2. 1.Ovulation disorder
 Ovulation- monthly release of an egg
PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE- the woman’s
ovaries stop working before she is 40 yr. old.
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME(PCOS)-having
high level of androgen.This is also called Stein-
Leventhal Syndrome

3.  HYPERPROLACTINEMIA-if prolactin levels are
high and the woman is not pregnant or
breastfeeding it may affect ovulation.
 POOR EGG QUALITY-eggs that are damaged or
develop genetic abnormalities.
2.PROBLEMS IN THE UTERUS OR
FALLOPIAN TUBES DUE TO :
SURGERY
 SUBMUCOSAL FIBROIDS-benign or non
cancerous tumors found in the muscular
wall of the uterus.

5.  ENDOMETRIOSIS-cells that are normally found within the
lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body

6.  3.PREVIOUS STERILIZATION TREATMENT
 4.MEDICATIONS-some drugs can affect fertility of a
woman. these include:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)
CHEMOTHEREPY
 5.RADIOTHERAPY
 6.ILLEGAL DRUGS

8. SEMEN-refers to the milky fluid that a man’s penis
releases during orgasm. It consists of fluid and
sperm.

9. SEMEN PROBLEMS
1. No sperm
2. Low sperm mobility(motility)-the sperm can
not “swim” as well as it should.
3. Abnormal Sperm-if the sperm morphology
(structure) and motility (movement) are
wrong it is less likely to reach the egg and
fertilize it. Abnormal sperm may be due:
a.testicular infection
b.testicular cancer
c.testicular surgery
d.Overheating the testicles
4.Ejaculation disorders

10. 5.Varicocele-this is the varicose vein in the
scrotum that may cause sperm to over
heat.

11. 6.Hypogonadism- testosterone deficiency.

12. 7.Genetic abnormality- a man should have X and Y
chromosome. If he has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y
chromosomes it is called Klinefelter’s Syndrome.
8.Mumps- can inflammation to the testicles that may affect
sperm production.
9.Hypospadias-the urethral opening is at the underside of
the penis instead of its tip.

13. 10.Cystic Fibrosis - chronic disease that affects organs such
us liver lungs pancreas and intestines.
11. Undescended testicle- one or both testicles fail to
descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the
fetal development.

14.  11. Some Diseases
 Anemia
 Cushing Syndrome
 Diabetes
Thyroid diseases
12.Medication
Sulfasalazine- given to patient with rheumatoid arthritis
Anabolic steroids-taken by body builders and athletes
Chemotherapy
13.Illegal Drugs