The document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, land, noise, and radiation pollution. It provides details on air pollution, including causes such as natural factors and human activities. Various air pollutants are defined including primary and secondary pollutants. Sources and effects of air pollution are described along with methods to control air pollution. Greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and water pollution are also summarized.

1. Prof. Vaghela Nayan
SDJ International college

2. Different Types of Pollutions:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Land Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
5. Radiation Pollution
6. Thermal Pollution, etc

3. AIR POLLUTION
MEANING: Air pollution occurs due to the presence of
undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air, in
quantities that are harmful to human health and the
environment.
Air may get polluted by natural causes such as volcanoes,
forest fires, which releases ash, dust, sulphur and other
gases.
Pollution by natural causes do not remain for a long time
in the atmosphere and do not lead to permanent
atmospheric change like man made pollution.

4. Air Pollutants:

5. A. Primary pollutants:
1. Floating particles: ash, smoke, fog, mist, spray
2. Inorganic gases: sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide,
hydrogen fluride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
hydrocarbons.
3. Others: Radioactive elements.
B. Secondary pollutants: The pollutants that are produced
in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take
place among the primary pollutants are called secondary
pollutants. E.g; sulfur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, Peroxy
acetyl nitrate (PAN), etc.
C. Pollutants in the form of solid particles: dust, smokes
and floating ash and particles.

6. D. Liquid Particles: Mist, Spray
E. Organic Gaseous pollutants:
1. Hydro carbons: Hexane, benzene, ethylene, methane,
butane and butadiene.
2. Aldehydes and Ketones: Formaldehyde, acetone
3. Others: chorinated hydrocarbons and alchohol.
F. Inorganic gaseous pollutants:
1. Oxides of carbons: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
2. Oxides of Sulphue: Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide.
3. Oxides of nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen
trioxide.

7. Sources of Air Pollutants:
1. Pollen of flowers, mould and salt particles.
2. Due to wild fire (forest fires)
3. Due to explosion of volcanoes.
4. Emission of carbon monoxide due to decomposition of methane.
5. Emission of hydrocarbons due to decomposition of vegetations.
6. Emission of hydrogen sulphide due to decomposition of organic
matters.
7. Due to ignition of fuels.
8. Due to transportation by automobiles.
9. Due to industrialization.
10. Due to ignition of solid wastes from cities and industries.

8. Effects of Air Pollution
1. If the proportion of pollutants in the air is more then it may
affect human, animals, birds and vegetations adversely.
2. It is harmful to movable and immovable properties of men.
3. Adverse effect on human health:
a) Asthma or respiration problem due to presence of sulphur dioxide.
b) Lead particles leads to problem of enzyme processing in children.
c) Cadmium leads to the problem of circulatory system
d) Zinc and copper leads to digestion problem
e) Nickel particles may create the possibility of lung cancer
f) Mercury may lead to problems of sensory, nerves and kidney
g) Carbon monoxide may result into giddiness and speech disorder on
temporary basis.
h) Nitrogen dioxide may create burning sensation in eyes.

9. 4. Effects of Air pollution on Vegetations:
a) A layer of pollution on leaves will reduce the process of
photosynthesis.
b) Sulphur dioxide ruins the chlorophyll.
c) Nitrogen dioxide reduces the production of citrus fruits and
tomatoes.
d) Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) ruins the peak of the leaves and
creates adverse effect on grapes.
5. Effects of Air pollution on materials:
a) Sulphur dioxide will rust steel.
b) It also affects leather and cloths.
c) Sulphuric acid will make marble and lime stones rusty.
d) Ozone affects rubber, fibers of cotton and nylon.
e) Because of humidity and nitrate metals like nickel and brass
may rust in excess.

10. Control of Air Pollution
1. Physical- chemical observation: by taking regular samples of
air and to note the proportion of the constituent components and
to analyze them.
2. Recording the effect on human, animals and vegetations
using biological observations: a record of human and animal
health in a particular region will be kept and the reasons for the
same will be identified. This will help to know that which type of
pollutants causes a specific type of disease.
3. Establishing mutual relationship among physical, chemical
and biological observation: with respect to the observations,
charts can be prepared and proper planning can be done. Policies
can be made to control specific pollutants in some specified
regions.

11. Green House Effect

12. • Impact of Green House Effect:
1. Continuous increase in the atmospheric temperature will
increase the temperature of the earth by 1.5⁰C to 4.5 ⁰C by
year 2030.
2. Due to this the ice in the polar zones will melt and due to this
melting of ice the coastal regions or cities sink or drown in the
additional water.
3. The land near the banks will become salty and this will variably
result in land pollution.
4. This will create adverse effect on wild life and may result in
change of forest region.
5. High temperature will decrease the moisture level and which
may also reduce production of some crops.

13. 6. Green House Effect may disturb the water cycle
7. It may increase insects and worms.
8. Change in temperature and water cycle may lead to adverse
effect on vegetation and living organisms, there may be
possibility of some diseases.
9. There is also a possibility of unexpected change in atmosphere
and change in season schedule.

14. Global Warming
• Definition:
1. An increase in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere.
2. An overall increase in world temperature which may be
caused by additional heat being trapped by green house
gases.
3. Progressive gradual rise of the temperature of the
earth’s surface which is caused by the greenhouse
effect and responsible for changes in global climate
patern.

15. Causes of Global Warming:
1. Emission of Carbon Dioxide from Power Plants.
2. Building of commercial and residential structures.
3. Emission of methane by decomposition of organic matters.
4. Emission of CFCs from old AC and refrigerators.
5. Emission of other carbonic gases from the use of fossil fuels.
Effects of Global Warming:
1. Melting of polar ice
2. Increase in sea level
3. Imbalance in global ecosystem
4. Problem of survival for aquatic species due to change in
water temperature.

16. Acid Rain
When the Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water,
it will be converted in to carbonic acid (H2CO3)
When the solubility of this acid in rain water becomes less
than 5.6 PH then the rain is called ACID RAIN.
Effects of Acid Rain:
1. It dissolves or washes away the nutrients of the soil.
2. It may create water pollution.
3. By decreasing the nutrients of the soil, the growth of plants
and crops may decline.
4. The flow of acidic water may make river water and
underground water acidic too.

17. 5. Adverse effect of acid rain on one specie may create
disturbance in entire food chain and ultimately endangering
entire ecosystem.
6. Acid rain may affect adversely building and structures made
of marbles and metals.
7. Acidic reaction air may produce urban smog, which may
causes respiratory problems.
8. Fish caught from the water polluted by the acid rain may be
harmful for human consumption.

18. Precautionary Measures to avoid Acid Rain:
1. Reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide.
2. Minimize the use of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles
and industries.
3. Use of natural gases should be encouraged.
4. Sprinkling a mixture of water and limestone over
pollutants.
5. Use of catalytic converters should be increased to the
harmfulness of the chemicals in the industries.
6. To neutralize the effect of acidity on soil, powdered
limestone can be added to the soil.

19. Depletion of Ozone Layer
The stratosphere of the atmosphere lies around the earth within the
layer belt of 13 to 25 k.m height and it contains mainly ozone.
This ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on oxygen and it is a
highly poisonous gas with stringent odour.
It is considered as pollutant at the ground level and constitutes
health hazard by causing respiratory problems like asthma and
bronchitis.
It also causes harm to vegetation and leads to a deterioration of
certain materials like plastic and rubber.
Ozone is the upper atmosphere, however is vital to all forms of life
as it protects the earth from the sun’s harmful ultra-violate
radiation, preventing it from approaching the earth’s surface.

20. In 1985, it was announced that there has been depletion in
the ozone layer surrounding the south pole.
After this announcement it has been taken on hand the
research about this ozone matter.
It has been noted that the ozone protection which was 50% in
the atmosphere in 1987 has now come down to 40% after the
continuous decrease.
The reduction is mainly due to CFCs which are mainly used as
refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants.
These CFCs distruct ozone by photolytic process.
The ozone layer protects biotic lives by stopping UV rays
coming from the sun, due to which the temperature of the
earth is kept in control.

21. Effects of Ozone layer depletion:
1. Effects on human and animals: The destruction of ozone
layer causes increased incidents of skin cancer and
cataracts.
2. Effects on plants and vegetation: it damages to certain
crops. It creates adverse effect on leaves which can
reduce the growth and development of plants and
hence it results into less production of the crops.
3. Effects on aquatic organisms: due to increase in
temperature the planktons are damaged or destructed.
This will also destruct the biotic organism which
depended on them.

22. Steps to be taken for prevention of ozone depletion:
1. Finding out all the possible causes for ozone depletion
at global level.
2. The main cause for ozone layer depletion is CFCs which
should be banned.
3. Chemicals and industrial compounds such as bromine,
halocarbon and nitrous oxides from fertilizers continues
to attack the ozone layer, so their use should be
minimized.
4. Better alternatives should be found for CFCs and other
green house gases.

23. Water Pollution
 Water possesses a wonderful dissolving capacity and hence so many
pollutants are dissolved in water.
 If there is huge quantity of water and the quantity of pollutant is too
much less as compared to the quantity of water then the dissolved
pollutant does not create any effect on water.
 Main pollutants of Water:
1. Various chemical compounds 2.Chemical elements
3. Oil 4. Aluminum
5. Organic matter 6. Gaseous pollutants
7. Insecticides 8. Fertilizers
9. Industrial Liquid waste 10. Urban filthy water
11. Hot water from thermal plants 12. Inorganic materials
13. Radio active substances 14. Oxygen demanding waste

24. Sources of Water pollution:
1. Floating pollutants
2. Dissolved pollutants
 When people near water resources, uses water for
washing, drinking, cleaning, bathing, they creates water
pollution as the impurities are dissolved.
 These impurities could be dirt, rubbish, clay, sodium
carbonate, detergent soap and other substances.
 In case if the water flow is less, the substances gets
accumulated in water and when the storage if these
waste materials overcome the limitation, the water
becomes polluted.

25. In cities, the filthy matters are dumped into the river or any
nearby water source which makes water polluted.
This is also because of the higher amount of population
depending on few water bodies.
Further the factories like, dying- bleaching, tiles
manufacturing, chemical producing units, pharmaceuticals,
insecticides and fertilizer manufacturing companies, etc. are
also throwing the wastage in the near by water bodies and
makes water polluted.
Dumping of solid wastes, flowers at temple, garbage dumping
from the bridges and discharge of filthy water from big cities
also creates water pollution in great amount.

26. Effects of Pollutants on Water:
1. Floating Pollutants:
a) Bacteria: responsible for some water borne diseases.
b) Mould and moss may create odour and turbidity in water.
c) Protozoa may create diseases.
d) Viruses can be the cause of Frightful diseases.
e) Alluvium, clay and colloid makes water turbidly.
2. Dissolved Pollutants:
a) Positively charged chemical elements may change the colour of
water, it may also make water hard. (calcium, iron, magnesium, etc.)
b) Negative charged chemical elements make water alkaline and make
it non drinkable. (carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, nitrate,
etc.)
c) Organic matters changes the taste of the water and makes it
poisonous.
d) Gases makes water unhealthy. (CO2, H2S, N, NH3-ammonia)

27. Effects of Water pollution:
1. River and surface water resources may become useless.
2. Under ground water may also become useless.
3. Increase in the cases of water borne diseases.
4. Reduction in Fish production.
5. Adverse effect on aquatic ecosystem.
6. Aquatic species may reach to the door of extinction.

28. Measures to prevent Water Pollution:
1. Using proper method of discharging the drainage water.
Not to dump it into rivers and can be used in gardens as
organic fertilizer.
2. Setting restrictions on throwing of industrial wastes in
rivers or water resources.
3. Precautions to be taken as oil should not mix with river
or water resource.
4. Keeping nuclear waste and chemical wastes away from
water resources and sea.
5. Setting up of vigilantes to keep an eye on the acts of
industries.

29. Land (soil) Pollution
• Causes of Land Pollution:
1. Population growth
2. Urbanization
3. Industrialization
4. Excessive use of insecticides
5. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers
6. Dumping of filthy waste
7. More than necessary use of irrigation projects

30. • Effects of Soil Pollution:
1. Industrial pollutants may render soil toxic.
2. Destruction of micro organisms due to presence of
heavy metals.
3. Soluble salt makes soil infertile.
4. Infliction of several diseases due to presence of
pathogenic substances into the soil.
5. Agricultural land becomes useless.
6. More use of fertilizers on land may create hazards by
entering into the food chain.

31. • Control of soil pollution:
1. Wastage and rubbish should be disposed off by using
natural or scientific method.
2. Before dumping Suez or drainage water, it should be
treated and should be converted in to fertilizer.
3. Using proper method of disposing industrial waste.
4. any kind of waste or scraps or cement concrete should
not be thrown onto the agricultural land.
5. Precautions to be taken to reduce Air and water
pollution.
6. Using less of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides/insecticides.

32. Noise Pollution
 Definition:
1. Odum states the definition of noise as, “unnecessary
sound which has no effect on environment, still then it is
called noise.”
2. Harnel states that, “Noise is unwanted, unpleasant or
disagreeable sound that cause discomfort and under
industrial situation noise invites deafness.”
3. In the words of Blum “Noise is a disturbance maker in our
concentration and it is an interference maker in our
efficiency.”

33.  Sources of Noise Pollution:
1. Outdoor noise pollution: Noise emanating from
factories, vehicles and playing of loudspeakers during
various festivals can contribute to noise pollution.
2. Indoor noise pollution:
a) Noise from local vehicles: the voice created by machine,
emitting smoke in the environment, the voice of horn,
voice of doors of vehicles, noice from train, buses, etc.

34. b) Noise from machines: the machineries used in industries
may create too much amount of noise pollution. The
weaving machines in some localities of Surat, can be
coated as the best example of noise pollution.
c) Noise at construction site: the voice created by labourers
and mixer machineries at the construction of bridges,
roads, buildings etc. or their renovations are having
intensities with tremendous dbs. These are the
unbearable noises and hence create noise pollution.

35.  Effects of Noise Pollution:
1. Effect on mental health: noise can cause emotional and
psychological effects such as irritability, anxiety and stress.
Lack of concentration and fatigue are significant health
problems due to noise.
2. Effects on Ear: Extreme noise may cause temporary or
permanent hearing problem known as ‘temporary threshold
shift’ (TTS).
3. Other Effects: excessive sound level can effect the
circulatory system by increasing the blood pressure and
altering pulse rates.
4. Noise pollution may also change the nature of a person as
he can acquire a quarreling nature.

36. 5. Possibility of mental retardation or madness.
6. Increase in the discomfort of a patient.
7. Loss of working efficiency due to constant noisy
environment.
8. Hurdle to sound sleep.
9. Hampers the decision making ability of a person.
10. Experiencing permanent deafness in the children because of
the loud music.

37.  Control of Noise pollution and Remedy:
1. Reduce noise at source: By the proper management of
machineries, space and maintenance, the amount of noise can
be reduced at source itself.
2. Block the path of Noise: Planting trees around houses can act
as effective noise barrier. In industries, different types of
absorptive materials can be used to control the level of noise.
Highly absorptive furniture can be planned.
3. Increase the path length: increasing the path length between
the source and the recipient offers a passive means to control
noise pollution.
4. Protect the recipient: lowering the volume of Radios and TV,
putting wheels to furniture for easy transfer, keeping
residential societies away from industries, etc.

38. Nuclear Hazard and Radiation
Pollution
 Sources of Radio-Activity:
1. Natural sources of Radio Activity:
In this class of natural sources of radio-activity, we can include
cosmic rays which are fast moving , highly energetic radiations
approaching the earth from the outer space. The intensity of
cosmic rays in the biosphere is low and they are not creating
any health hazard.
2. Man-made sources of Radio-Activity:
Man-made radiation pollution is more dangerous. The
sources are:

39. i. Radiation substances used for diagnosis and remedy for diseases.
ii. Nuclear tests
iii. Atomic reactors and atomic power plants.
iv. Radio active fall out from nuclear weapons
v. Any type of radio active waste
Uses of Radio-Activity:
1. To create an Atom Bomb.
2. As atomic reactor in power stations for obtaining electricity.
3. Creation of radio active isotopes for the field like agriculture,
industries and medicine.
4. To treat the cancer of thyroid gland radio active iodine can
be used.

40. 5. For the diagnosis of brain tumor and finding the spot of
tumor a radio active particle is entered into the body
through injection.
6. It is also helpful in testing the existence of impurities in the
metals.
7. Atomic energy is used in atomic reactors.
8. Use of atomic energy in industrial fields.

41. Adverse Effects of Radiation:
1. Energy of the tissues and body decreases.
2. There can be possibility of cancer.
3. Effects of reproduction-lump and future generation may
be affected.
4. Radiation affects growth and development of embryo.
5. Disorder in digestive system and blood deterioration.
6. It destroys body cells if it is more than 6000 rem.
7. Effect to nervous system and death in few hours in case
of radiation more than 10000 rem.
8. Adverse effects of radiation on trees and animals.

42. Urbanization and its Problems
Urban Area means an area where the most of the
population reside, the congestion or denseness of the
population is more, and most of the population is
maintained on non- agricultural employment or
profession.
Rural area means an area where the population resides in
less proportion, the denseness of the population is too
less and most of the population is maintained on
agriculture and agricultural based employments or
professions.

43. An area which fulfills the following conditions whether
having a municipality or not, will be considered as an
urban area.
1. Denseness of population is more than 400 per sq. km.
2. Total population of the area is more than 5000
3. 75% of the population is engaged with non- agricultural
activity.
Causes of Urbanization:
1. Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas.
2. Lack of materialistic facilities in rural areas.
3. Due to abolition of the system of land ownership people
are migrating to urban areas.

44. Problems of Urbanization:
A. Economic Problems:
I. To provide inter-levelled structural facility.
II. Construction of roads, railways, providing bus service,
electricity, residence and public utilities.
III. To provide all these facilities, government will require huge
amount of money which might not be available in the desired
amount.
B. Social Problems:
I. Due to increases burden on the earning member of the family,
addiction of intoxicating materials increases.
II. Possibility of mental diseases, suicides, social restlessness, etc.
III. Unemployment leads to increased cases of robbery, hijacking,
murder, gambling, etc.

45. C. Physical problems:
I. Problem of providing urban facilities:
a) Water supply
b) Drainage system
II. Problem of dwelling and huts. (problem of resident)
a) Increased number of slum areas.
b) Slums leads to problem of water pollution and problem of
sanitation.
c) Increased chances of epidemics due to improper disposal of
wastage.
d) More loss of lives and properties in case of natural or man
made disasters.

46. Solid waste management
1. Dust/Dirt/Rubbish: Papers, card board, textiles, wood items,
rubber, plastic containers, etc.
2. Garbage/food waste: vegetables and fruit peels, left overs, meat,
bones, spoiled food items, excretion of animals, etc.
3. Scraps: Broken plastic bucket, rusted broken iron tins, rusted and
termite spoiled books, iron pins, etc.
4. Agricultural waste: jute, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, coconut,
sugarcane waste, cattle shade waste, etc.
5. Industrial Waste: Fly ash, sewage, chemicals, sludge, paints, toxic
metals, etc.
6. Hazardous Wastage: radio-active wastage, toxic chemicals,
flammable waste, explosives, biological wastes, etc.
7. Pathological waste: carcass of animals, slaughter house waste, etc.
8. Construction wastes: stones, bricks, concrete, dust, plaster, etc.

47. All these solid wastes should be disposed off in such a
manner that it should not create any adverse effect on
environment. The organization which looks after this
work is known as solid waste management.
If the wastes remains undisposed, it may create water
pollution, land and air pollution.
It is necessary to have such solid waste management for
the disposal of such wastes.
Generally this task is being performed by Gram
panchayat, Taluka panchayat and municipalities at various
levels.

48. Effects of industrialization
1. The dirty water disposed by the industries containing various
types of chemical materials and heavy metals, gets mix with water
sources and makes it useless.
2. The chimney of the factories are emitting gaseous pollutants and
creates Air pollution.
3. The emission of particles by the use of fossil fuels may be harmful
for human health and may create health hazards.
4. Emission of carbon dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, fluorine and sulphides from different factories may harm
all living organisms and affects adversely to the colour, cloth and
rubber.
5. Radio active pollutions creates an adverse effect on human health.
6. Radio active fission due to atomic bombardment affects, biotic
species and vegetation.

49. Disaster
Meaning:
Disaster is a sudden or great unfortunate event that causes
death and injury to number of people and its impacts are so
vigorous that it is beyond the government of the country and
the people to cope with it.
Definition:
“A disaster is defined as serious disruption of the functioning
of a society causing widespread human, material or
environmental loss, which exceeds the ability of the affected
society to cope up, using only its own resources. It requires
help from other countries to help victims to settle in life.”

50. Characteristics of Disaster:
1. It can be natural or man made event.
2. It has very unpleasant consequences like large scale
death and destruction.
3. It causes economic loss of great magnitudes.
4. Huge loss of human lives and properties due to disaster.
5. Countless people become homeless and jobless.
6. The state or country requires international help to cope
up with the effects of the disaster.
7. Natural disasters are out of the control of human
beings.

51. Causes of Disaster:
1. Poverty: Poor section of the society will suffer the most
in the time disaster as they are not having savings and
they are living in slums which will not allow them to
cope up the effects of disaster in short period.
2. Rapid Urbanization: Some disasters are there because
of rapid urbanization and industrialization. E.g. Factory
explosions, fires, mining tragedies, transport accidents
and shortage of dwelling houses.
3. Environmental Degradation: The unplanned
development leads to environmental degradation. It
causes permanent damage to the environment. This
also effects the ecological balance in the environment.

52. 4. Population growth: Rapid increase in population is one of
the cause for disaster. The greenery has to be destroyed for
providing accommodation to the increased population. It
disturbs the environmental balance. Green forests are being
converted in to concrete forests.
5. War and civil strife: Terrorism and civil riots can also be
the cause of disaster as they also having the characteristic of
mass destruction of human lives and properties.
6. Lack of public awareness and information: Due to the
lack of information regarding what to do at the time of
disaster make it more adverse. Because of lack of awareness,
small tragedies may sometime leads to great loss.

54. Effects of Disaster:
1. Reduces the level of economic development of the country.
2. Increase in the level of poverty and unemployment.
3. It causes death of the people and damage to the property.
4. It affects social structure of the society.
5. It disturbs the routine life of the people for a ling time.
6. It may create political disturbances.
7. It reduces the progress of investment sector.
8. It deteriorates the standard of living of the people.
9. It affects adversely agricultural production and manufacturing
activities.
10. It affects public utility services like tele-communication and electricity.
11. Financial loss due to programmes of rehabilitation and reconstruction.
12. Loss of tamed animals and cattle production, scarcity of milk and milk
products.

55. Earthquake:
There are mainly two types of earthquake:
1. Non-techtonic earthquake; created by explosions of
volcanoe.
2. Techtonic earthquake; due to elasticity of the interior parts
of the soil, pressure on the internal rock and lava burst-out.
Earthquake is the most frightening and destructive disaster
amongst all. An earthquake with higher intensity on Richter
scale can create a dangerous destruction to the affected area.

56. Sr.
No.
Intensity of the
Earthquake
Type of
Earthquake
Possible Effcets
1. Less than 3 Very low Risk -No damage, measured by seismograph only,
too less effect.
2. 3 to 4.9 Low Risk -tremor, vessels of houses tremble, bells in
temples ring, no possibility of damage to human
lives.
3. 5 to 6 Moderate risk Furniture slide, cracks in old structures, damage
to poorly constructed buildings.
4. 6 to 6.5 Medium risk Weak house collapses, tremble during driving,
cracks in well built up houses.
5. 6.5 to 7 Medium risk Heavy furniture slides, destruction up to 100
k.m. to Epicenter.
6. 7 to 7.5 High risk Break of pipelines, cracks in grouds, great
destruction up to 100 k.m. to Epicenter.
7. 7.5 to 8 High risk Rails bend, fall of constructions, disturbance to
public life, destruction of properties and lives.
8. More than 8 Very high risk Bridges collapses, damage to each and every
construction, damage up to thousands of miles
from Epicenter.

57. Disaster management for Earthquake
A. Pre- disaster steps:
I. Constant mapping of seismic zones.
II. Keeping plans ready to avoid damages.
III. Advising people to have insurance for lives and
properties.
IV. Earthquake resistant constructions should be made.
V. No use of land for residential purpose in seismic zones.
VI. Keep mobile hospitals ready.
VII. Economic assistance programs.
VIII. National public awareness program.
IX. Distribution of relief manuals amongst the people.

58. B. Post- disaster steps:
I. First Stage:
a) Setting up of Disaster Control Room, establishing constant touch
with affected area.
b) Taking the help of military, medical team, fire brigades and rescue
teams for rescuing people.
c) To extricate dead bodies of human and animals and to dispose
them off.
d) Injured must be moved to hospitals and saved must be migrated
to safe areas.
e) Rescuing human beings from the debris of buildings.
f) Arrangements for maintaining law and order.
g) Precautions to eliminate the chances of epidemics.
h) Provisions to provide daily necessities to the people.
i) Prompt maintenance of electricity, telephone and transportation
facility.

59. x. Relief work should be started immediately.
xi. Assistance in the form of cloths, food grains, medicines, fuel,
etc. must be collected and distributed.
xii. Providing proper information to public regarding relief camp.
II. Second Stage:
i. Repairing and reconstruction of roads, bridges, railway lines,
private and public buildings should be started.
ii. Developing necessary infrastructure.
iii. Shifting of residence from danger area to safe place.
iv. Undertaking the work for normalizing agriculture, industries
and business units.
v. To accept the relief contribution to maintain proper accounts
and to publish them.

60. III. Third Stage:
a) Starting of long term plans fro the purpose of Reconstruction.
b) To co-ordinate and control the relief and rehabilitation
programmes under the control of state and central government
agencies.

61. Floods
Due to heavy rain in the area or heavy rain in the near by area
when leads to increased level of rivers and water flows in to
the residential area, then it is known as Flood.
The disaster due to these big floods creates great destruction
and harm to human lives and properties.
In India more damage during the floods is caused by
Bramhaputra, Tapti and Maha rivers.
Effects of these floods can be horrifying as it may disrupt the
railway transportation and road transport services.
Many efforts are made by the government to reduce the
damages and risk that arises due to floods and International
assistance is also taken during major disasters.

62. Disaster management for Floods
A. Pre-disaster management:
i. Keeping watch over weather forecast and dam authority’s
announcements.
ii. To prepare a list of staff and volunteers for providing services.
iii. To arrange for boats before flood.
iv. Having a proper plan for coping up with the transportation
requirements.
v. Selection of suitably safe buildings for the use of emergency shelters
including private buildings.
vi. Preparing for the supply of food, clothing and other required things like
medicines.
vii. Determining need for resettlement of hazardous area.
viii. Arrangement for migration of people to safe area.
ix. Arranging funds for rehabilitation purpose.
x. To take precautionary steps to eliminate the chances of epidemics.

63. B. Post-disaster management:
I. First Stage:
a) Setting up of Disaster Control Room, establishing constant
touch with affected area.
b) Taking the help of military, medical team, fire brigades and
rescue teams for rescuing people.
c) To extricate dead bodies of human and animals and to dispose
them off.
d) Injured must be moved to hospitals and saved must be
migrated to safe areas.
e) Rescuing human beings from the debris of buildings.
f) Arrangements for maintaining law and order.
g) Precautions to eliminate the chances of epidemics.
h) Provisions to provide daily necessities to the people.
i) Prompt maintenance of electricity, telephone and
transportation facility.

64. x. Relief work should be started immediately.
xi. Assistance in the form of cloths, food grains, medicines, fuel,
etc. must be collected and distributed.
xii. Providing proper information to public regarding relief camp.
II. Second Stage:
i. Repairing and reconstruction of roads, bridges, railway lines,
private and public buildings should be started.
ii. Developing necessary infrastructure.
iii. Shifting of residence from danger area to safe place.
iv. Undertaking the work for normalizing agriculture, industries
and business units.
v. To accept the relief contribution to maintain proper accounts
and to publish them.

65. Cyclones
 Generally a cyclone is a kind of natural disaster which affects the
people living near the coastal region. It cannot be controlled or
prevented but proper planning and management can help us to
reduce its impact.
 Due to cyclone there can be damage to the properties and lives in
huge amount. It has some other effects like winds, floods and high
tidal waves in the ocean.
 It can harm the residential houses, natural resources and other
infrastructural facilities.
 Many institutions are keeping watch over the natural changes in the
ocean and are trying to predict the occurrence of cyclone with
precision.
 India is having 250 such centers as states like Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, etc are having higher chances of
facing Cyclones.

66. Reason for Cyclone:
 Because of the increased temperature of the earth’s
surface and ocean, water gets evaporated.
 As water vapour being lighter, it rotates in anticlockwise
sense in air, and it revolves in circular motion.
 Due to the differences in the atmospheric pressures this the
circulating water vapour moves to low pressure area from
the high pressure area with great speed.
 It is being categorized on the basis of its speed of
circulation.
 Cyclone is nothing but the motion of the moist air from
higher pressure belt to lower pressure belt in the
atmosphere.

67. Types of Cyclone:
1. Common Cyclone: having a wind speed of 62 to 88
kmph.
2. Serious Cyclone: wind speed of 89 to 117 kmph.
3. More serious Cyclone: wind speed of 118 to 220 kmph.
4. Super Cyclone: wind speed exceeding 220 kmph.

68. Disaster management for Cyclone
1. Having a future plan for the cyclone prove zone by collecting the past
records regarding no. of deaths, causalities, damage to properties and
relief requirements.
2. By the use of science and technology, continuously forecasting the
probable speed and duration of cyclones.
3. Preparing a plan for rescue and rehabilitation beforehand.
4. Formation of committees for taking necessary actions immediately.
5. Programmes for public awareness and education should be undertaken.
6. Arranging for transportation of people.
7. Restarting telephone and electricity services.
8. Arranging for reconstruction of roads.
9. Arranging for medical other public utilities.
10. To raise financial resources for reconstruction and rehabilitation.

69. Fire
Causes of Fire in Urban areas;
1. Slum-hut areas
2. Higher population density
3. Insufficient safety measures
4. Irresponsible management
5. Unplanned construction
6. Natural disasters (lighting, earthquakes, volcanoes)
7. Man-made disasters. (accidents, terrorism, war, riots)

70. Disaster management for Fire
A. Pre-disaster management:
1. Taking responsibility and checking the possibilities of such disasters.
2. Development of safe codes for people.
3. Drafting of rules and regulations regarding construction of buildings,
schools, hotels, etc.
4. Trained staff in the fire fighting team should be ready for rescue
purpose.
5. Everyone should be aware about the telephone number of fire
station.
B. Post-disaster management:
1. Quick rescue operation
2. Use of fire extinguisher and should call fire station immediately.
3. Hospitalization of injured people.
4. Investigating the cause of fire.

71. Some important case studies
1. KUTCH-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
2. AN ATOMIC EXPLOSION IN JAPAN DURING II WORLD
WAR
3. THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY.
4. KASHMIR FLOOD (2014)
5. UTTARAKHAND FLASH FLOODS (2013)
6. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE (2001)

72. Thank You