacking – robbery of a traveler or vehicle in transit or seizing control of a vehicle by the use of force Homicide – the killing of a human being by another human being Hooliganism – willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others Kidnapping – (law) the unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment Manslaughter – homicide without malice aforethought (непредумышленное убийство) Mugging – assault with intent to rob (1) хулиганство, групповое нападение;2) фотографирование (особенно для полицейской картотеки); 3) петтинг 4) гримасничанье) Murder – unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being ▸ verb: kill intentionally and with premeditation Rape – the crime of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse against her will; the act of despoiling a country in warfare; Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop ▸ verb: force (someone) to have sex against their will (
The woman was raped on her way home at night
); destroy and strip of its possession Robbery – larceny by threat of violence; plundering during riots or in wartime Shoplifting – the act of stealing goods that are on display in a store Slander – words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another; an abusive attack on a person's character or good name ▸ verb: charge falsely or with malicious intent; attack the good name and reputation of someone (злословие, клевета, клеветнические измышления; опорочивание) Smuggling – secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due (контрабанда) Vandalism – willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others Domestic violence – violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women Drug trafficking - traffic in illegal drugs CRIMINALS / LAW BREAKERS Assassin Arsonist Blackmailer Briber Burglar Deserter Embezzler Shoplifter Forger Fraud Hijacker Hooligan Kidnapper Mugger Murderer Pickpocket Poacher Robber Smuggler Spy Terrorist Thief Vandal PARTICIPANTS OF THE LEGAL PROCEDURE Plaintiff – person who brings an action in a court of law (истец) Prosecutor – a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state (обвинитель, прокурор) Defendant – a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused Offender – a person who transgresses moral or civil law (преступник) Attorney for the plaintiff / for defense – a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice Jury – body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law; a committee appointed to judge a competition Witness – someone who sees an event and reports what happened; (law) a person who attests to the genuineness of a document or signature by adding their own signature; (law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law Judge – a public official authorized to decide questions bought before a court of justice; an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality Court reporter – a stenographer who records and transcribes a verbatim report of all proceedings in a court of law (судебный обозреватель; 2) стенографист, протоколист суда) TYPES OF PUNISHMENT A prison sentence – a period of time in jail A suspended sentence – sentence that need not be served: a sentence imposed on somebody found guilty of a crime that need not be served as long as the individual commits no other crime during the term of the sentence Capital punishment – putting a condemned person to death Community service – an unpaid service for the benefit of the public that is performed by lawbreakers as part (or all) of their sentence; a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions Eviction – he expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law; action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved (а) возвращение имущества по суду; б) лишение собственности по суду; эвикция (в гражданском праве: отсуждение у покупателя приобретенного им имущества по основаниям, возникшим до продажи этого имущества); 2) выселение; изгнание (с фермы, из дома, из квартиры - from)) Fine – money extracted as a penalty Internment – confinement during wartime; the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison); placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law (интернирование) House arrest – confinement to your own home License suspension – sometimes a penalty for Driving Under the Influence of alcohol convictions. Administrative License Suspension (ALS), also known as administrative license revocation, refers to temporary suspension of a driver's license by a police officer at the scene of a suspected DUI. Life imprisonment – a sentence of imprisonment until death Probation – (law) a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them; a defendant found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court (
Probation is part of the sentencing process
); a trial period during which an offender has time to redeem himself or herself; a trial period during which your character and abilities are tested to see whether you are suitable for work or for membership (юр. условное освобождение преступника на поруки (особ. несовершеннолетнего)) Solitary confinement – confinement of a prisoner in isolation from other prisoners (the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them) LEGAL PROCEDURE To file a complaint – / To answer a complaint – The presentation by the plaintiff in a civil action, setting forth the claim on which relief is sought. A formal charge, made under oath, of the commission of a crime or other such offense. To issue somebody a summon – bring out a written order to somebody to appear in court to answer a complaint To issue a warrant of arrest – bring out a judge's order to law enforcement officers to arrest and bring to jail a person charged with a crime. The warrant is issued upon a sworn declaration by the district attorney, a police officer or an alleged victim that the accused person committed a crime. To indict sb. for – accuse formally of a crime To bring the case to court – To go before the court - The prosecution – he institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior; the lawyers acting for the state to put the case against the defendant; the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion The defense – the defendant and his legal advisors collectively To examine a witness – question closely a person in a law court who states what they know about a legal case or a particular person (допрашивать свидетеля) Direct examination / cross examination – the first examination of a witness by the party calling the witness / the examination of a witness who has already testified in order to check or discredit the witness's testimony, knowledge, or credibility To present evidence – provide all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved To detain a person – deprive of freedom; take into confinement Detention – a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home PENALTIES AD SENTENCES To bring in a verdict of guilty / not guilty – To be found guilty / not guilty – To acquit – pronounce not guilty of criminal charges To convict – find or declare guilty To be sentenced to – Bail – the legal system that allows an accused person to be temporarily released from custody (usually on condition that a sum of money guarantees their appearance at trial) (
He is out on bail
); (criminal law) money that must be forfeited by the bondsman if an accused person fails to appear in court for trial To release sb. on bail – release after a security has been paid (property or goods that you promise to give to someone if you cannot pay them what you owe them: She used her shares in the company as security against a £23 million bank loan. The hotel held onto our baggage as security while we went to the bank to get money to pay the bill.) To grant probation/parole – (Гранта пробации / условно-досрочном освобождении) To release sb. on parole –