1. 1
FIELD TRAINING REPORT
BY
R.G.N LAKMALI
UWU/PLT/09/0020
BSc.(Special)Palm and Latex & Technology and Value Addition
Faculty of Animal Science & Export Agriculture
Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka
2013

2. 2
Field Training Report
By
R.G.N LAKMALI
Impartial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PALM AND LATEX TECNOLOGY
AND VALUE ADDITION
Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka
Approved by
……………………………… …………………………….
Dr. C. S. Herath Dr. C. K. Jayasinghe
Senior Technology Transfer Officer Deputy Director/ Research
Coconut Research Institute Rubber Research Institute
Bandirippuwa Estate Darton Field
Lunuvilla Agalawatte
Date :...................................... Date :..................................
………………………………... .................................................
Ms.S.M.I.P.G Bandara Dr. G. Chandrasena
Lecturer Dean
Faculty of Animal Science
and Export Agriculture
Faculty of Animal Science
and Export Agriculture
Uva Wellassa University
Badulla
Uva Wellassa University
Badulla
Date :...................................... Date :..................................

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author sincerely thanks, Dr. Evarard at Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka
(CRISL), Dr. Upali at Makandura Estate, Mr. Wasantha, Supervisor at Coconut Technology
Park, Mr. Hareld, Superintendent of Ambakale Seed Garden, Mr.Wijesekara, Superintendent
of Rathmalagara Estate for their guidance and supervision.
Dr. V.H.L Rodrigo, Dr. Sarogini at Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka(RRISL), Mr.
Wasantha, Supervisor at Dartenfield Estate, Dr. Samanthi, Supervisor of Plant Genetic and
Breeding Division of (RRISL), Dr. Dilhara Ekanayke , Director ,Ms. Sarojini Mahanama ,at
Laboratory of RRI at Rathmalana. Dr. C. K. Jayasinghe, The Deputy Director, RRISL, Dr.
Evarard of CRISL for facilitating the field training program for students of Uva Wellassa
University.
Ms.S.M.I.P.G Bandara, Internal Supervisor, for her assistance, guidance and supervision.
Dr.Gamini Chandrasena, the Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture
of Uva Wellassa University .Dr. M. De Alwis, the Head of the Department of Export
Agriculture of Uva Wellassa University. Ms. T.M.N Thennakoon, Mr. Nuwan Weerawansha
Demonstrators, for their assistance given. Then all the friends in the Palm and Latex
Technology and Value Addition Degree program. Finally, for laborers who had given the
support during the training period for their kindness, honesty and nice smile.

4. 4
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 01......................................................................................................................................9
COCONUT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SRI LANKA .................................................................9
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1Objectives of Training ...............................................................................................................................9
1.2Activities Undertaken ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.1 Seedling Selection.....................................................................................................................................9
1.2.2 Conventional Nursery .............................................................................................................................10
1.2.3 Pre Nursery/ Poly Bag Seedlings ............................................................................................................10
1.2.4 Certification of Seedlings - 4 Colors for Certified Seedlings..................................................................10
1.2.5 Field Authority Office at Bandirippuwa Estate.......................................................................................10
Marking of Planting Holes in the Plantation ............................................................................................... 11
1.2.6 Preparing Holes.......................................................................................................................................11
1.2.7 Toddy Tapping........................................................................................................................................12
1.2.8 Tapping Process......................................................................................................................................12
1.2.9Application of Fertilizer in Coconut Plantations......................................................................................12
1.2.10 Coconut Breeding .................................................................................................................................14
1.2.11 Hand Pollination Procedure ..................................................................................................................14
1.2.12 Pollens Processing.................................................................................................................................15
1.2.13 Seed Nut Selection................................................................................................................................15
1.2.14 Plus Palm and Parent Palm Selection....................................................................................................16
1.2.15 Estate Management/Book Keeping.......................................................................................................16
1.1.17 Pest and Diseases Management in Coconut Lands ...............................................................................16

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1.1.18 Tissue Culture with Coconut Breeding...........................................................................................18
1.4 Discussion............................................................................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................................... 19
COCONUT PROCESSING INDUSTRIES..................................................................................... 19
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 Coconut Kernel Products...................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.1 Process of Coconut Cream......................................................................................................................19
2.2.2 Copra Production ....................................................................................................................................19
2.2.3 Production Process of Desiccated coconut..............................................................................................20
2.3 Coconut Shell Products......................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Charcoal Production at Bandirippuwa Estate..........................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................................................... 22
RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE.............................................................................................. 22
3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1.1Objectives of Training .............................................................................................................................22
3.2 Activities Undertaken........................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1Genetics and Plant Breeding....................................................................................................................22
3.2.2 Hybridization Process .............................................................................................................................23
3.2.5 PCR Method (Polymerize Chain Reaction) ............................................................................................25
3.2.6 Nursery Management..............................................................................................................................26
3.2.7 Seed Selection Procedure........................................................................................................................26
3.2.8 Poly Bag Nursery....................................................................................................................................26
3.2.9 Bud Grafting Method..............................................................................................................................27
3.2.10 Bud Wood Nursery ...............................................................................................................................28
3.2.11Planting of a Budded Plant.....................................................................................................................28
3.2.12Tapping of Tree......................................................................................................................................29
3.2.14 Rain Guard Applications.......................................................................................................................31
3.2.15 Plant Establishment...............................................................................................................................31
3.2.16 Pest and Disease and Management .......................................................................................................32

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3.2.17 Fertilizer Recommendation...................................................................................................................35
3.2.18 Laboratory Instruments for Check Physical Properties.........................................................................36
3.3 Discussion............................................................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................................... 37
RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES........................................................................................ 37
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Latex Base Productions ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.2.1 Foam Rubber...........................................................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Dipping Articles and Dipping Products (Balloon Production)................................................................37
4.2.3 Cast Products ..........................................................................................................................................38
4.2.4 Rubberized Coir Mattress .......................................................................................................................38
4.2.5 Rubberized Coir Pots ..............................................................................................................................38
4.3 Dry Rubber Products............................................................................................................................ 39
4.3.1Rubber Band Production..........................................................................................................................39
4.3.2 Shoe Sole Compound..............................................................................................................................39
4.3.3 Rebuild of a Tire .....................................................................................................................................39

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Factors record in crop book..........................................................................3
Table 1.2: Fertilizer recommendation ...........................................................................5
Table 1.3: Nutrient deficiencies of K,Mg....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 1.4: Some main pest and diseases of coconut....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 1.5: Grading of Desiccated coconut...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3.1: Diseases of rubber tree................................................................................27

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Triangular and square lining......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.2: Hand Pollination Cycle ............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3.1: Developed finger print technology…………………………………..18
Figure 3.2 :Production proceedure of high quality budde plantError! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 3.3: Plan of budwood nerser.............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3.4: Tapping pannel of rubber tree .................Error! Bookmark not defined.3

9. 9
CHAPTER 01
COCONUT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SRI LANKA
1.1 Introduction
Coconut research institute is situated in Kurunegala district in north-west province. Large
numbers of estates are belonging to this institute. Estates in Marawila ,Chillaw ,Kurunegala
areas and Bandirippuwaththa, Rathmalagara, Kirimatiyana are some of these fields. More
than 600 people are employed with activities in this institute and belonging estates. The
whole extent of RRISL is nearly 16 acres.
1.1.1Objectives of Training
To acquire the competence in technical, operation and managerial practices in coconut
industry while identifying and assessing the development need required to sustain the
coconut industry as the most viable economic activity of the country.
1.2Activities Undertaken
1.2.1 Seedling Selection
A good quality seedling is given by a proper land selection, seed selection and nursery bed
preparation. Main criteria of land selections are adequate water source, flat land, sandy soil,
scattered sunlight. Seed selection criteria are well matured nuts, uniform size, and specific
sound of water in the nut. Obtain uniform seedlings for the cultivation is the main purpose of
nursery bed preparation. Mainly two types of nursery beds were prepared in the nursery.

10. 10
They are conventional bed/bare root seedlings,pre nursery/ poly bag seedlings.y
1.2.2 Conventional Nursery
Rope was used for prepare drains opposite side of the west and east and selected coconut nuts
were kept horizontally with 15 cm space between nuts and 1” between rows 9’(5 rows). Nuts
were covered with soil and check for termite attack and fungal attack.Bed sprouting will be
started after 2-3 months.
1.2.3 Pre Nursery/ Poly Bag Seedlings
Pre nursery was prepared to gain high quality seedlings for poly bag nursery. Coconuts are
kept vertically and 5 cm between two nuts and 15 cm between 2 rows. Seedlings are get after
3 months at the crow bik stage (kaputuhota).It is transfered to the black polythene guzzeted
bag with 200-400 gauge and 40 cm x 28 cm parameters. The poly bag mixture is consisted of
coir dust (part 3), top soil (part 1), cow dung (part 2) and coir dust is used as the binding
agent and easiness of top soil handling.
1.2.4 Certification of Seedlings - 4 Colors for Certified Seedlings
This is done for maintain the quality of the plant and to guarantee the plant (weather this is a
dwarf or tall palm). They are CRIC 60-BLUE, CRIC 65- GREEN, CRISL 98-RED, MOROK
- WHITE
1.2.5 Field Authority Office at Bandirippuwa Estate
Main functions of Field Authority Office are distribute recommended fertilizers, divide daily
works among workers, auditing (income =NS (net sale) - cost of production (COP) and

11. 11
expenditures), Maintaining management practices such as weeding, fertilizing, mulching and
maintaining electricity, vehicles, Book keeping.
Marking of Planting Holes in the Plantation
There are two main methods of preparation of planting holes.
Triangular method Square method
Base line
Figure 1.1: triangular and square lining
1.2.6 Preparing Holes
The hole was marked at suitable point. The 3” x 3” square around the point is marked and
Deep also in 3“.The hole is Filled subsequently coconut husk layer, soil layer, Husk layer,
soil layer, fertilizer mixture (YPM- urea 250g,muriate of potash 250 g, eppawala rock
phosphate 500 g + dolomite 1kg) mixed with soil and plant is kept at middle of the point.
Bottom part of the poly bag was cut and removed. Plant is set at right place and covered and
fit with soil (don t cover the collar region with soil) coconut husk is used as the mulch and
watering is done.
30”
40”
50”
26”
25”
25”
6”
6”

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1.2.7 Toddy Tapping
Tapping is done by “atura yanawa” Using of “mul” knife and pots. Tapping is done in
morning and afternoon. Yield average is 3 bottles per tree .The maximum yield is 6 bottles.
High yield of toddy is given during the period of March to August. Hul bark is used to
prevent fermentation. Taste of toddy is sweet .Color is transparent light yellow. Pots are
burnt every day for sterilization.
1.2.8 Tapping Process
Beat the inflorescences 7days.Beater made by tamarind root. Then it is bounded by a rope.
Two days after, oozing out juice. First, white color froth is oozing out. Cut thin slice at each
time of tapping and hanged the sterilized pot. If stop the tapping , more yield can be gained
for the first year. Eight bottles of Meera gives 1 bottle of toddy and 4-5 hours heating is
needed to prepare toddy.
1.2.9Application of Fertilizer in Coconut Plantations
Vegetative stage and reproductive stage are two main growing stages of coconut. Average
life span of the tree is 50-60 years and picks the harvest once 45 days. Therefore, nutrient
application is needed to cover this nutrient gap. For vegetative stage – N, P, K, and Mg and
for reproductive stage- K, Mg, N and P are major required nutrients. Micro and macro
nutrients are recommended. Fertilization is mainly done at the rainy seasons, but not at the
high rain falls. Fertilizer use efficiency of the palm may occur in between 30 %-40 % for one
application. Manure circle is prepared by slashing for apply fertilizer around the plant and
apply mulch after evenly fertilizing. Two types of fertilizers.

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• Organic fertilizer
• Inorganic fertilizer
Organic fertilizer application is the most efficient one. Advantages of organic fertilizers are,
change the soil structure in physically, biologically, chemically, facilitate to well aeration,
optimize the cation exchange capacity, increasing of microbes’ population, slowly release of
organic fertilizers, and maintain the humidity and temperature of the soil. Kieserite can be
applied for Mg deficiency. NaCl is applied as a beneficial component. It prevents the falling
down of fronts, bunches and drought tolerance.
Table 1.2: Fertilizer Recommendations
Fertilizer Inorganic
young palm
Inorganic
adult palm
Organic
young palm
Organic adult
palm
Goat manure 7Kg 25kg
Urea 470g 800g
ERP 900g 450g
IRP 660g 600g 300g
TSP 400g 200g
MOP 470g 1600g 120g 800g
Dolamite 500g 1000g 250g

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Table 1.3: Nutrient deficiencies
K Mg
Orange color spots, spread
over fronts
Green color besides eacle
yellow color of other parts.
1.2.10 Coconut Breeding
In 1955, Ambanmukalana forest (1200 ac) was used for this purpose as the 1st
1.2.11 Hand Pollination Procedure
isolated seed
garden in the world for get high purity seed nuts and hand pollination method was improved
in here. Main growing coconut varieties in Sri Lanka are Typica (green, red), Nana (drawf)
Aurania (thambili).
Coconut spikelets contain female and male flowers and Typica and nana inflorescences
behave in two different ways. The male phase of Typica is 1-18 days and the female phase
gets 21-24 days to receptive. The typica is a highly cross pollinated varaity.The male phase
of Kundira is 1-21 days and the female phase is 6-19 days. This has a high tendency to self
pollination.

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Figure 1.2: Hand Pollination Cycle
1.2.12 Pollens Processing
Two main methods for extract pollen from male flower. They are Conventional method
(Using desiccators) and Modern method (Using fluidized bed dryer).Pollens are gained by
applying lucopodium and making of sucrose solution. Pollens are gained from selected male
flowers and crushed them and put into fluidized bed dryer (200-250 g) below 40 o
C. It
prepares pollens during 30 minute. Due to succession action, pollens are retained in the
cheese cloth remaining parts are rested in the bottom of dryer. Pollens are sieved using a set
of mesh with different mesh sizes (300,150x10-6
1.2.13 Seed Nut Selection
meter) and put them in suitable containers
and keep in the refrigerator. Pollens can preserve up to 3 months.
Picking seed nuts are kept as a heap for 2 months interval and selection of seed nut is done
using inheritant characteristics (shape, size, characteristics sound, mite attack, weight).
Selected seed nut sell to brokers. Nuts can kept up to 70 days from auction.Rooten nuts,
aborted nuts are left leave in the field for buyers and 3 % rejected nuts are remained.
Opening of spathe and Spreading of
spikelets Removal of bag
and tagging of
Application of pollen-21
Female flower receptive 14-21
Bagging- 14 days
Emasculation-2 Receptivity over, fertilization,
complete stigma brown -24,26

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1.2.14 Plus Palm and Parent Palm Selection
First a good performing estate and a block is selected. The yield of palms is checked in the
block for past 5-10 years appearance of the tree and male parents around the mother plants.
Ex: Morocco estate. Main characters to select a good parent palm are 30-40 Fronts 80-100
Nuts, short petiole, 700 g weight (male plant) and umbrella shaped crown.
1.2.15 Estate Management/Book Keeping
Green nut book, crop book, fallen nuts book are used for this book keeping process for
easiness of the estate management.
1.2.16 Intercropping
Important of intercropping are Increase the land productivity, increase the economic return,
efficient land management (sunlight, water, space) reduce the risk in monoculture, increases
soil fertility, reduce weed growth. Intercropping is started during 0-5,5-21 for the coconut
cultivation.cocoa,rambutan,pepper,avacardo,mango,co3
1.1.17 Pest and Diseases Management in Coconut Lands
,cinnamon,coffee,passion fruit,
cashew, guava etc are use for intercropping.
There are major and minor pests which damage to the different stages of the tree. Control
methods depend on these stages and there are two control methods. They are chemical and
biological. Augmentation, importation, conservation are under biological control method.
Using of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is under chemical method.

17. 17
Major pest are coconut mites, red weevil, black beetle, coconut caterpillar, Plesispa, coconut
leaf beetle. Minor pest of Insect pests Coconut scale,neetle grub, termite ,bag worm, yellow
spotted locust, leaf folding caterpillar,elymnias caterpilller.Mammalian pests are
Rats,bats,monkey,wild bore. Diseases are ganerdoma root disease, leaf blight, stem bleeding,
bud rot, seedling die back,waligama wilt disease.
Table 1.4: Some Main Pest and Diseases
Pest /disease Symptom and damage Management
Coconut mites yellowish triangular patch,necrotic
patches,scars on bunches,deformed
nuts,high in dry season,
button shedding, smaller nuts, deformed
Chemical,Biological control
Neoseiulus baraki as a
biological control
agent,Mechanical control
Red weevil Feed trunk, bleeding of stem, wilt of
fronts, fallen down of tree
IPM management
Prevention of damage by field
sanitation, Proper vigilance &
detection, Chemical control
60% monoprotophosUse of
pheromone traps
Black beetle Geometric cuts of leaves, fallen down tree Destruction of breeding
grounds
Chemicals(carbofuran),Biolog
ical
(fungus,virus)
Coconut scale damage by nymphs & adults to leaves Chemical -Monocrotopos
60%
Predators-Chilochorus
nigritus
,Pullus exrampelinus
Parasitoides,Aphytis sp.
Termites Enter to seed nuts,Wilting, tunnels,
galleries along trunk, destroyed root
Chemical control -
chloropyrophos
Leaf blight More damage in seedling stage,cause by
weak pathogens
Use bordo mixture, Cu
fungicides (polycar,oriex 4ml/
1l of water)

18. 18
1.1.18 Tissue Culture with Coconut Breeding
Ongoing tissue culture programs are mainly regarding Dekiri pol due to its double recessive
stage in CRI. Main types of X plants can be used are Plumule, Immature embryo, Ovary-
before fertilization, Immature inflorescence (Tender leaf (Out of 26 inflorescence, 7th
inflorescence use. After 7th
1.4 Discussion
month it will open. But, have to damage the mother palm. Slow
recovery), Shoot tip (only one meristem. so can’t use).Culture media composition should
consist with Dip in liquid N desiccate and can keep for long time-for germplasm
conservation. Tissue culture medias are major minor nutrient, growth regulators and
charcoal.Zytokinin and oxiene not use in embryo culture.Mainly existing methods are ovary
culture, embryo culture, anther culture.
Ovary culture-mainly consists of 4 steps
They are excision of explants and culture initiation , callus initiation, somatic embryo
formation and plant regeneration and acclamitazion.
Embryo culture
This is consisting of Split and get embryo, sterilization and grow in embryo culture media.
A well knowledge was gained with actual practices in the coconut field and awareness about
problems of land when nursery management, planting and maintenance of coconut land.
Gained the awareness of identifying pest and diseases, improved coconut breeding methods,
coconut based food and other products and etc…..

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CHAPTER 02
COCONUT PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
2.1 Introduction
Major kernel based products are desiccated coconut, virgin coconut oil and by products are
coconut paste, chillie oil, body oil, lip balm coconut jam, ice cream, coconut flour. Sap
base products are treacle powder, sweet toddy powder. Coconut water base products are nata
de coco and syrup. Coir based products are bristle fiber, metress fiber, baby fiber. Other
products are coir ceiling, ornamentals, coir bricks, brushes.
Hydraulic machine is used to extract skim wet coconut milk (with water) and coconut paste
(without use water).
2.2 Coconut Kernel Products
2.2.1 Process of Coconut Cream
Dehusking Deshelling Remove brown testa Splitting Remove coconut water
Wash Dry (1 hour,moisture<2.5%, cryspiness) Grind paste (thin paste
paste : water thick paste paste : water)
2.2.2 Copra Production
Main Two methods of copra producing are shell and charcoal powder.

20. 20
Seasoning Cut the nuts into two halves arranged in a kiln apply charcoal dust
into kiln first firing (30 hours) turn second firing after 3 days take out
the copra from the shell grading
Table 1.5: Grading characteristics of copra
Edible copra MS1 MS2 MO
Inner surface sky blue
colour,Get only male
half of the nut(get the
cup where embrayo has
emerged),Should be
circle or round shape
halves,Free from pest
and disease and
other,contaminants,Free
from cracks
Can get both male and
female halves of the
nut,Inner surface sky
blue colour ,Should be
circle or round shape
halves,Free from pest
and disease and other
contaminants,
Free from cracks
with cracks
allowed
All other remaining,
But this grades used
only for industrial
purposes
2.2.3 Production Process of Desiccated coconut
Seasoning dehusk deshell removing testa removing
Coconut water washing boiling vibratory drying conveyer
Packing grading sieving
Main grades of desiccated coconut are coase (8 mesh size), fine (<12 mesh size), medium (12
mesh size)
Function of (Effluent treatment) Waste Treatment
Split water, wash water, coconut water, sterilize water are used and 4 tanks with 2mx2m
dimensions. Upper coconut oil layer is collected to barrels. Remaining water goes to another

21. 21
tank. Oil spoils because of high protein, and sugar. Warm ash is used to lower the acidity
.Bio gas is used to heat majan mandi. Rigifoam is used as a substrate for microorganisms and
cow dung is used for anaerobic digestion. COD, BOD are checked in final water and use for
agricultural purposes.
2.3 Coconut Shell Products
2.3.1 Charcoal Production at Bandirippuwa Estate
As a shell based product there are 4 zones in kiln (drying zone, pyrolisis zone, combustion
zone, reduction zone).Main functions of each zone are, remove water vapor by drying zone,
Breaking of long chain hydrocarbons in to short chains by pyrolysis zone and H and O are
emitted as gases, partial burn is done by Combustion zone and Produce CO2 and H2.
Sensible heat exchange is done by Reduction zone. Flue gas (emission gas) is moved through
a tube. In the outside of the tube the atmospheric air is moving. Heat transfer from heated
flue gas to atmospheric air called as processed heat and supply to the dryer.
2.4 Fiber production
Main exporting types of CANRO Company are Balace (metress) Fiber (short type) and Mix
Fiber (long type) .Exporting is done as bale parts (150 kg).Bristle fiber use for make ropes
and 2 types of major ropes. They are lingus (FMT) rope and fiber rope and export them to
America, Canada for pick bier flowers. Coco pith is produced and main importers are Japan,
Korea, and Thailand for cultivation purpose. It consists of wet, cutter and mill powder of
coir. The pH limit is checked before export.

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CHAPTER 03
RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
3.1 Introduction
Rubber Research Institute was established in 20th
3.1.1Objectives of Training
century to done researches on rubber latex
and the tree. This is located in Agalawaththa area in Kaluthara district in Western Province.
Large extent of land area is belonging to this institute. Mainly the Dartenfield Estate. More
than 700 people are involved regarding to RRISL.
To acquire the competence in technical, operation and managerial practices in coconut
industry while identifying and assessing the development need required to sustain the
coconut industry as the most viable economic activities of the country.
3.2 Activities Undertaken
3.2.1Genetics and Plant Breeding
Hevia brasiliensis is one of the major commercial tree where the origin was in Amazon
forest. The first planting was at Henarathgoda botanical garden Gampaha by Sir Henry
Wickham in 1876.Then it become as a major export crop and Kegalle,Kalurthara,Monaragala
are major planting areas.
The two major breeding methods are conventional (new technologies which derived from
molecular method use for this) and molecular methods. Main considering factors are
heterozygous, perennial, self pollinated abilities.

23. 23
Main objectives of breeding are gain high yielding varieties, vigorous growth, resistance
varieties to bad environmental conditions, resistance to pest and diseases, tolerance to TPD,
development of clone to sub conditions, tolerance plants for dry area. Selection criteria for
parent plant are sunlight capture ability by the canopy, ventilation and flat land.
3.2.2 Hybridization Process
Good caring is very essential for success of this process. Flowering is occurred during
February-march and pollination is occurred mid of April, March. Male flower is spread out
of the rachis and the female flowers are at the edge of the rachis. A suitable flower is selected
and collected pollens from male flowers from 10.00 am. The pollination is done before 2.00
pm in the same day. After 3-4 months seeds are collected and established in polybag nursery
as hand pollination progeny. They are transferred to the mother plant nursery to get buds.
According to DRC measurements best genotypes are selected. Fifteen genotypes are
multiplied from each genotype and 300 buds from genotypes are budded with suitable
rootstocks. The newly clone types are gained. Pollarding is done for each clone in 1.5 feet
height. 20-30 branches are multiplied from each clone .Small scale evaluation (SSE) is done.
In Sri Lanka commercial yield is most considerable ECT RRI collaborative trial is done and
good performed plants are selected. In ECT level clones are planted in different agro climatic
reagons.Commercial evaluation is done during 10 years in ECT RRI Collaborative evaluation
and clone recommendation are done. Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 are the main nominated
groups.

24. 24
3.2.3 Hand Pollination Process
Identifying of male and female flowers is very essential. Male flower are yellow, small and
spread out of whole bunch. Female flower are at the edge of the bunch which are green and
yellow color. Scrap holdings are built and pollens are collected from male flowers are
deposited in female flower. Then, cotton plug is applied and covered it by a polythene bag.
Then, it is labeled (male clone (RRISL 121) cross date, pollinator name, clone, GP).The main
purpose of this is preventing of self pollination. Seed fallen is occurred during august.
Newly registered clones are plant in 2 ha area. The clone names are applied according to
ordered series.Ex:RRIC 100,RRISL 2000,RRIC 102,RRISL 2001,RRIC 103,RRISL
2202RRIC 121,RRISL 2003
Main functions of plant genetic and breeding divisions are breeding of new clones, clones
recommendation, management of state, fertilizer recommendation, maintain genetic
authensity.
3.2.4 Clone Identification Genetic Engineering Technology
Figure 3.1: Developed Finger Print Technology
Seperte DNA from
tender leaves
Test separated DNA
Use it for clone
identification by
identify the
difference of DNA
solution
Photograph of
electrophoresis
DNA
Electrophoresis of
multiplied DNA
Multiply them by
PCR machine

25. 25
Few leaves disks (100x10-6
g) were gained and immediately passed into a motor and pestle.
EDTA and Nacl were added as the buffer solution to prevent extraction of DNA ase by
pipette. It was grinded until green color solution 800x10-6
L.1.5 x10-6
L was collected into
2x10-6
3.2.5 PCR Method (Polymerize Chain Reaction)
L appender by a pipette. Sufficient amount of chloroform was added and mixed it well.
Empty sample was prepared for balance the machine. Two protocols could see and 100 %
alcohol was added and put it into Super Melton machine. It was mixed slowly until green
color is removed.
Need 10 x PCR buffer,MgCl,DNTPS, mixture of CATAG,buffer with NaCl, tag DNA
polymeraze,Ice box,PCR tube and extracted DNA.
Pelleted DNA was washed with 70% alcohol. Buffer solution was added (10xPCR buffer, 2
ml), DNTPS, Primer 0.4 x10-6
L from 50-100x10-6
L of DNA.Tag DNA polymerase was done.
Final volume was balanced by deionized water up to 20 x10-6
L.
Samples were put into PCR machine. Below conditions were supplied.
91-94 0
C - 4 min, 94 0
C -1 min, 36 0
C –aniline temperature -1 minute, extension to 72
0
C- 1 min
Next cycle was started and 4 min interval was given before the cycle. Four hours were gained
to complete this and taken out from the PCR. Die gel (blumophenol) preparation was added.
The DNA visualization was occurred.

26. 26
3.2.6 Nursery Management
There are main three budding methods
• Green budding (green color bud stick, 10-12 months for result )
• Brown budding (brown color bud stick, 5-7 months for result)
• Young budding (immature sticks, green budding technology, 3-4 months)
Selection criteria of seeds are shiny appearance, bumping ability, buttery, watery, smooth and
milky embryo when paired select 70 %< viable seeds
3.2.7 Seed Selection Procedure
Seeds are collected into a sand fill (3x3 feets). Morning and evening watering schedule is
recommended. In conventional method, first and second selections are done. It causes to low
output (60%) than only one selection (95%). This also cause to high variability.
3.2.8 Poly Bag Nursery
6”-7” wide 15”-18”long poly bag is made with black polythene of gauge 500-300 in gazetted
and perforated types. The soil of loamy texture, 50 g of organic manure, 50g of high grade
Eppawala rock phosphate per bag prior to filing is applied. Double row and Single row are
two methods of establish the nursery. Black polythene to absorb sun light and sterilize the
bag and the most suitable method is single row method. The nursery bed is prepared from
east to west.

27. 27
3.2.9 Bud Grafting Method
Bud grafting is done after 3-4 months of planting. This is done for gain high yield from low
yielding variety by grafting with rootstock.
production of quality stock plant production of a quality bud patch
disease control
annual pollarding
seeds germinated within 14 days fertilizer applications
Thinning of week plant
Fertilizer fungicide application disease control
Figure 3.2: Production Procedure of High Quality Budded Plant
Budwood nursery
High quality young budded plant
Bud grafting
Pollarding of bud wood nurseries
Cutting the leaves (lower 4-5)2-3
weeks prior to bud grafting
Obtaining budsStock plants of 3-4 months
Planting germinated seeds in poly bag
Sowing them in germination bed
Collection of fresh seeds in eary
seed fall

28. 28
Clone identification is a difficult task without expertise of each clone. Should aware of
classification of the clone, mature and immature different characters. E.g.RRIC102,
RRIC121, RRIC206, RRIC219…etc.
Elephant foot is appeared in bud grafted seedlings and conical or tapering shape in the stem
in non bud grafted seedlings. Pencil thickness stem size is gained for bud grafting. Clearing
is done in correct way according to contour lines to overlap the plantaion. Road racer is used
for lining the field.
3.2.10 Bud Wood Nursery
Budwood nursery is closed to the rootstock nursery. 60 x 60 x75 cm holes are prepared and
planted during May-June or October-November with starting of monsoon rains. Suitable
buds are selected from bud wood nursery for bud grafting. Buds are gained after 7-8 months
of planting. Pollarding is done above 8 feets (depend on grafter height) from the bottom and
allowed to lateral branches. They are gained after 8-10 weeks with below buds. Again,
pruning is done above 30 cm from bud union and second pruning is done after remaining of 2
branches for allowing budded branches. They are gained after 9-10 weeks after pruning
continuously and leaves are removed remaining the petioles to gain apical buds. Selection
criteria for a good mother plant are girth size, dark green leaves, and shiny leaves, free from
pest and disease attack and good planting material.
3.2.11Planting of a Budded Plant
There is the unisexual propagation to transmission the mother’s characters to the next
progeny. High latex character is with the scion of the budded seedling. The grafted point is

29. 29
under the soil level when planting. The rootstock part is mainly consisted with seed
properties. The vegetative phase is more active than the propagation phase. Pruning is done
to prevent the activation of propagation phase.
3.2.12Tapping of Tree
The most suitable conditions for starting tapping is with 50 cm girth, 4 feets above from bud
union and 6,7,8 years after planting. The main factors for tolerance for the tapping stress of
the tree are nutrient, fertilizing, environmental condition. 204-206 tapping trees /acres out of
516 trees. The commercial life span is 30 years and started to tap since 6 years old.
A-1-6years virgin panel
24 24 B-7-12 years virgin panel
20 21 23 C-13-18years renewed panel of A
19 22 3.2.13 Intensity tapping
20 30O
Angle of the tapping panel is 30
To gain maximum yield within final
13 1 7 6 years after 18 years.
14 2 8 19
15 3 9 20 D-19-24years renewed panel of B
22 16 4 10 21 renewed panel of C
23 17 5 11 24 -19, 20, 21 -D, E -1/2s+1/4sd/2- 150%
24 18 6 12 - 22, 23 - D, E-1/2s +1/2s d/2- 200%
E C A B D - 24 - D, E 2x1/2s +2x1/2s d/2- 400%
BII-1 BI-1 BO-1 BO-2 BI-2
Figure 3.4: Tapping Panels of Rubber Tree
0
clockwise due to manner of latex vessels. It facilitates
continuous flowing of latex, increase the flowing quantity and prevent coagulation of scrap.

30. 30
Tapping is done during morning. During the daytime water and nutrients are absorbed and
synthesized food with sunlight and chlorophylls. Turbidity force is generated in xylem
vessels during night and it is easy for flowing latex from vessels in the morning. Late tapping
is done due to rain and high rubber price to minimize the loss. Reasons for coagulating of
rubber are acid formulation due to bacterial function on protein, evaporation of water, latex
coagulation, and plugged. Two types of stencils for marking of tapping panel. For s/2 d/2 and
for s/2 d/3.
Two main tapping methods namely s/2 d/2(RRIC100, RRIC 102, RRIC 121, RRIC
117,PB255) and s/2 d/3(PB28,PB217,PB235,PB260, RRIC130).The stencil is kept above 4”
of stem from the bottom and mark the angle, vertical line and stencil shape on the stem. First,
“poi kanuwa” and then, “neththi kanuwa” are marked in clockwise. Normal tapping depth is
0.15cm(1/20”).Main latex knife, push knife and jubbong knife are used for tapping. The tree
is tapped without damaging to cambium due to 0.5mm edge is with 1/20” depth in a 50
corner
at each edge.
Continuous (daily) tapping except s/2 d/3 and s/2 d/3, tapping panel dryness (TPD) will
occurred. CUT (Controlled Upward Tapping) tapping method is applied for late the tapping
and intensity of D, E panel and the commercial productivity is increased , allowed time to
renew D,E panel, reduce number of tappers and cost. Tapping length and tapping day are
reduced. 5 % ethaphone is applied on the bark below the cut once a month to get high latex
yield. During winter season and ethaphone is not used when metrolac reading is below the
100 (DRC <0.3kg/1L)

31. 31
3.2.14 Rain Guard Applications
Rain guards are used to minimize the days which unable to tapping due to rain. Annual
income is increased 40 % due to this method and one year life span. Panel rotten is prevented
by rain guard during rain. It is used for when rain was at night, morning rain and rain at the
tapping time. Main two types are Kissan type (high density polythene) and apron type (low
density polythene).The sealant mixture is contented of which used to stick the guard, 2 tar, 1
clay, 1 Indian powder, gendgum and 40 sulfur. 27 trees/1kg are dressed. Ventilation is
facilitated and applied along the cut. It is not applied for leaked trees. The guard is kept on
tree and fixed with the mixture and then stapled along the polythene tape on the sealant gum.
It is repaired during June –July and September-October and new guard is applied below the
4” and cut old one as a cap for new one. During CUT tapping and using of rain guards, the
yield per hectare is same as in a normal tapping.
3.2.15 Plant Establishment
Old plantation is cleared and removed and burnt whole diseased plants and roots. Plant holes
are dug (2”x 2”x 2.5”).Correct lining is applied due to mounted areas. Three spacing methods
are between plants and rows (12”x 18”), square method (14”x 15”), intercropping method
(Between plants and rows 8”x 27”).Tea, Cassava, pineapple, mango, and rambutan are as
intercropping system with rubber plantation. Bud union is kept under the soil. Clone
classification is very important in planting (RRIC 121 with low branching ability, PB86 with
thick bark and high yield).Unssucesed plants are removed after three years. Apical
dominance is prevented by applying leaf cap. Establishment of plants are done according to
shallow planting and deep planting. Good planting material, agronomic practices, soil

32. 32
conservation methods, harvesting on correct time are the factors affect on economical
harvest. The average latex yield is 3500 kg/ha.
3.2.16 Pest and Disease and Management
Duties of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department are implementing of management
and research programmes, disease diagnosis, screening of clones which tolerance for disease
and pest, screening of fungicides, surveying and report new diseases, studies on molecular
biology and biology of pathology, microbiological work, biological control of pathology,
contribute to the world literature, advisory visits, offer training to young scientists,
implement quarantine programmes, and researches to reduce the chemical control methods.
Guarantee for diseases and pests is given by pathogen division of the guarantee for the clones
is given by plant science division RRISL.
Main disease are, Corynespora leaf fall disease , Gloeosporum leaf disease, Phytopthora
disease, Patch canker ,Powdery mildew, Bird eye spots ,Root diseases (white root disease,
Black root disease, Brown root disease), Fusarium wilt, Stem and branch diseases, pink
disease, bark rot, ustulina stem rot.
Main pest are, Cock chaffer bug (destroying feeding roots), nematode attacks in seedlings,
(destroy root system), rats (physical) damage, scale insects (retard the plant grow), termites
attacks (destroy bark and internal tissues).

33. 33
Table 3.1: Diseases of Rubber Tree
Disease Diagnosis And Damage Control Methods
Corynespora leaf fall disease
(Corynespora cassicola)
Rail way track system
Fish born pattern
Black, brown color spots
Repeated defoliation
Death of plant
All leaf disease symptoms
show , susceptible to many
clones and difficult to
introduce tolerance clone
Chemical control(mangoset)
Gloeosporum leaf disease
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
Rotting the tip of
immature leaves
Shrivel and leaflets
leaving the petioles on the
stem
Blisters on leaf
Chemical control
Phytophthora leaf fall, black stripe
(P.meadil, P.palmivora)
dark brown, black lesions
with white spots,
coagulated latex on
petioles
abnormal leaf fall
black vertical line(canker)
Chemical treatment
Cu fungicides

34. 34
Pythium sp Due to mechanical
damage split the bark,
flown latex coagulate and
bad smell at base, rotting
of bark and roots
Death of tree
Remove coagulated part and
Dead tissues
Apply 5g of 60%
mancoseb/1L of water to
roots
Kandarson applications and
coverd treated places with
soil
Powdery mildew
(Oidium heveae)
Constrict, blakish and leaf
fallen of immature leaves
Powdery white color form
on mature leaves
Abnormal leaf fall and
death of branches
Chemical control(s dusting)
Birds eye spots
By fungus (Drecheslera heveae)
appear in nursery
seedlings
circular water soaked
lesion with reddish brown
margin
dark brown specks in
older leaves
repeated defoliation
retards the growth, rarely
kill the plant
Maintain of well fertilized
,sandy or lateritic soil
Good cultural practices
Bordeaux mixture at weekly
interval
White root disease
(Rigidoporus microporus)
White strands of mycelia
On roots
Yellowish orange semi
circular bracket shaped
fructifications at collar
region
Contact fungicides
Systematic fungicides

35. 35
Treatments for leaf diseases are divided in to 2 groups. They are for common diseases and
for phytopthora (Cu including).
Spraying content is changed according to period. During May daily spraying is not
recommended and 4 times in a week during dry season. For root diseases, there are mainly 2
types called systemic fungicides and contact fungicides.
Mancoseb Applications is done for Root Disease in Seedling Stage Seedlings. For most pest
attracts chloropphyropos is applied and can plant resistance clones for diseases. Fogging
machine is an instrument which is used for spraying chemicals in a large area
(45l/ha).Thermal burning system is there and can spray without wasting.
3.2.17 Fertilizer Recommendation
Fertilizer recommendation depends on the age of plant and the soil series. Main soil series
are Parambe, Matale, Homagama, Agalawatta, Rathnapura and Boralu. Three main groups
are 1group-Parambe series-Kegall ,Kurunagala,2 group-Matale series,3 group-Homagama
and Agalawatta series. Fertilizer application according to age level for seedlings, young
plant, mature plant. Leaf analysis method is used for check the N, P, K and Mg level of the
leaf. It facilitates the recommendation of fertilizer content to each plant. Auto analyzer for
Black root disease
Fructifications appear at
collar region
Continues black smooth
skin
First grayish and brownish
color appear finally
Remove and burn and
infected roots
Expose lateral and tap roots
Hexaconosol(contact
fungicides)

36. 36
analyze N,P ,Flame photometer is for analyze K,Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is for
analyze Mg .Soil conservation methods are cover crop growing, prepare mounds, draining
system. They improve the humidity, organic substances and microbial activities, keep
optimum temperature, avoid of soil erosion, etc…
3.2.18 Laboratory Instruments for Check Physical Properties
Rheometer for test curing time of rubber compound, Density meter for test density, Din
abrasion for test density, resilience tester for test resilience ability, tensile testing machine
for test elasticity and tear strength (initiation time of tearing) , hardness testing machine for
test hardness, Gauge meter for test gauge, Compression set for test thickness.
3.3 Discussion
A well knowledge about rubber nursery management, planting, budding, pest and disease
identifying and management, plant breeding, correct tapping methods and sucesssesfull
training was gained at the RRISL.

37. 37
CHAPTER 04
RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
4.1 Introduction
Latex based production and dry rubber productions are the main types of rubber production.
They give high economical value by involving with these industries.
4.2 Latex Base Productions
4.2.1 Foam Rubber
Latex-500/soap with stabilizers -25/20% potassium oliate 25/vulcanizing chemicals(s-7.5,
H2O-7.5/ZDC-4.5,H2O4.5/ZnBT-1.5,H2O1.5),DPG-4,H2O-4/ZnO-15,H2O15/Nadium
silicoflovaride (Na SF) 10.8/dispersol LR are the necessary ingredients. All are gram in
weight.
s-7.5,H2O-7.5+ZDC-4.5,H2O4.5+ZnBT-1.5,H2O1.5/DPG-4,H2O-4/ZnO-15,H2
Latex vulcanizing chemical dispersion DPG ZnO potassium oliate NaSF beat
put into plate oven drying (100
O15
dispersions were prepared separately. Production procedure is
0
4.2.2 Dipping Articles and Dipping Products (Balloon Production)
C) foam mattress
60 %concentrated latex-167/10 % KOH-3(stabilizer)/50 % ZDC (accelerator) -2/50 %ZnO-(
activater)-2/50 % s-(vulcanizing agent)/ 50 %WSP(antioxident)-0.8/60 % china clay as
required. All contents are in parts by weight per grams. Production procedure is,

38. 38
Compounding former dip in Ca (No3)2
Dry in sun light unloading dry under fans thumbling(removing
former dip in compound ringing
powder) apply die check quality packing
4.2.3 Cast Products
60 % concentrated latex-250/10 % KOH/50% ZDC/50 %ZnO/50 % s/china clay 60 %
dispersion (dispersion agent 2/H2
Prepared mixture oven (16 hours) get out cool seal the mould
O 38/clay 60)
Cast product
4.2.4 Rubberized Coir Mattress
Boil linus rope 5 layers of coir press up to 1/5 thickness spray
centrifuge latex dry(20-25 minutes) turn spray latex dry in
sunlight (1 hour)
4.2.5 Rubberized Coir Pots
Coir spray centrifuge latex press in machine (1000
C, 20 minutes) with the
former (white yellow color in vulcanization)

39. 39
4.3 Dry Rubber Products
Tyer and caster wheels producing by compression moulding using by hydraulic pressure,
1500 PSI , 1500
4.3.1Rubber Band Production
C temperature and 6.40 hours.
Compounding go through chamber talk bath open steam (autoclave)
Cool water soap bath cutting bands straining
4.3.2 Shoe Sole Compound
Crepe rubber-100x2/ZnO-5/stearic acid/caco3o(whitning)-40-5/petrol oil-4-5/s-3/MBTS-
1.5/DPG-0.5/Flectol(antioxident)-1 are the necessary ingredients.
This mixture is kept in the oven 1500Cof vulcanizing temperature. Curing time is 10
minutes.
4.3.3 Rebuild of a Tire
Removing of rubber layer on ablated tier skiving on surface cement application
Stick the rubber layer with Sulfur cover the tire with tube heat in
mould (1500
Check quality
C,2-3 hours,80 bar) in Chamber get out remove tube