Inter succes partnerships

Executing successful partnerships with NASA -
International Partners’ Perspectives

ESA Remarks

2010 NASA PM Challenge
9-10 February 2010, Galveston, Tx

Andreas Diekmann
ESA Washington Office
955 L’Enfant Plaza SW – Suite 7800 – Washington, DC 20024
Tel: (202) 488 4158; Email: andreas.diekmann@esa.int

• 2000 staff + 2000 on-site contractors
• Strong international orientation (internally + externally)
• Research and Development Agency -> Operations handed over to operators
(Arianespace, Eumetsat,..)
Approved programmes per field of activity
4500
Technology
4000
3500
Navigation
3000 Telecom
M€ 2500
HSF + human exploration
2000
Earth Observation
1500
1000 Launchers
500 Science + robotic exploration
0 Basic Activities
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2

M€ ESA Budget - Funding Sources
4500
4000
3500 EC + others
3000
2500 ESA
Decided in 2008
2000
1500 ESA
1000 Decided before 2008

500
ESA Science & Basic Activities
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

3

European public space players

18 ESA Member States 27 EU Member States

ESA Space EU
Council Council Councils

European Space Policy

national
Space agencies
ESA EC
national Inter-governmental supranational

FP7,
National other
Space
programs ESA
Programs ESA/EC co-funded: space-related
Galileo, GMES activities
4

History of NASA-ESA/ Europe space cooperation

• March 1959: US offer to European scientists to fly experiments on
US satellites
• 1960ies: Close relations between NASA and ESRO
• 1969: NASA offers Europe to participate in post-Apollo activities
(Shuttle, Space Station) -> resulting in Spacelab (Shuttle
cooperation did not materialise)
• 1983: First ESA astronaut on Space Shuttle (STS-9 Spacelab)
• 1984: President Reagan’s invitation to participate in Space Station
Programme
• 1990ies: Cooperative science missions (SOHO, Ulysses, Hubble)

5

Current NASA-ESA space cooperation
• International Space Station
• Space exploration (human, robotic)
• Space Science (Cassini/Huygens, Hubble,
JWST,…)
• Earth Science (joint search for new cooperation
opportunities)
• Space Transportation (recent MoU)
• Space Situational Awareness (exchange of info)
6

P eculiarities of NASA-ESA space cooperation
• NASA is ESA’s most significant cooperation partner (in
terms of history and volume of cooperation).
• ESA/European space engineering and management
culture is based on NASA model.
• In many cases, there is long continuity of personal
contacts between ESA and NASA programme and project
managers.
• ESA is much smaller than NASA. Therefore, (a) NASA
mostly in leadership role, (b) the prominent mode of
cooperation so far: contributions to each others
missions; new trend: more integrated cooperation.

7

I ngredients of a successful cooperation –
from a project m anager’s view (1/ 2)
• “Collaboration in a project should be like a marriage, not
like a business contract” – in terms of demands on trust,
transparency and credibility – “surprises” to be avoided.
• Nevertheless, early, clear and detailed formulation and
documentation of the project baseline (programmatic,
technical and management) and establishment of
mechanism to control that baseline.
• Early and clear definition of inter-Agency interfaces
(minimize the number and complexity of interfaces!)
• Regular and frequent communication.

8

I ngredients of a successful cooperation –
from a project m anager’s view (2/ 2)
• Recognition/Acceptance of differences in the processes
of ESA and NASA – do not invent specific processes just
for the specific project (however PM see need for
“common processes and standards”).
• Joint teams are important, but should not result in
blurring of the responsibilities of each partner.
• International cooperation requires the involvement of
various capacities on both sides in addition to project
management (e.g. external relations, legal service).
Good communication and careful distribution of roles are
important.
9

Conclusions
• There is a strong cooperation heritage and fundament –
often manifested in trustful and long-lasting personal
relationships between project managers on both sides.
• Programmatic decisions can sometimes complicate or
disrupt matters.
• The future may show
– more integrated cooperative programmes/projects (not just a
“contribution-mode” of cooperation).
– More partners in a project (intern., commercial, academia)
This may pose new challenges for project managers.
• Our PM cultures are similar. This should help overcoming
those challenges.
10

Executing Successful Partnerships
With NASA
An International Partner’s Perspective:
Lessons Learned
Galveston, Texas
Graham Gibbs
Counsellor Space Affairs - Canadian Space Agency
Canadian Embassy
Washington
February 9, 2010
Used with Permission

Executing Successful Partnerships with NASA

OUTLINE
• Overview Canada-United Civil Space Cooperation

• The Big Picture

• Space Science and Earth Observation

• International Space Station Lessons Learned for PMs

• Applying Lessons Learned to International Exploration

• Conclusions

ATTACHED: A more detailed version of the presentation


Canada – United States Civil Space Cooperation

• Human Space Flight (Shuttle & ISS)
• Astronaut Corps (Cdn astronauts embedded at JSC)
• Life & Microgravity Science (Shuttle & ISS)
• Earth Science and Observation (Instruments & RADARSAT)
• Astronomy (JWST and Cdn MOST)
• Heliophysics (THEMIS & International Living With a Star)
• Exploration (Mars Phoenix & MSL et al)
• Earth Science & Observation (RADARSAT)

• Ice Monitoring & Cooperation with the
Canadian Ice Service (RADARSAT)

• Earth Science & Observation (RADARSAT)


The Big Picture Lessons Learned
From the Private Sector:
The best agreements;
 Might be difficult to negotiate
but don't have to be referred to later.
 Fair (profitable) for both/all parties.

From the Public (Space) Sector:
 Be prepared for national prerogatives,
 Understand differing cultures,
 Accept the risks as well as the benefits,
 Funding; consistency & no-exchange,
 Be prepared to seek compromises.


Space Science and Earth Observation 1 of 2
Some Realities to Consider - Positive and Negative

 International collaboration among scientists,

 International Announcements of Opportunity –
most often competitive,

 Projects usually on no-exchange-of-funds basis,

 Obligations subject to "availability of appropriated funds",

 Barters e.g. launch-for-data


Space Science and Earth Observation 2 of 2
Some Realities to Consider - Positive and Negative
 Partners responsibilities are deliverables -
not financial investment,

 Agreements legally binding or
political/morale commitments,

 Data sharing,

 National Security interests –
technology transfer, data policies etc.


ISS Lessons Learned
Implications for Project Managers
 Managing the classical parameters (cost, schedule, performance)
is no longer sufficient

 Must manage through political changes that can/will have
fundamental impact on program

 Diplomatic skills are essential to the "first among equals" concept

 International cooperation takes considerable extra time & effort

 Flexibility and understanding are essential

Applying Lessons Learned to
International Exploration of Space
 We will not be able to identify every contingency in advance so
structure for cooperation must allow for flexibility.

 High-level political leadership may be necessary to garner
international support/participation e.g. the ISS & GEO examples.

 Recognize the many similarities in partners plans/aspirations for
exploration.

 Exploration beyond Earth orbit is an intrinsically global enterprise.

 International partnerships provide tangible benefits
e.g. broadening public & political support, sharing cost & risk,
enrich scientific & technical content, sustainability.


Conclusions
• Agreements should be mutually beneficial and binding
• Expect to share the risks as well as the benefits
• Expect to compromise
• Appreciate differing cultures, methods, national prerogatives
• Cooperation most often on a no-exchange of funds basis
• Barters work
• Partners responsibilities are “deliverables” not financial
• Be prepared to manage through political changes
• Cooperation can be hard but going alone can be harder
• Be a reliable and welcomed partner
• US ITARS – live with it !!
• NASA is a generous partner (though at times difficult!)


Thank You
Graham Gibbs
Canadian Embassy
graham.gibbs@asc-csa.gc.ca
www.asc-csa.gc.ca

HANDOUT
Executing Successful Partnerships
With NASA
An International Partner’s Perspective:
Lessons Learned
Galveston, Texas
Graham Gibbs
Canadian Embassy
Washington
February 9, 2010


OUTLINE
• Overview Canada-United Civil Space Cooperation

• The Big Picture

• Space Science and Earth Observation

• International Space Station

• Group on Earth Observations

• The Global Exploration Strategy and the
International Space Exploration Coordination Group

• Conclusions


Evolution of the ISS and Its Partnership
Anticipate the Unexpected !

 US Initiative-January 1984 (State of Union Address)
 A Cold War demonstration of U.S. leadership and alliances
 From Cold War instrument into post-Cold War cooperation
 All partners now providing "critical elements" instead of
"enhancements"
 Specific contributions – some duplication
 Shared Operations
 Long Term Science
 "Single" Destination in Space


Structure of the ISS Partnership
IGA Art. 1: "…, under the lead role of the United States for overall
management and coordination …"
Intergovernmental Agreement:
• Legal Regime
IGA • Top-Level Political Commitments
• Multilateral (15 nations)

NASA/CSA NASA/ESA NASA/GOJ NASA/FSA

Memoranda of Understanding:
• Detailed Implementation Implementing
• Roles & Responsibilities Arrangements
• Obligations & Rights

EARTH OBSERVATION SUMMIT I

Launched at the Ministerial Level:
Political Support and Commitment is Essential for any Mega Project

Washington, D.C.
July 31, 2003

GEO Societal Benefit Areas

Biodiversity

Energy Management

Climate Ecosystems
Disasters

Health
Weather Water
Agriculture


Global Exploration Strategy:
The Framework for Coordination
• August 2006, 14 space agencies discussed the
definition of a vision for globally coordinated space
exploration.

• May 2007, release of


What is the Global Exploration Strategy?
• A high-level compelling story of the value of exploration that can be
used to explain this effort to policy makers and the general public

• A blueprint that will serve as a starting point for:
– Coordination: coordination among participants to maximize what
can be accomplished
– Collaboration: discussions between participants regarding areas
of potential collaboration

The strategy focuses on
destinations within the solar system
where humans may one day live and work

Back-Up Charts

Factors Contributing to
Canada’s Success with NASA
And
Examples of Niche Contributions

Factors Contributing to Our Success
• Recognition: Canada - small space faring nation
• Ability to "identify" & "nurture" S&T niches
• Focus on areas where Canada excels
o Develop world-class expertise
o Unique leadership and contribution
o Desired and valued partner
• Deliberate & focused investments

• Anticipate the future through advanced R&D

• “Space Team Canada” approach i.e. govt, industry, academia

RADARSAT- 1
• Launch for data arrangement with NASA and NOAA
• Nov 1995 to May 2008
• Data for National Ice Service
• Data for NASA, NOAA and USGS research
• 1999 first mapping of Antarctica
RADARSAT- 2
• Public-Private-Partnership
• Some data sharing between
Canadian and U.S. Ice Service
• Opportunities for joint research
RADARSAT-CONSTELLATION
• Studies underway
• Preliminary discussion for cooperation with
NASA, NOAA and USGS

EARTH OBSERVATION

James Webb Space Telescope
U.S. with ESA and CSA instruments
CSA
CSA: Fine Guidance Sensor MOST
(critical for pointing)
Tuneable Filter Imager

ASTRONOMY
CSA
Cassiope
THEMIS HELIOPHYSICS
Canadian
ePOP Ground segment
instrument

MOST
Canada's "Humble" Space Telescope!

Opportunities for U.S. Guest Principal Investigators

The Early Beginnings of
Canada's Human Space Flight Program

• 1969 NASA approached Canada and Europe to join the Shuttle program
• 1969- 1975 technical studies led to Canadarm
• 1975 Canada-US Agreement:
• Canada to fund R&D and 1st flight unit
• US to buy 3 flight units
• US responsible for R&O
• Canada granted privileged access to Shuttle
• 1981 1st flight of Canadarm
• 1983 Canadian astronauts corps established
• 1984 1st Canadian astronaut mission

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT

HUMAN
SPACE
FLIGHT

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT

Criteria for Canada’s Participation in Exploration

Contributions
• Early, Scalable,Transferable
• Critical, Visible and Welcomed
Decision Criteria
• Visible to the Canadian Public
• Meets Canadian science goals
• Uses Canadian enabling/heritage technologies
• Develops sustainable core competencies
• Results in Canadians flying in space
• Consistent with the Global Exploration Strategy

- International Partners’ Perspectives

YOSHInori YOSHImura
JAXA Washington Office

Feb. 9, 2010
@NASA PM Challenge 2010

JAXA Organization and Resources
As of April 2009
President
Total Personnel Annual Budget
1670 Executive 199 B yen (2 B US$)
Directors

Policy Coordination Admin. Management Technical Management

Space Space Inst. of Space & Lunar & Human Space Aviation Aerospace R&D
Transportation Applications Astro. Science Planetary Systems and Program Group Directorate
Mission Mission Exploration Utilization
Directorate Directorate Program Group Mission
Directorate

Contribution to
Realization of Challenge to
Research &
“Safe and Secure Society" Unknown Frontier
Development
 Environment Observation  Space Science  Independent Ability for Space
 Disaster Monitoring  Lunar and Planetary Activity
 Satellite Navigation & Exploration  Contribution to Aerospace Industry
Communication  International Space Station

Outline of the 2nd Mid-term Plan
(2008-2013)
Two major areas of activities in the 2nd Mid-term Plan
• Contribution toward a secure and prosperous
society
– to place a special emphasis on
(1) Global environment observation
(2) Disaster monitoring and communication
(3) Navigation by satellites
• Expansion of human frontiers
– to utilize Kibo (Japanese Experiment Module) of ISS as
a new platform for space activities of Japan and other
countries;
– to promote space science program with a special
emphasis on the fields which Japan possesses
advantage;
– to formulate a Moon and planetary exploration program 2

Project Overview of the 2nd Mid-term Plan
Environment Contributions toward a Secure and Prosperous Society (R&D)
Global Precipitation Navigation Satellite
Measurement Greenhouse Gases
Satellite/ Observing Satellite
Dual-frequency （GOSAT）
Precipitation Radar Greenhouse
Precipitation (GPM/DPR) effect gases 1st Quasi-Zenith
Global Change Observation Satellite
Cloud Aerosol Radiation
Mission-Water（GCOM-W）
Mission/Cloud Profiling Radar
(EarthCARE/CPR) GPS
Global Change Availability enhancement
Moisture Observation Mission- Cloud/Aerosol ・Performance
Climate（GCOM-C） enhancement

International Space Station（ISS） Expansion of Human Frontiers Space Explorer
Space Science Successor of
ISS/Japanese
SELenological and
Experiment Module
ENgineering
(JEM) Kibo
Explorer (SELENE)
KAGUYA
Int‟l Mercury
Venus Climate Exploration Successor of
Radio Astronomy Orbiter Project Asteroid Explorer
X-ray Astronomy Satellite （ASTRO- （PLANET-C) （BepiColombo)
H-ⅡTransfer Vehicle (HAYABUSA)
Satellite （ASTRO- G）
（HTV）
H）
Development of Advanced Technologies Aeronautics
Space Transportation

H-IIＢ
Advanced Solid
launch vehicle MHI
Rocket Next Generation SST
To Contribute toward
LNG Propulsion System industry needs using fundamental
(GX Rocket) tech
3

International Cooperation with USA

• International cooperation between the United States and
Japan started in 1969, when "The Japan-U.S. Joint
Communiqué" on cooperation in space development was
signed.
• Since then, JAXA has been participating in international
projects, many of which are led by NASA. This includes
the International Space Station as well as Earth Science,
and Space Science missions.

4

Current Cooperative Projects with NASA
1. ISS Cooperation
• Japanese Experiment Module “KIBO” and HTV/H2-B
• ISS Development, Operation and Utilization

2. Space Exploration Cooperation (exploring future opportunities)
• International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG)

3. Earth Science Cooperation
• Aqua (AMSR-E), TRMM, DAICHI(ALOS), IBUKI (GOSAT), GPM , GCOM
• Decadal Survey Missions & GEOSS (exploring future opportunities)

4. Space Science Cooperation
• Fermi, HINODE, SWIFT, NOZOMI, ASCA, ASTRO-H, KAGUYA, SUZAKU,
HAYABUSA, HALCA, GEOTAIL
• Astrophysics & Planetary Science & Heliophysics

Cooperation Levels:
– Level 0: Information & Data Exchange (Earth & Space Science)
– Level 1: Payload Provision (Earth & Space Science)
– Level 2: Joint HW Development (TRMM,GPM, etc.)
– Level 3: Joint Program (ISS)

5

Maintaining a close partnership with NASA
has become indispensable for JAXA

• Almost all JAXA programs and projects involve some
level of cooperation with NASA.
• JAXA uses almost identical development process and
technical standards with NASA.

Please note that:

• JAXA covers almost same areas of activities as NASA
does but with 1/10th the amount of resources (in terms of
budget and JAXA staff).
• When NASA makes changes to its programs, the
changes can impact JAXA – quickly and severely!

Lessons Learned (Things that should be done)

• Enthusiasm and tolerance are the key traits to emphasize when one
seeks to engage partners and to sustain a partnership.
• Common goals and objectives need to be identified and shared
among the partners to align their efforts.
• Cooperation must be based on mutual benefits.
• The best leaders are those who lead in a benevolent and reassuring
fashion that supports partners‟ goals.
• An effective partnership is one that emphasizes:
– Mutual respect & trust - personal relationships are key
– Commitment to meet responsibilities and to the success of the
joint project
• High level political endorsement is required to initiate large scale
cooperation programs (e.g. future exploration initiatives).
• Public support is the key to sustaining large scale cooperation
program (e.g. ISS and future exploration initiatives).

Lessons Learned (Things to avoid)

• Keep overall program goals (including those of your
partners) in mind – not just NASA‟s goals.
• Don‟t try to do everything alone. Consider involving
close partners in „critical path‟ roles (e.g. JAXA‟s
provision of the HTV for the Space Station).
• Avoid making unilateral decisions – try first to indicate a
common path and build a consensus.
• Listen to the suggestions of your partners – once in a
while you may learn something!
• In managing joint projects, don‟t be „exclusive‟ – try to be
„inclusive‟ whenever you can.

Conclusion

As the world‟s largest and most successful space agency,
NASA inspires and frequently leads space exploration and
space applications programs throughout the world.

“You can always count on Americans to do the right thing,
after they've tried everything else.”
– Sir Winston Churchill

I hope you do always the right thing… but without
doing everything else!

Space Strategy and Organizations
Cabinet Secretariat
The Space
Cabinet Basic Law
The Strategic Headquarters (May 2008)
for Space Policy
* Headed by Prime Minister
Cabinet Office
Council for S&T Policy (CSTP) The Space Basic Plan
Space Panel

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT)

Space Activities Commission (SAC) Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency
Ministry of Internal Affairs & Communications

Ministry of the Environment

JAXA Mid-term Plan

Basic Space Law of Japan

 Japan’s Space Basic Law was enacted on 26 May, 2008.
Pillars of the Law are Diplomacy on Space, Industrial
Development, and Security
 Secretariat of Strategic Headquarters for Space
Development was established on 26 August, 2008.
set up in the Cabinet Secretariat as the governmental space
development management office.
 Space Basic Plan will be established in May 2009 approved
by the Prime Minister.
 Review and modify the HQs for Space Policy, JAXA, and
SAC within the next year

12

Outline of Basic Space Law
✔ Peaceful Use of Space
Promotion of Space Development and Utilization in line with international
agreements for space activities.
(i.e. Space Development and Utilization shall be carried out pursuant to the treaties and other
international agreements on space development and utilization in accordance with the idea of pacifist
principles in the Constitution of Japan.)
✔ Improvement of Citizens' Lives, etc.
Utilization of Satellites contributing to Improvement of Citizens’ Lives, National
Security, etc.
✔ Promotion of Industries
Ensuring Autonomous Launch Capability Satellites, etc.
Promotion of Private Businesses on Space Development and Utilization
Maintenance and Improvement of Reliability of Technologies on Space
Development and Utilization
✔ Development of Human Society
Promotion of Space Science to contribute to realizing dreams of, and the
betterment of lives for, humankind.
✔ Promotion of International Cooperation, etc.
Promotion of International Cooptation for contributing to enhancing Japan’s role
in the international society and to the furtherance of Japan’s interests.
✔ Consideration of Environment Preservation
Promotion of Space development in harmony with the Environment,
and Ensuring International Cooperation on preservation of the Environment.
13

JAXA Field Centers

Reason Offices Kakuda Space Ctr.
Noshiro Testing Ctr.
Washington, DC, USA

Huston, TX, USA

Paris, France
Tsukuba Space Center
Bangkok, Thailand Earth Observation Ctr.

Usuda Deep Space Ctr.
Katsuura T & C Stn.
JAXA Tokyo Office

Kagoshima Space Center

Aerospace Research Ctr.

Sagamihara Campus

Okinawa T & C Stn. Ogasawara Downrange Stn.

100M
JAXA Budget Trend
3000

JAXA

NASDA
2500
NAL

ＩＡ
ＳＳ

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Establishment of JAXA
October, 2003 15

JAXA Budget for FY 2009
Ratio for each field of program in JAXA Budget from GOJ
Space Science Others
$179M Reliability
41.1B $411M Improvement
17.9B
21% $92M Program
9% 9.2 B
5%
Space Technology
$165M
16.5B
9%
Space Flight
And Operation
Space Applications
$312M $364M
31.2B 36.4 B
16% 19%
$402M
ISS 40.2 B
Total : $1.925B $1= 100
21%
(Total : 192.5B)
※ Budget was increased 2.6% from FY2008 (Total 187.5B) 16

ISS
KIBO/Japanese Experiment Module

•KIBO means “hope” in Japanese
•JAXA’s share of Utilization and Operation= 12.8% (in US Segment)
17

ISS
HTV (H-II Transfer Vehicle)
- Unmanned cargo transfer spacecraft that will deliver up to 6 tons of supplies to ISS
- Key space transportation system technology of Japan together with the H-IIB launch
vehicle
- Successfully launched on Sep. 11, 2009 and disposed on Nov.1, 2009

HTV (Proto-flight model)
HTV (Image)
December 25, 2008
18

H-IIB Launch Vehicle
HTV
-JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD (MHI) are jointly
developing H-ⅡB in order to launch HTV and to increase
international competitiveness by providing wider range of
launch capacity.
-H-IIB has 2 liquid rocket engines ( LE-7A) in the first stage
-Its first stage body is expanded from 4m to 5.2m in
diameter from H-IIA

Comparison of H-IIA and H-IIB

H-IIA202 H-IIB

Specifications Length (m) 53 56
Mass (t) 289 551
SRB-A 2 4

Maximum Launch GTO 4.1 8
Capacity (t) Orbit for HTV - 16.5
19

ISS
HTV (H-II Transfer Vehicle)
HTV plays a significant role in ISS operation and utilization

HTV unique capabilities
 HTV transports external equipments indispensable for sustaining ISS system
functions such as attitude control (ISS gyro) and electrical power (batteries);
external experiment payloads; large (standard rack size) internal system
equipments and experiment payloads; water and food for astronauts.

ISS Gyro Batteries Internal Standard Racks

 After rendezvous flight to the ISS, HTV is docked to the
ISS US-side port. The HTV pressurized section is the
area where astronauts work for internal cargo transfer.

HTV launch schedule
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

One launch per year
20

Global Earth Observation System of Systems
(GEOSS)
10 year Implementation Plan

9 Societal Benefit Areas

Disasters Climate Water

Health Agriculture Weather Ecosystems Energy Biodiversity

21

“IBUKI”GOSAT
Greenhouse gases observing satellite（GOSAT）

To monitor the distribution of the density of
carbon dioxide, etc. and contribute to the
activities for the prevention of global
warming. Monitoring at 3-day intervals.
“IBUKI” was successfully launched on
Jan.23, 2009 (JST) and is now carried out
the initial calibration and validation
operations including comparing IBUKI data
and data acquired on the ground, confirming
the data accuracy, and making
compensations based on the data.
Successfully Deployed
The photo taken by FGAN, Germany

Current terrestrial observation points GOSAT’s observation points (standard mode：56,000
(257points) points)

22

GPM
(Global Precipitation Measurement)

-NASA and JAXA are working together to build and launch the GPM Core Satellite
-The core is the central precipitation-measuring observatory of GPM
Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR)
a high-resolution, multi-channel passive microwave (PMW) rain radiometer known as the
GPM Microwave Imager (GMI)
-The Core will also serve as the calibration reference system for a constellation of support
satellites.

23

GCOM
To continue global-scale observations of sea water temperatures and soil water, etc.
for the purpose of elucidating the global climate change and water circulation
mechanisms.
Distribution of sea ice in
Global Change Observation Mission north polar region
(GCOM) The Advanced
Water cycle observation satellite
24 September 2007
（the smallest on record）
（GCOM-W) Microwave Scanning
【scheduled to be launched in the period Radiometer 2
of the 2nd Mid-term Plan】

Precipitation Vapor
amounts
Distribution of
Sea surface Sea ice
sea ice on 22
temperatures
September
Soil water Snow depths 2005

Monitoring of vegetation change
Climate change observation satellite multi-wavelength
Autumn 2005 Autumn 2006
（GCOM-C) optical
radiometer
Vegetation index during
vegetation Land surface growing season is low
temperature
sea surface seawater
temperatures color wheatland

clouds, Crops yields of wheat was reduced low high
by half in 2006 because of dry
aerosol weather.
Vegetation index

24

International Charter - Space and Major Disasters

 to provide a unified system of space data acquisition and
delivery to those affected by natural disasters through
Authorized Users
 to support the provisions of the Charter
 to help to mitigate the effects of disasters on human life and
property

JAXA joined in February 2005

25

Space Science and Space Explorer
Ex)
-Fermi
-HINODE
-SWIFT
-NOZOMI
-ASCA
-ASTRO-H
-KAGUYA
-SUZAKU
-HAYABUSA
-HALCA
-GEOTAIL
26

KAGUYA
- To obtain data and information necessary for elucidating the Moon’s origin
and its evolution as well as for exploring the possibility of utilizing the Moon
in the future.
- To Acquire core technologies relating to the full-scale exploration of the
Moon in the future.
- Launched Sep. 14, 2007, nominal operation during December 21, 2007 –
October 30, 2008, extended operation till early summer, 2009.
- Collaboration with NASA for KAGUYA tracking for critical operation, KAGUYA
data delivery for NASA LRO/LCROSS and future lunar mission planning,
and KAGUYA data promotion and public outreach.
Lunar Explorer 3D image
「KAGUYA」 by Terrain Camera

KAGUYA has 15 missions and observes the Moon from a lunar polar orbit at the altitude
of 100km. 27

HAYABUSA
Demonstration of the technology needed for sample return from asteroid, using electric
propulsion, autonomous navigation, material sampling in small gravity field, and direct re-
entry from interplanetary orbit.

Launch on May 2003
Touch-down and Lift-off from Asteroid on Nov. 2005
Earth return on Jun. 2010

JPL supports telemetry, command, tracking operation, and orbit determination in critical
phases such as launch, earth swing-by, rendezvous with asteroid, and Earth reentry.
Roundtrip between Earth and
Asteroid Explorer Touch-down and Lift-off Asteroid
Hayabusa from Asteroid surface Earth return on June 2010

28

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