1. Importance of gene transfer in
antibiotic resistance
Afiqah, ehsan, farah husna,
nadhirah, hajar

2. Antibiotic resistance
• Not following doctor prescription
• Bacteria itself
• Mutation
• Gene transfer

3. How the bacteria itself become
resistance to antibiotics
• Efflux offensive antibiotics located in the cell
membrane, before the antibiotic can cause harm to
the cellular machinery.
• Ribosomal protection proteins (RPP), are another
source of resistance bacteria use to protect
themselves from antibiotics. It bind to the ribosome
and change their shapes.
• adding acetyl (COCH3) or phosphate (PO32-) groups
to a specific site on the antibiotic and cause harmless
to the cells.

4. mutation
• One of the ways to create resistance bacterial
cells is through mutation.
• Mutations may prevent an antibiotic from
binding to the ribosome (kanamycin)

5. Ribosomal mutation
• provide antibiotic resistance for the organism
but will make the bacterium to become more
susceptible to another antibiotics
• slow the process of protein synthesis
• slow growth rates of bacterium

6. Gene transfer
• Gene transfers play a major role in antibiotic
resistance
• Some resistance bacteria cells able to transmit
their plasmid (copies of DNA) to neighboring
cells by using three mechanisms explained
before
• Hence, all of them will become resistant to
antibiotics
• This process is called horizontal gene transfer

7. Importances of gene transfer in
antibacterial resistance
• Fast spreading of antibacterial resistance gene
• Useful for introducing a cloned gene into
bacterial cells
• The antibiotic will become less effective in
preventing infection
• Can cause death as prolong antibiotic
resistance
• High cost in treating patients

8. References
• http://www.icr.org/article/evolution-antibiotic-
resistance
• http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/multi-drug-
resistant-bacteria
• http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/plasmids-
6828679
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer
• Richard a.harvey. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews.
microbiology.