Enviormental pollution

1. Topics Of Presentation On
Environmental Pollution
Submit To :Mrs. Nishu Garg
Submit By :Nishu Kumar
Roll No : 14151
Class : B.Com(Prof) 1st Year
2nd Semester
Punjabi University Collage Ghudda

2. W
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•What Is Pollution?
 Presence of matter (Gas, Liquid, Solid) or
energy (Heat, Noise, Radiation) Whose
nature, location, or quantity directly or
indirectly alters characteristics or processes
of any part of environment, and causes (or
has the potential to causes) Damage to the
condition, health, safety, or welfare of
Animals. Humans, plants, or Property.

3. Types Of Pollution
1. Air Pollution 2.Water Pollution
3. Noise Pollution 4. Land Pollution
Some Other Type Of Pollution
5. Light Pollution 6. Thermal Pollution
7. Radioactive Pollution

4. What is air pollution?
Air pollution (say: po-loo-shun) occurs when gases, dust particles, fumes (or
smoke) or odour are introduced into the atmosphere in a way that makes it
harmful to humans, animals and plant. This is because the air becomes dirty
(contaminated or unclean).
Any additional gas, particles or odours that are introduced into the air (either by
nature or human activity) to distort this natural balance and cause harm to
living things can be called air pollution.
 The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air (made up of various gases) called
the atmosphere. The atmosphere helps protect the Earth and allow life to exist.
Without it, we would be burned by the intense heat of the sun during the day or
frozen by the very low temperatures at night.

5. There are two types of pollutants:
Primary pollutants :are those gases or
particles that are pumped into the air to make it
unclean. They include carbon monoxide from
automobile (cars) exhausts and sulfur dioxide
from the combustion of coal.
Secondary pollutants : When pollutants
in the air mix up in a chemical reaction, they form
an even more dangerous chemical. Photochemical
smog is an example of this, and is a secondary
pollutant.

6. What are the common air pollutants
around?
Examples of Air pollutants
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Pollutants facts Reduces the amount of oxygen
reaching the body’s organs and tissues;
aggravates heart disease, resulting in chest pain
and other symptoms.

7. Ground-level Ozone (O3)
 Pollutants facts Secondary pollutant formed by chemical
reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in
the presence of sunlight.
 Pollutants facts Decreases lung function and causes
respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of
breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get
worse.
Lead (Pb)
 Pollutants facts Smelters (metal refineries) and other metal
industries; combustion of leaded gasoline in piston engine
aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery
manufacturing.
 Pollutants facts Damages the developing nervous system,
resulting in IQ loss and impacts on learning, memory, and
behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal effects in
adults and early effects related to anemia.

8.  Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
 Pollutants facts Fuel combustion (electric utilities, big industrial boilers,
vehicles) and wood burning.
 Pollutants facts Worsens lung diseases leading to respiratory symptoms,
increased susceptibility to respiratory infection.
 Particulate Matter (PM)
 Pollutants facts This is formed through chemical reactions, fuel
combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes,
farming (plowing, field burning), and unpaved roads or during road
constructions.
 Pollutants facts Short-term exposures can worsen heart or lung diseases
and cause respiratory problems. Long-term exposures can cause heart or
lung disease and sometimes premature deaths.
 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
 Pollutants factsSO2 comes from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur
coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as natural
occurrences like volcanoes.
 Pollutants facts Aggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult. It also
contributes to particle formation with associated health effect.

9. What causes air
pollution?
Air pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that
pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen
dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution
from natural occurrences are not very often.
Human activities that result in air pollution include:
1. Household and Farming Chemicals
Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products or painting
supplies, over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit harmful
chemicals into the air and cause pollution. In many case, when we use these
chemicals at home or offices with no or little ventilation, we may fall ill if we
breathe them.

10.  Emissions from industries and manufacturing
activities
 2.Pollution by industries
 Consider a typical manufacturing plant: You will notice that there are long
tubes (called chimneys) erected high into the air, with lots of smoke and fumes
coming out of it. Waste incinerators, manufacturing industries and power
plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, and chemicals
into the air. This happens almost everywhere that people live. Petroleum
refineries also release lots of hydrocarbons into the air.
 3. Burning Fossil Fuels
 After the industrial age, transportation has become a key part of our lives. Cars
and heavy duty trucks, trains, shipping vessels and airplanes all burn lots of
fossil fuels to work. Emissions from automobile engines contain both primary
and secondary pollutants. This is a major cause of pollution, and one that is
very difficult to manage. This is because humans rely heavily on vehicles and
engines for transporting people, good and services.
 Fumes from car exhaust contain dangerous gases such as carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and particulates. On their own, they cause
great harm to people who breath them. Additionally, they react with
environmental gases to create further toxic gases.

11. What are the effects of air pollution?
1.Acidification:
Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which
can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant,
such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the
water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area,
it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife.
acid rain acidification for children
Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants:
When acid rain infiltrates into soils, it changes the chemistry of the soil making it
unfit for many living things that rely on soil as a habitat or for nutrition. Acid rain
also changes the chemistry of the lakes and streams that the rainwater flows into,
harming fish and other aquatic life.

12.  2.Eutrophication:
 Rain can carry and deposit the Nitrogen in some pollutants on rivers and soils.
This will adversely affect the nutrients in the soil and water bodies. This can
result in algae growth in lakes and water bodies, and make conditions for other
living organism harmful.
 3.Ground-level ozone:
 Chemical reactions involving air pollutants create a poisonous gas ozone (O3).
Gas Ozone can affect people’s health and can damage vegetation types and
some animal life too.
 4.Particulate matter:
 Air pollutants can be in the form of particulate matter which can be very
harmful to our health. The level of effect usually depends on the length of time
of exposure, as well the kind and concentration of chemicals and particles
exposed to. Short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat,
and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Others
include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can
aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema.
Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer,
heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual
exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may
aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.

13. Air pollution prevention, monitoring and solution.
Solution efforts on pollution is always a big problem. This is why prevention
interventions are always a better way of controlling air pollution. These prevention
methods can either come from government (laws) or by individual actions. In
many big cities, monitoring equipment have been installed at many points in the
city. Authorities read them regularly to check the quality of air. Let's see more
below:

14.  1.Government (or community) level prevention
 Pollutants facts Governments throughout the world have already taken action against air
pollution by introducing green energy. Some governments are investing in wind energy
and solar energy, as well as other renewable energy, to minimize burning of fossil fuels,
which cause heavy air pollution.
 Pollutants facts Governments are also forcing companies to be more responsible with
their manufacturing activities, so that even though they still cause pollution, they are a
lot controlled.
 Pollutants fact scar manufacturing companies are also building more energy efficient
cars, which pollute less than before.
 2.Individual Level Prevention
 Pollutants facts Encourage your family to use the bus, train or bike when commuting. If
we all do this, there will be less cars on road and less fumes.
 use the bus to stop pollution
 Pollutants facts Use energy (light, water, boiler, kettle and fire woods) wisely. This is
because lots of fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity, and so if we can cut down
the use, we will also cut down the amount of pollution we create.
 Pollutants facts Recycle and re-use things. This will minimize the dependence of
producing new things. Remember manufacturing industries create a lot of pollution, so
if we can re-use things like shopping plastic bags, clothing, paper and bottles, it can
help.

15. What is water pollution?
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater), very often by human activities.
facts on water pollutionWater pollution occurs when pollutants (particles,
chemicals or substances that make water contaminated) are discharged directly or
indirectly into water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of harmful
compounds. Pollutants get into water mainly by human causes or factors. Water
pollution can be a Point-source, Non Point-source, or Transboundary in nature,
Water pollution is the second most imperative environmental concern along with
air pollution.

16. Types of water pollution
There are many types of water pollution because water comes from many sources.
Here are a few types of water pollution:
1. Nutrients Pollution
Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. If they end up in
water bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will make the water
undrinkable, and even clog filters. Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the
water, and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen starvation.
2. Surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural water found on the earth's surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons
and oceans. Hazardous substances coming into contact with this surface water, dissolving
or mixing physically with the water can be called surface water pollution.

17.  3. Oxygen Depleting
 Water bodies have micro-organisms. These include aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
When to much biodegradable matter (things that easily decay) end up in water, it
encourages more microorganism growth, and they use up more oxygen in the water. If
oxygen is depleted, aerobic organisms die, and anaerobic organism grow more to
produce harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.
 When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils, they are washed deep into the
ground by rain water. This gets to underground water, causing pollution underground.
 This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water from underground, it needs to
be checked for ground water pollution.
 5. Microbiological
 In many communities in the world, people drink untreated water (straight from
a river or stream). Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by micro-
organisms like viruses, bacteria and protozoa. This natural pollution can cause
fishes and other water life to die. They can also cause serious illness to humans
who drink from such waters.
 6. Suspended Matter
 Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not easily dissolve in
water. This kind of material is called particulate matter. Some suspended
pollutants later settle under the water body. This can harm and even kill aquatic
life that live at the floor of water bodies.

18. 7. Chemical Water Pollution
 Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up in
water. This is common with Point-source Pollution. These include
chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and pests. Metals
and solvents from industries can pollute water bodies. These are
poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their
development, make them infertile and kill them.
8. Oil Spillage
 Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on wildlife but can
spread for miles. The oil can cause the death to many fish and get
stuck to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose their ability
to fly.
 marine oil pollution
 Do you remember the BP Oil spill in 2010? (Read about it here)
Over 1,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were reported dead,
including many already on the endangered species list. Of the
animals affected by the spill, only about 6% have been reported
cleaned, but many biologists and other scientists predict they will
die too from the stress caused by the pollution.

19. causes of water
pollution.
 Apart from the industrial causes of water pollution, as we saw in
the previous page, here are some more:
 1.Ocean dumpingSewage and waste water
 Everyday, we cook, do laundry, flush the toilet, wash our cars, shower and do many
things that use water. Think about how we use water in schools, hospitals and public
places.
 Where do you think all the water, liquid waste, toilet and urine ends up? In many
developed communities, this waste water and soluble waste (called sewage) is treated,
cleaned and dumped into the sea or river. Even though they are treated, they are never
the same as fresh water.
 In some not-so-developed countries, the sewage is not treated, but quickly dumped into
the sea or water bodies. This is VERY dangerous because they contaminate the
environment and water bodies and bring many deadly diseases to us.

20.  2.Septic Tanks
 Every domestic (home) toilet is connected to septic tank usually located outside the
house. Each time poop is flushed down the toilet, it goes into this tank, where the solid
part is separated from the liquid part. Biological processes are used to break down the
solids and the liquid is usually drained out into a land drainage system. From this stage,
it can escape into the soil and nearby water bodies.
 3.Ocean dumping Ocean and marine dumping
 Again, think of the rubbish we all make each day. Paper waste, food waste,
plastic, rubber, metallic and aluminum waste. In some countries, they are
deposited into the sea. All these waste types take time to decompose. For
example, it is know that paper takes about 6 weeks, aluminum takes about 200
years and glass takes even more years. When these end up in the sea, they harm
sea animals and cause a lot of water animal deaths.
 4.Underground storage and tube leakages
 Many liquid products (petroleum products) are stored in metal and steel tubes
underground. Other sewage systems run in underground tubes. Overtime, they
rust and begin to leak. If that happens, they contaminate the soils, and the
liquids in them end up in many nearby water bodies.
 5.Atmospheric
 Atmospheric deposition is the pollution of water bodies caused by air pollution.
Each time the air is polluted with sculpture dioxide and nitrogen oxide, they
mix with water particles in the air and form a toxic substance. This falls as acid
rain to the ground, and gets washed into water bodies. The result is that, water
bodies also get contaminated and this affects animals and water organisms.

21. Effects of water pollution.
You will notice in the previous pages that water pollution is very harmful to
humans, animals and water life. The effects can be catastrophic, depending on the
kind of chemicals, concentrations of the pollutants and where there are polluted.
Below, we shall see a summary of the effects of water pollution. (Make sure you see
the factsheet page for some very unfortunate incidents of water pollution in recent
time)
The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in
which locations.
Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is
the result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally
or illegally dumped by manufacturing industries, health centers, schools and
market places.

22.  1.facts on water pollution Death of aquatic (water)
animals
 The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on
these water bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins, and many
other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat
(living environment).
 2.facts on water pollution Disruption of food-chains
 Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and
cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish
and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
 3.facts on water pollution Diseases
 Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases
such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor
nations, there is always outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor
drinking water treatment from contaminated waters.
 4.facts on water pollution Destruction of ecosystem
 Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place, depending on each other
for life) can be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are
now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming
back to hurt humans in many ways.

23. Solution of water pollution.
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone
(including governments and local councils) needs to get
involved with. Here are a few things you can do to help.
Learning about the issue (like you are doing) is the
greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few
more:

24.  You can help
 bullet Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin.
If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This
includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.
 bullet Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you
can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do
this, we can significantly prevent water shortages and reduce the amount of
dirty water that needs treatment.
 bullet Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain,
or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the
disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there
is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.
 bullet Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and
other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.
 bullet If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be
mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the
chemical into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and
using organic manure instead.

25. What is Noise Pollution?
. Sound is essential to our daily lives, but noise is not. Noise is generally used as an
unwanted sound, or sound which produces unpleasant effects and discomfort on
the ears.
. noise pollution for kids
. Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as
sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one’s quality of life. Not all noise
can be called noise pollution. If it does not happen regularly, it may be termed as
'Nuisance'
. Generally, noise is produced by household gadgets, big trucks, vehicles and
motorbikes on the road, jet planes and helicopters hovering over cites, loud
speakers etc.

26. What are the sources of
noise pollution?
 Noise can come from many places. Let us see a few good sources:
 1.Noise and nuisance Household sources:
 Gadgets like food mixer, grinder, vacuum cleaner, washing
machine and dryer, cooler, air conditioners, can be very noisy and
injurious to health. Others include loud speakers of sound
systems and TVs, iPods and ear phones. Another example may be
your neighbor’s dog barking all night everyday at every shadow it
sees, disturbing everyone else in the apartment.

27.  2.Noise and nuisance Social events:
 Places of worship, discos and gigs, parties and other social events also
create a lot of noise for the people living in that area. In many market
areas, people sell with loud speakers, others shout out offers and try to
get customers to buy their goods. It is important to note that whey these
events are not often, they can be called 'Nuisance' rather than noise
pollution.
 3.Noise and nuisance Commercial and industrial
activities:
 Printing presses, manufacturing industries, construction sites,
contribute to noise pollutions in large cities. In many industries, it is a
requirement that people always wear earplugs to minimize their
exposure to heavy noise. People who work with lawn mowers, tractors
and noisy equipment are also required to wear noise-proof gadgets.
 4.Noise and nuisance Transportation:
 Think of aero planes flying over houses close to busy airports like
Heathrow (London) or O'Hare (Chicago), over ground and
underground trains, vehicles on road—these are constantly
making a lot of noise and people always struggle to cope with
them.

28. Effects of noise pollution
 Generally, problems caused by noise pollution include stress related illnesses,
speech interference, hearing loss, sleep disruption, and lost productivity. Most
importantly, there are two major effects we can look at:
 noise and nuisance Hearing
 The immediate and acute effect of noise pollution to a person, over a period of
time, is impairment of hearing. Prolonged exposure to impulsive noise to a
person will damage their eardrum, which may
 result in a permanent hearing.
 noise and nuisance Effects on general health
 Health effects of noise include anxiety and stress reaction and in extreme cases fright.
The physiological manifestations are headaches, irritability and nervousness, feeling of
fatigue and decreases work efficiency. For example, being pounded by the siren of fire
fighters, police or ambulance in your city all night everyday leave people (especially
elderly people) stresses and tired in the morning.
 Its is worth noting that these effects may not sound troubling, but the truth is, with
time, the consequences can be very worrying.

29. Noise pollution prevention and
control tips
 Below are a few things people and governments can do to make our
communities and living laces quieter:
 noise and nuisance Construction of soundproof rooms for noisy machines in
industrial and manufacturing installations must be encouraged. This is also
important for residential building—noisy machines should be installed far
from sleeping and living rooms, like in a basement or garage.
 noise and nuisance Use of horns with jarring sounds, motorbikes with damaged
exhaust pipes, noisy trucks to be banned.
 noise and nuisance Noise producing industries, airports, bus and transport
terminals and railway stations to sighted far from where living places.
 noise and nuisance Community law enforcers should check the misuse of
loudspeakers, worshipers, outdoor parties and discos, as well as public
announcements systems.
 noise and nuisance Community laws must silence zones near schools / colleges,
hospitals etc.
 noise and nuisance Vegetation (trees) along roads and in residential areas is a
good way to reduce noise pollution as they absorb sound.

30. What is land pollution?
 Land pollution is the deterioration (destruction) of the earth’s land surfaces,
often directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities and their misuse of land
resources.
 It occurs when waste is not disposed off properly, or can occur when humans
throw chemicals unto the soil in the form of pesticides, insecticides and
fertilizers during agricultural practices. Exploitation of minerals (mining
activities) has also contributed to the destruction of the earth’s surface.
 Land pollution tips for kids
 Since the Industrial Revolution, natural habitats have been destroyed, and
environments have been polluted, causing diseases in both humans and many
other species of animals.
 Human actions have also caused many large areas of land to lose or reduce their
capacity to support life forms and ecosystems. This is know as land
degradation. Note that land degradation can result from many factors, and land
pollution is only one of them.

31. Types of land pollution.
 There are different types of land pollution. Many publications group them
differently. Let us see these four main types:
 Solid Waste
 These include all the various kinds of rubbish we make at home, school,
hospitals, market and work places. Things like paper, plastic containers, bottles,
cans, food and even used cars and broken electronic goods, broken furniture
and hospital waste are all examples of solid waste. Some of these are
biodegradable (meaning they easily rot or decay into organic matter). Examples
include food droppings, paper products as well as vegetation (like grass and
twigs). Others are not biodegradable, and they include plastics, metals and
aluminum cans, broken computer and car parts.
 Environmental pollution and land pollution
 Because these do not easily decay, they pile up in landfills (a place where all the
city’s rubbish are sent), where they stay for thousands of years. These bring
great harm to the land and people around it.

32.  Pesticides and Fertilizers
 Many farming activities engage in the application of fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides for higher crop yield. This is good because we get more food, but
can you think of what happens to the chemicals that end up on the crops and
soils? Sometimes, insects and small animals are killed and bigger animals that
eat tiny animals (as in food chains) are also harmed. Finally, the chemicals may
be washed down as it rains and over time, they end up in the water table below
(causes water pollution).
 Chemicals
 Chemical and nuclear power plants produce waste materials that have to be stored
somewhere. Fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals manufacturers also
produce lots of solid and liquid waste. In many cases they are stored in an
environmentally safe way, but there are some that find their way into landfills and other
less safe storage facilities. Sometimes they also find their way into leaking pipes and
gutters. They end up polluting soils and making crops harmful to our health.
 Deforestation
 Humans depend on trees for many things including life. Trees absorb carbon dioxide (a
green house gas) from the air and enrich the air with Oxygen, which is needed for life.
Trees provide wood for humans and a habitat to many land animals, insects and birds.
Trees also, help replenish soils and help retain nutrients being washed away.
Unfortunately, we have cut down millions of acres of tree for wood, construction,
farming and mining purposes, and never planted new trees back. This is a type of land
pollution.

33. Sources of land pollution.
Below are some sources of solid and semi-solid
pollutants:
1.land pollution facts on water pollution Agricultural
sources:
These include waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and
farm residues. They also include the chemical left over of all
pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides used for agricultural activities.

34.  facts on water pollution Ashes: The residual matter that remains after
solid fuels are burned. When waste is burned in incinerators, two types of ashes
are produced. Bottom ash is the debris from burnt metal and glass waste.
Bottom ash are not bio-degradable. The second type of ash is called fly ash.
This is the ash that is trapped by filters in the chimney of the incinerators. It is
know to be very toxic (poisonous). Every four trucks of waste burnt produces
about one truck of ashes that end up in the landfill too. Ashes easily leak into
the soil and water tables causing land and water pollution.
 facts on water pollution Mining sources: This includes piles of coal
refuse and heaps of slag and underground debris. Mining and forestry activities
that clear the land surfaces (clear cutting) and use 'skid trails' often leave leave
the land unretired. The surface is exposed to erosion which destroys the quality
of the land. Additionally, iron and other chemicals such as copper, mercury and
lead from mining practices leach into the soil, polluting it and leaving it
exposed to water bodies as well.
 facts on water pollution Industrial sources: These include paints,
chemicals, metals and aluminum, plastics and so on that are produces in the
process of manufacturing goods.
 facts on water pollution Sewage Treatment: Wastes that are left over
after sewage has been treated, biomass sludge, and settled solids. Some of these
are sent directly to landfills whiles other treatment plants burn them to
generate electricity. Both end up polluting the environment.

35.  facts on water pollution Garbage or waste: These include household or
municipal waste such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on.
Some of these can decay and others cannot. They are usually collected and sent
to landfills where the pollution action begins.
 facts on water pollution Construction sources: These include waste
like debris, wood, metals and plastics that are produced from construction
activities.
 facts on water pollution Deforestation: This is when trees are cut down
for economic purposes, mining, farming and construction. In forests areas,
trees absurd and reflect about 20% of the intense heat from the sun, protecting
and preserving its surface soils. Cutting down trees mean that the land is
exposed to direct sunlight and rain, resulting in soil erosions, desertification
and land degradation
 facts on water pollution Chemical And Nuclear Plants: These include
chemical waste from chemical industries that are disposed off into landfills.
 facts on water pollution Oil Refineries: When crude oil is refined into
usable petro, gas or diesel, there are by products that end up as waste.

36. Effects of land pollution.
 There can be catastrophic consequences of land pollution in relation to humans,
animals, water and soils. The effects are even worse if the garbage is not separated into
organic, re-usable and recyclable waste.
 Contaminated lands and environments can:
 facts on water pollution Cause problems in the human respiratory system.
 facts on water pollution Cause problems on the skin.
 facts on water pollution Cause various kinds of cancers.
 The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get
 into the human body directly by:
 facts on water pollution Coming into contact with the skin.
 facts on water pollution Being washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers.
 facts on water pollution Eating fruits and vegetables that have been grown in polluted
soil.
 facts on water pollution Breathing in polluted dust or particles.

37. How to prevent land
pollution
Like many other challenges, the best best way to solve problems is to
understand it. This means learning about it (like what you are doing
now) is the greatest step forward.
Here are a few other tips on how you can help reduce land pollution:
facts on water pollution People should be educated and made aware
about the harmful effects of littering. Discuss with friends and
family and talk about it.

38. left aligned image facts on water pollution Reuse any items that you
can. Items like clothing, bottles, wrapping paper and shopping bags
can be used over and over again, rather than buying new things.
The greatest prevention to land pollution is in the three ‘R's’ …
Reduce Waste, Re-use things and
Recycle things. This is true even for governments. They can also use
the three ‘R’ rule to minimize the amount of waste that ends up in
landfills. After the three 'R's, remember to turn the rest of the
garbage into compost.

39. Light pollution?
It is very easy for anyone to see light pollution as not a big deal, because the effects
are usually not the kind that is frightening to hear, such as those of water and air
pollution. More so, it is the kind that people in the cities appreciate more, because
light pollution, which is a fairly new concern, occurs more in cities than in very
rural areas.
"Light pollution is an increasing problem threatening astronomical facilities,
ecologically sensitive habitats, all wildlife, our energy use as well as our human
heritage" —International Dark-Sky Association

40. Night view of stars
Until the last few decades, humans could sit out at night and gaze
into the sky's amazing glittering stars and lights from objects in
outer space.
It is not so today. Now, the cities are covered with lights, from buildings, streets,
commercial light displays, many of which direct the lights up into the sky and into
many unwanted places. In England, for example, it is known that only about 10%
of the geographical area enjoy truly dark skies. Humans are missing out on the
fascinating night-sky view that used to offer us cultural and historical values.
This is not to suggest that lights are bad. People feel safer when dark
areas are lit. In fact, people even travel from rural areas to big cities
to enjoy light in the night.
The real issue is that we have become very wasteful, and apply lights to almost
everything at night. Many of the lights we use are needless and cause more harm
than good. In the next few pages, we will see the various kinds of light pollution
and the real problems they bring, so that the subject of light pollution will be

41. Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the act of altering the temperature of a natural water
body, which may be a river, lake or ocean environment. This condition
chiefly arises from the waste heat generated by an industrial process such
as certain power generation plants. The concept is most frequently
discussed in the context of elevating natural water temperature, but may
also be caused by the release of cooler water from the base of reservoirs
into warmer rivers. Elevated river temperatures can also arise from
deforestation or urbanization that can reduce stream shading.

42. Thermal pollution is one parameter of the
broader subject of water pollution. There can
be significant environmental consequences of
thermal pollution with respect to surface
receiving waters such as rivers and lakes; in
particular, decrease in biodiversity and
creation of an environment hospitable to alien
aquatic species may occur. Regulation of
thermal pollution has been more elusive than
for other forms of water pollution, although
straightforward mitigation measures are
available, especially in the case of elevated
temperature discharges.

43. What is Radioactive Pollution?
Radioactive pollution, like any other kind of pollution, is the release of
something unwanted into the environment and, in this case, the unwanted
thing is radioactive material. Radioactive pollution can be a very dangerous
thing because radiation mutates DNA, causing abnormal growth and
possibly cancer, and this radiation remains in the atmosphere for years,
slowly diminishing over time. There are many causes of radioactive
pollution, which can significantly harm the environment. There are
techniques used to manage this pollution, however, we are far from
keeping our planet clean of radioactive pollution.

44. THANKS YOU