An orgianl Apple 1 manual and warranty issued by the Byte Shop in Palo Alto 1976. Sharing this document in respect of the origins of focus on user needs in computing.

2. SPECIFICATIONS
MICROPROCESSOR:
MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502
Microprocessor Clock Frequency:
1.023 MHz
Effective Cycle Frequency:
(Including Ref r e sh Waits)
0.960 MHz
VIDEO OUTPUT:
Composite positive video, 75 ohms,
l e v e l adjustable between z e r o a n d -15Vpp.
Line Rate:
F r a m e Rate:
Format:
40 c h a r a c t e r s / l i n e , 24 lines;
with automatic scrolling
Display Memory:
Dynamic shift r e g i s t e r s (1K x 7)
C h a r a c t e r Matrix:
RAM MEMORY:
16-pin, 4K Dynamic, type 4096 (2104)
On-board RAM Capacity:
POWER S U P P L E S :
Input Power Requirements:
Recommended T r a n s f o r m e r s :
8K bytes (4K supplied)
@ 3 amps, +/- 1 2 Volts @0.5 amp
and -5 Volts @ 0.5 a m p s
+5 Volts
8 t o 10 Volts AC (RMS) @ 3 a m p s ,
26 t o 28 Volts AC (RMS) Center-Tapped,
Stancor # P-8380 o r T r i a d F31-X
Stancor # P-8667 o r T r i a d F40-X
A P P L E COMPUTER COMPANY
770 Welch Road, Suite 154
P a l o Alto, California 94304
Phone: (415) 326-4248
1A.

3. The Apple Computer i s a complete micro'~,ocessor
system, consisting of a Mos Technology
2 m i c r o p r o c e s s o r and support hardware, inJral video display electronics, dynamic m e m o r y
and r e f r e s h hardware, and fully regulated power
supplies. It contains resident s y s t e m monitor
software, enabling the u s e r , via the keyboard
and display, t o write, examine, debug, and run
p r o g r a m s efficiently; thus being a n educational
tool f o r the learning of m i c r o p r o c e s s o r programming, and a n aid in the development of software.
plied), although static m e m o r y m a y a l s o be used.
All refreshing of dynamic memory,' including a l l
" off board" expansion memory, i s done automatically. The e n t i r e s y s t e m timing, including
the m i c r o p r o c e s s o r clock and a l l video signals,
originates in a single c r y s t a l oscillator.
The integral video display section and the
keyboard interface r e n d e r s unnecessary the need
f o r a n external teletype. The display section cont a i n s i t s ownmemory, leaving a l l of RAM for u s e r
p r o g r a m s , and the outputformat i s 40 c h a r a c t e r s /
line, 24 lines /page, with auto scrolling. Almost
any ASCII encoded keyboard will interface directly
with the Apple system.
This manual i s divided into t h r e e Sections:
The board h a s sockets f o r upto 8K bytes
of the 16 pin, 4K type, RAM, and the system i s
fully expandable t o 65K via the edge connector.
The system u s e s dynamic m e m o r y (4K bytes sup-
-
F u r t h e r , the printed circuit board contains
a "breadboard area", in which the u s e r can add
additional " on board " h a r d w a r e ( f o r example,
e x t r a P I A f s , ACIAfs, EROMfs, and s o on).
-
Section I GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING.
Section I1 USING THE SYSTEM MONITOR.
(listing included)
Section I11 EXPANDING THE SYSTEM.
P l e a s e r e a d s e c t i o n I thoroughly, before attempting t o "power-up" your system, and study
1
Section I 1 carefully before attempting t o expand
your system. In addition to this manual, Apple
"Tech Notes" a r e available which contain example s of expansion hardware and technique s .
*
SECTION I
GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING
The Apple Computer i s fully assembled,
tested, and burned in. The only external devices
n e c e s s a r y f o r operation of the s y s t e m are: An
ASCII encoded keyboard, a video display monitor,
and AC power s o u r c e s of 8 to 10 Volts (RMS) @ 3
a m p s and 28Volts (RMS)@1
amp. The following three
a r t i c l e s describe the attachment of these devices
in detail.
Keyboard:
Any ASCII encoded keyboard, with positive
DATA outputs, interfaces directly with the Apple
s y s t e m via a "DIP" connector. If your keyboard
h a s negative logic DATA outputs ( r a r e ) , you can
install i n v e r t e r s (7404) in the breadboard a r e a .
The strobe can be either positive o r negative, of
long o r s h o r t duration. The "DIP" keyboard connector (B4) h a s inputs f o r seven DATA lines, one
87
ST ROBE line, and two normally-open pushbutton
switches, used f o r RESET ( e n t e r monitor), and
CLEAR SCREEN ( s e e schematic diagram, sheet
3 of 3 , f o r exact circuitry). T h i s keyboard con-
nector a l s o supplies t h r e e voltages, (+5V, +12V,
and-12V) of which one o r m o r e m a y be n e c e s s a r y
to operate the keyboard. P i n 15 of the keyboard
connector (B4) m u s t be tied t o +5V (pin 16) f o r
normal operation.
NOTE: The s y s t e m monitor accepts only upperc a s e alpha (A-F, R).
It i s therefore convenient, though i t ' s not
essential, tohave a keyboard equipped with upperc a s e a l p h a l o c k (usuallyintheelectronics). E i t h e r
of the following suggested c i r c u i t s m a y be used
t o provide alpha lock capability, if needed, and
can be built in the breadboard a r e a .
Bp-wB
Vcc(+S)
1
FROM
KBD
l5
14
00
1
3
T O KBD
CONNECTOR
184)

4. Display:
The Apple Computer outputs a composite
video signal (composite of sync and video information) which can be applied t o any standard
raster-scan type video display monitor. The output l e v e l is adjustable with the potentiometer
located n e a r the video output Molex connector, J 2 .
T h e additional two outside pins on the Molex connector supply $5 andi-12 volts, to be used in future
Apple a c c e s s o r i e s . The composite video signal
can a l s o be modulated a t the p r o p e r RFfrequency,
with a n inexpensive commercially available device ,
and applied to the antenna t e r m i n a l s of a home
television r e c e i v e r . Since the c h a r a c t e r f o r m a t
i s 40 c h a r a c t e r s / l i n e , all television r e c e i v e r s
will have the n e c e s s a r y bandwidth t o display the
e n t i r e 40 c h a r a c t e r s . Two l a r g e manufacturers
of video display monitors, which connect directly
with the Apple Computer, a r e Motorola and Ball.
The mating four-pin Molex connector i s provided.
-
AC P o w e r Sources:
Two incoming AC power s o u r c e s a r e required f o r operation: 8 t o 10 VAC (RMS) a t 3 amps,
and 28VAC (RMS) Center-Tapped a t 1amp. These
AC supplies enter the s y s t e m a t the Molex connector, J l . The 8 to10 volts AC provides the raw
AC f o r the + volt supply, while the 28 VCT sup5
plies the r a w AC f o r the +12 and -12 volt supplies,
and t h e -5V supply is derived f r o m the -1 2V regulated output.
I
The board, a s supplied, requires no m o r e
than 1 . 5 a m p s DC f r o m the t5V supply, while the
regulator is capable of supplying 3 amps. The
remaining 1.5 amps DC f r o m the t5V supply i s
available f o r u s e r h a r d w a r e expansion (provided
ratings a r e employed).
r c e of the raw AC voltages
a r e two commercially available trans, Stancor P / N P-8380 o r equivalent ( 8 t o
at 3 amps), and Stancor P I N P-8667 o r
,
.
Simply w i r e the
equivalent ( 28VCT a t 1 a m p )
secondaries to the mating six-pin Molex connector
supplied, and w i r e the p r i m a r i e s i n parallel, as
shown in the schematic diagram (power s u p d
section, Dwg. No. 00101, s h e e t 3 of 3.
-
&
TEST PROGRAM
After attaching the keyboard, display, and
AC power sources, you can t r y a simple p r o g r a m
to t e s t if your s y s t e m and the attachments a r e
functioning together properly.
While i t does not
t e s t many possible a r e a s of the m i c r o p r o c e s s o r
system, the t e s t p r o g r a m will t e s t f o r the c o r r e c t
attachment of the keyboard, display, and power
supplies.
FIRST:
Hit the RESET button t o e n t e r the s y s t e m
monitor. A backslash should be displayed,
and the c u r s o r should drop t o the next line.
SECOND:
4Y
0 : A9 b 0 b AA b 20 b E F b FF b
TypeE 8 b 8A b 4C b'2 b i b - ( R E ~ )
( 0 i s a z e r o , NOT a n alpha "0"; b m e a n s
blank o r space; and (RET) h i t the "return"
key on the keyboard)
THIRD:
Type0 A (RET)
( T h i s should print out, on the display,
p r o g r a m you have just entered. )
.
FOURTH:
R (RET)
Type( R means run the p r o g r a m . )
THE PROGRAM SHOULD THEN PRINT
OUT ON THE DISPLAY A CONTINUOUS STREAM
OF ASCII CHARACTERS. TO STOP THE PROGRAM AND RETURN TO THE SYSTEM MONITOR,
HIT THE "RESET" BUTTON. TO RUN AGAIN,
TYPE : R (RET).

5. ifhmetic mode.
FF09
FFgC
I
i
l
!
8D 11 D0
8D 13 D0
FF0F C9 D F
FFll F0 1 3
F F 1 3 C9 9B
F F 1 5 F0 03
FF17 C8
F F 1 8 10 0F
F F l A A9 DC
F F l C 20 E F FF
FFlF A9 8D
F F 2 1 2 1 E F FF
4
F F 2 4 A0 01
F F 2 6 88
F F 2 7 30 F 6
F F Z ~AD 11 DQ
FFZC 10 F B
FFZE AD 1 0 D 0
F F 3 1 99 00 02
F F 3 4 20 E F FF
F F 3 7 C9 8 D I
F F 3 9 D0 D4
F F 3 B A0 FF
F F 3 D A9 00
F F 3 F AA
F F 4 0 4A
F F 4 1 85 2B
FF43 C8
F F 4 4 B9 09 02
F F 4 7 C9 8D
F F 4 9 F0 D4
F F 4 B C9 AE
F F 4 D 90 F 4
F F 4 F F g F0
F F 5 1 C9 BA
F F 5 3 F0 E B
F F 5 5 C9 D2
F F 5 7 F0 3B
F F 5 9 86 28
F F 5 B 86 29
F F 5 D 84 2A
F F 5 F B9 (40 02
F F 6 2 49 B0
F F 6 4 C9 0A
F F 6 6 90 06
F F 6 8 69 88
F F ~ A C9 F A
NOTCR
ESCAPE
GETLINE
BACKSPACE
NEXTCHAR
SETSTOR
SETMODE
BLSKIP
NEXT ITEM
M a s k f o r DSP d a t a d i r e c t i o n r e g i s t e r .
S e t i t up.
KBD and DSP c o n t r o l r e g i s t e r mask.
Enable i n t e r r u p t s , s e t CAI, CB1, f o r
positive edge s e n s e / o u t p u t m o d e .
LDY #$7F
STY DSP
LDA #$A7
STA KBD C R
STA DSP C R
C M P #$DF
BEQ BACKSPACE
C M P #$9B
BEQ ESCAPE
INY
B P L NEXTCHAR
LDA #$DC
*
J S R ECHO
LDA #$8D
JSR ECHO
LDY #$a1
DEY
BMI GETLINE
LDA KBD CR
B P L NEXTCHAR
LDA KBD
STA IN, Y
JSR ECHO
C M P #$8D
BNE NOTCR
LDY #$FF
LDA #$a0
TAX
ASL
STA MODE
INY
LDA IN, Y
11
11 I t ,
Output it.
CR.
Output it.
Initiallize text index.
Back up text index.
Beyond s t a r t of l i n e , r e i n i t i a l i z e .
Key r e a d y ?
Loop until ready.
L o a d c h a r a c t e r . B7 should b e '1 I .
Add t o t e x t buffer.
Display c h a r a c t e r .
CR?
No.
R e s e t t e x t index.
F o r XAM mode.
-
C M P #$8D
BEQ GETLINE
C M P #$AE
BCC BLSKIP
BEQ SETMODE
NEXTHEX-.
C M P #$D2
BEQ RUN
STX L
STX H
STY YSAV
LDA IN, Y
EOR #$I30
C M P #$@A
BCC DIG
ADC #$88
C.MP #$FA
BCC NOTHEX
?
Yes.
ESC ?
Yes.
Advance text index.
Auto ESC if > 127.
'Advance t e x t index.
Get character.
CR?
Skip d e l i m i t e r .
Yes, s e t STOR mode.
"R"?
Yes, run u s e r prbgram
M a p digits t o $@
-9.
.
Hex l e t t e r ?
No, c h a r a c t e r not hzx.
H e x digit .to MSD of
Shift count.

6. 6502 HEX MONITOR LISTING (continued)
FF75
FF77
FF79
FF7A
FF7C
FF7D
FF7F
FF81
FF83
FF85
FF87
FF89
FF8B
FF8D
FF8F
FF91
FF94
FF97
FF99
FF9B
FF9D
FF9F
FFAl
d ~ ~
L%IX;
i
FFAB
FFAD
FFBQ
FFB2
FFB5
FFB7
FFBA
FFBC
FFBF
FFCl
FFC4
FFC7
FFC8
FFCA
FFCC
FFCE
FFDQ
FFD2
FFD4
FFD6
FED8
FFDA
FFDC
FFDD
FFDE
FFDF
FFE0
FFEl
FFE4
FFE5
FFE7
FFE9
26 28
26 29
CA
Db F 8
C8
DQ E Q
C4 2A
F d 97
24 2B
50 1 0
A5 28
81 26
E 6 26
DQ B5
E 6 27
4C 44 FF
6C 24 00
30 2B
A2 02
B5 27
95 25
95 23
CA
A 2 7
D0 F
$fi,
A5 25
20 DC FF
A5 24
20 DC FF
A9 BA
20 E F FF
A9 A0
20 E F FF
A1 24
20 DC FF
86 2B
A5 24
,C5 28
A5 25
E 5 29
B0 C l
E 6 24
D0 02
E 6 25
A5 24
29 07
10 C8
48
4A
4A
4A
4A
20E5FF
68
29 0F
09 B0
C9 BA
ROL L
ROL H
DEX
BNE HEXSHIFT
INY
BNE NEXTHEX
CPY YSAV
BEQ ESCAPE
BIT MODE
BVC NOTSTOR
LDA L
STA (STL, X)
INC STL
BNE NEXTITEM
INC STH
TONEXTITEM J M P NEXTITEM
JMP (XAML)
RUN
NOTSTOR
BMI XAMNEXT
LDX #$02
SETADR
LDA L-1 ,X
STA STL-1, X
STA XAML-1, X
DEX
BNE SETADR
BNE PRDATA
NXTPRNT
LDA #$8D
JSR ECHO
LDA XAMH
JSR PRBYTE
LDA XAML
JSR PRBYTE
LDA #$BA
JSR ECHO
PRDATA
LDA #$A0
JSR ECHO
LDA (XAML, X)
JSR PRBYTE
XAMNEXT
STX MODE
LDA XAML
CMP L
LDA XAMH
SBC H
BCS TONEXTITEM
INC XAML
BNE MOD8CHK
INC XAMH
MODBCHK
LDA XAML
AND #$07
B P L NXTPRNT
PRBYTE
PHA
LSR
LSR
LSR
LSR
JSR PRHEX
P LA
PRHE X
AND #$@F
ORA #$BQ
CMP #$BA
Rotate into LSD.
Rotate into MSD's.
Done 4 shXts?
No, loop.
Advence text index.
Always taken. Check next c h a r a c t e r f o r he,
Check if L , H empty ( n o h e x digits).
Yes, generate ESC sequence.
T e s t MODE byte.
B6 = 0 f o r STOR, 1 f o r XAM and BLOCK XAM
LSD's of h e x data.
S t o r e a t c u r r e n t ' s t o r e index'.
Increment s t o r e index.
Get next item. (no c a r r y ) .
Add c a r r y t o ' s t o r e index' high o r d e r .
Get next command i t e m .
Run a t c u r r e n t XAM index.
B7 = 0 f o r XAM, 1 f o r BLOCK XAM.
Byte count.
Copy h e x data t o
' s t o r e index'.
And t o 'XAM index'.
Next of 2 bytes.
Loop u n l e s s X = 0.
NE m e a n s no a d d r e s s t o print.
CR.
Output it.
'Examine index'high-order byte.
Output i t in h e x f o r m a t .
Low-order 'examine index' byte.
Output it in h e x f o r m a t .
,I:,#
Output it.
Blank.
Output i t .
Get data byte a t 'examine index'.
Output it in hex f o r m a t .
0-C MODE (XAM mode).
Compare 'examine index' t o h e x data.
Not l e s s , s o no m o r e data t o output.
I n c r e m e n t 'examine index'.
Check low-order 'examine index' byte
F o r MOD 8' 0
Always taken.
Save A f o r LSD.
MSD t o LSD position.
Output hex digit.
R e s t o r e A.
Mask LSD f o r h e x print.
Add "0".
Digit?

7. HARDWARE NOTES
Page
0 Variables
XAML
XAMH
STL
STH
L
H
YSAV
MODE
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
Other Variables
IN
KBD
KBDCR
DSP
D S P CR
200-27F
Doll
DQ13

8. SECTION I11
HOW TO EXPAND THE A P P L E SYSTEM
The Apple s y s t e m can be expanded to include m o r e m e m o r y and I 0 devices, via a 44-pin
edge connector. The s y s t e m i s fully expandable
to 65K, with the entire data and a d d r e s s busses,
clocks, control signals ( i. e. IRQ, NMI, DMA,
RDY, etc.), and power s o u r c e s available a t the
connector. All a d d r e s s lines a r e T T L buffered,
and data lines can drive ten equivalent capacitive
loads (one T T L load and 130pf) without external
buffers. All clock signals a r e T T L . The Apple
s y s t e m runs a t approximately 1 MHz ( s e e spec
sheet) and i s fully compatible with 6800/6500 style
timing.
DMA:
T h r e e power s o u r c e s a r e available a t the
edge connector: f 5 volts regulated, and raw DC
(approximately +/- 14V) f o r the +12'V, -12V, and
-5V supplies. If +12V, -12V, o r -5V supplies a r e
required, EXTERNAL REGULATORS MUST BE
USED. An e x c e s s of 1.5 a m p s f r o m the "onboardu regulated f5V supply i s available f o r expansion (assuming suitable t r a n s f o r m e r ratings
a r e employed). E x e r c i s e g r e a t c a r e in the handling
of the raw DC, a s no short-circuit protection i s
provided.
SOFTWARE CONSIDERATIONS:
The sequences listedbelow a r e the routines
used to r e a d the keyboard o r output to the display,
The Apple s y s t e m h a s full DMA capabli
F o r DMA, the DMA control line t r i - s t a t e s ,
a d d r e s s buss, thus allowing external devices t,
control the buss. Consult MOS TECHNOLOGY
6502 Hardware Manual f o r details. ( F o r DMA use,
the solder jumper on the board, m a r k e d "DMA",
m u s t be broken. )
F o r the 6502 m i c r o p r o c e s s o r , the RDY
line i s used to halt the p r o c e s s o r f o r single stepping, o r slow ROM applications. Refer t o Apple
"Tech Notes" f o r examples.
Read Key f r o m KBD:
LDA KBD CR (D011)
LDA KBD DATA ( D Q l o )
Output to Display:
BIT DSP (D012)
STA DSP (Do12)
REFRESH:
F o u r out of e v e r y 65 clock cycles i s dedicated t o m e m o r y refresh. A t the s t a r t of a ref r e s h cycle (150 n s a f t e r leading edge of 01), R F
goes low, and remains low f o r one clock cycle.
$42 i s inhibited during a r e f r e s h cycle, and the
p r o c e s s o r i s held in 01 ( i t ' s inactive state). Dynamic m e m o r i e s , which m u s t clock during r e f r e s h
cycles, should derive t h e i r clock f r o m 00, which
i s equivalent t o 02, except that i t continues during
a r e f r e s h cycle. Devices, such a s PIA1s, will not
be affected by a r e f r e s h cycle, since they r e a c t t o
02 only. Refer t o Apple "TechNotesl' f o r a variety
of inte riacing examples
-
.
PIA Internal Registers:
KBD Data
I3010
High o r d e r bit equals 1.
KBD Control Reg. D o l l
High o r d e r bit indicates "key ready".
Reading key c l e a r s flag.
Rising
edge of KBD s e t s flag.
DSP DATA
D012
Lower seven bits a r e data output,
high o r d e r bit is display ready"
input (1 equals ready, 0 equals busy)
DSP Control Reg.
D013
'

10. RUN
If m o r e than one s o u r c e f o r RDY
u s e owen-collector gate 7401 (not '00)
CS
(Slow ROM
a d d r e s s decoded)
I
I
1
, '
needed only
f o r single
INSTR mode
STEP
I
-1,
I
Y
p o S I N G L E lNSTRUCTlON
SINGLE CYCLE
SLOW ROM
(NOTE: F e a t u r e s not needed may be omitted)
SINGLE STEP FOR 6502
ADDRESS DISPLAY
D0
Dl
D2
D3
SYNC
D5
Q5
100
,..
SYNC
I

11. The Apple Computer Company hereby w a r r a n t s each of
i t s products, and a l l components therein contained, to be f r e e
f r o m defects in m a t e r i a l s a n d / o r workmanship f o r a period of
thirty (30) days f r o m date of purchase. In the event of the occurrence of malfunction, o r other indication of f a i l u r e attributable
directly to faulty workmanship a n d / o r mate rial, then, upon return of the product to the Apple Computer Company, a t 770 Welch
Road, P a l o Alto, California, 94304 (postage prepaid), the Apple
Computer Company will, a t i t s option, r e p a i r o r replace said
products o r components the reof, t o what sve r extent Apple Computer Company shall deem n e c e s s a r y , to r e s t o r e said product
to proper operating condition. All such r e p a i r s o r replacements
shall be rendered by the Apple Computer Company, without
charge t o the customer.
4
The responsibility for the failure of any Apple Computer
product, o r component thereof, which, a t the discretion of the
Apple Computer Company, shall have resulted e i t h e r directly o r
indirectly f r o m accident, abuse, o r misapplication of the product,
shall be assumed by the customer, andthe Apple Computer Company shall a s s u m e no liability a s a consequence of such events
under the t e r m s of this warranty.
While every effort, on the p a r t of Apple Computer Company, i s made to provide c l e a r and a c c u r a t e technical instruction
on the use, implementation, and application of i t s products, the
Apple Computer Company shall a s s u m e no liability in events which
may a r i s e f r o m the application of such technical instruction, n o r
shall the Apple Computer Company be held liable f o r the quality,
interconnection, o r application of periferal products, which may
have been recommended by Apple Computer Company, but which
havenotbeensuppliedaspart oftheproduct.
This warranty contains and embodies the l i m i t s of responsibility of the Apple Computer Company, with r e g a r d t o i t s
products, and no other liability i s expressed, implied, o r should
be assumed by the purchaser, and in no event shall the Apple
Computer Company be held liable f o r the l o s s of time, effort,
o r transportation costs, nor f o r l o s s of potential profits o r other
consequentiallosses whichmight a r i s e f r o m the purchase, a s s e m bly, use, application, o r subsequent sale of the products of Apple
Computer Company, n o r f r o m any instructions a n d / o r technical
information thereto related.
f
d
k
C

12. e ' a n p 111
m
v $621 Union A%en+Qe
Mf;3 1 2
514
$gsj
@@4i137746g$