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The Hatching of Eleutherodactylus parvus Girard
Author(s): Bertha Lutz
Source: Copeia, Vol. 1944, No. 1 (Apr. 21, 1944), p. 64
Published by: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1438264 .
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64                                   COPEIA                                   1944, No. 1
                                                                                 April 21

     THE HATCHING OF ELEUTHERODACTYLUS                     PARVUS GIRARD.-A clutch
of small Eleutherodactylus  eggs was found by ProfessorAdolphoLutz, J. Venancioand
myself in a low bank of earth on the Tijuca Mountainsat Rio de Janeiro,Nov. 19, 1937.
There were ten eggs, grouped together rather like a mulberry. The eggs were rounded,
enclosed in gelatinous double coats, respectively5 and 4 mm. in diameter. There was
no foam, nor were they by the waterside. Black eye spots, the rounded outline of the
snout, and legs with perfectly formed toes were visible in the well-developedembryo.
These parts of the body were light gray. The forelimbs were less marked and very
translucent. The heart was quite conspicuous. The body was curved round the cream
colored yolk, with the feet pointed towards the chin, the heart under it and the fore-
limbs to the sides of it.
     We took the eggs home and managed to keep them alive. Occasionallythe eggs
were convulsed by the movements of the embryos. Thirteen days later, December 2,
they hatched. When we arrived at the laboratory one of the little frogs was already
out of the egg and was trying to climb up the glass wall of the vivarium which was
filled with damp moss. It easily jumped 10 to 20 cm. The clutch was then observed
with a binocularmicroscopeand a few photographswere taken. In a few minutes an-
other little frog hatched. It first pushed out the egg shell with its hands and feet, then
tore at it with the hands and snout (armed with an egg tooth). A moment later it was
outside and jumped 10 cm. away. Three minuteslater it was leaping about, 30 cm. at a
time. The next one was lying on its back, with the egg yolk and the pulsations of the
heart quite visible. A vigorous thrust pushed its hind limbs out of the shell. Another
extendedthem full length and the froglet tumbled out. It lay on its back for a moment
and then turned over and jumpedoff. At the same time another one was trying to push
its head out of the egg. While lying under the camera it tore the shell with its head
and hands and steppedout. Five others hatchedduringthe day. Shortly before emerging
one was seen with its snout closely applied to the shell. The last was killed and fixed
inside the egg. The egg tooth, which is afterwards  shed, was then visible.
     At the time of hatching the body is quite oval and the digestive tract encloses the
remnantsof the yolk. The body is very translucent. The whole dorsal aspect is covered
with black dots on a metallic brown field. One showed a light mid-dorsalline. Another
had a white canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the eye. Faint cross bars on the
hind limbs could be seen with the aid of the microscope. There was no vestige of a tail.
They were 5 mm. long. During the next days all the little frogs began to show the
characteristic shape and color, includingthe very noticeableblack anal region,of the only
small species of Eleutherodactylus    found near Rio. Professor Lutz and I refer it to
Eleutherodactylus  parvus Girard. The name E. rhodopis has been erroneouslyapplied
to this species.-BERTHA   LUTZ, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janerio, Brazil.

     THE PILOT BLACK SNAKE IN MINNESOTA.-No publishedrecordshave ap-
pearedfor the pilot black snake,Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Say, from Minnesotaalthough
it was known to occur in southwestern  Wisconsinand northeastern   Iowa. On October2,
1942, W. J. Breckenridge,  John Dobie, and ClarenceVelat, collecting for the Depart-
ment of Zoology and the Minnesota Museum of Natural History of the University of
Minnesota,encounteredtwo DOR specimensof this snake in Houston County south of
Reno. One, a female in good condition (MMNH No. 1178), was a little under 5
feet in length (143 cm.). It has the following scutellation: ventrals 234, caudals 66;
scale rows 25-27-23-19, upper labials 8-8, lower labials 11-11; head plates atypical, the
preocularson both sides being almost completely divided, and the lateral extensions
of both prefrontals completely separated from the prefrontalsproper, giving the ap-
pearanceof two loreals. The caudal count is unusually low. As Dr. Reeve Bailey of
Iowa State College reports that only slight indicationsof these variant characteristics
are to be found in his material from northeasternIowa, the specimen is considered
simply as an aberrantindividual. The other DOR specimenwas slightly larger but in
an advanced stage of decompositionand was not preserved. A third specimen,in the
possession of Emil Liers of Homer, Minnesota, was examined and identified; it had
been securedat about the same place in Houston County on September16 and turned
over to Mr. Liers. This specimen later was sent alive to Lew Johnson at Ashland,
Wisconsin.-W.                  Minnesota Museum of Natural History, University of
                J. BRECKENRIDGE,
Minnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota.

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The Hatching of Eleutherodactylus parvus Girard

  • 1. The Hatching of Eleutherodactylus parvus Girard Author(s): Bertha Lutz Source: Copeia, Vol. 1944, No. 1 (Apr. 21, 1944), p. 64 Published by: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1438264 . Accessed: 21/06/2011 16:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=asih. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Copeia. http://www.jstor.org
  • 2. 64 COPEIA 1944, No. 1 April 21 THE HATCHING OF ELEUTHERODACTYLUS PARVUS GIRARD.-A clutch of small Eleutherodactylus eggs was found by ProfessorAdolphoLutz, J. Venancioand myself in a low bank of earth on the Tijuca Mountainsat Rio de Janeiro,Nov. 19, 1937. There were ten eggs, grouped together rather like a mulberry. The eggs were rounded, enclosed in gelatinous double coats, respectively5 and 4 mm. in diameter. There was no foam, nor were they by the waterside. Black eye spots, the rounded outline of the snout, and legs with perfectly formed toes were visible in the well-developedembryo. These parts of the body were light gray. The forelimbs were less marked and very translucent. The heart was quite conspicuous. The body was curved round the cream colored yolk, with the feet pointed towards the chin, the heart under it and the fore- limbs to the sides of it. We took the eggs home and managed to keep them alive. Occasionallythe eggs were convulsed by the movements of the embryos. Thirteen days later, December 2, they hatched. When we arrived at the laboratory one of the little frogs was already out of the egg and was trying to climb up the glass wall of the vivarium which was filled with damp moss. It easily jumped 10 to 20 cm. The clutch was then observed with a binocularmicroscopeand a few photographswere taken. In a few minutes an- other little frog hatched. It first pushed out the egg shell with its hands and feet, then tore at it with the hands and snout (armed with an egg tooth). A moment later it was outside and jumped 10 cm. away. Three minuteslater it was leaping about, 30 cm. at a time. The next one was lying on its back, with the egg yolk and the pulsations of the heart quite visible. A vigorous thrust pushed its hind limbs out of the shell. Another extendedthem full length and the froglet tumbled out. It lay on its back for a moment and then turned over and jumpedoff. At the same time another one was trying to push its head out of the egg. While lying under the camera it tore the shell with its head and hands and steppedout. Five others hatchedduringthe day. Shortly before emerging one was seen with its snout closely applied to the shell. The last was killed and fixed inside the egg. The egg tooth, which is afterwards shed, was then visible. At the time of hatching the body is quite oval and the digestive tract encloses the remnantsof the yolk. The body is very translucent. The whole dorsal aspect is covered with black dots on a metallic brown field. One showed a light mid-dorsalline. Another had a white canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the eye. Faint cross bars on the hind limbs could be seen with the aid of the microscope. There was no vestige of a tail. They were 5 mm. long. During the next days all the little frogs began to show the characteristic shape and color, includingthe very noticeableblack anal region,of the only small species of Eleutherodactylus found near Rio. Professor Lutz and I refer it to Eleutherodactylus parvus Girard. The name E. rhodopis has been erroneouslyapplied to this species.-BERTHA LUTZ, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janerio, Brazil. THE PILOT BLACK SNAKE IN MINNESOTA.-No publishedrecordshave ap- pearedfor the pilot black snake,Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Say, from Minnesotaalthough it was known to occur in southwestern Wisconsinand northeastern Iowa. On October2, 1942, W. J. Breckenridge, John Dobie, and ClarenceVelat, collecting for the Depart- ment of Zoology and the Minnesota Museum of Natural History of the University of Minnesota,encounteredtwo DOR specimensof this snake in Houston County south of Reno. One, a female in good condition (MMNH No. 1178), was a little under 5 feet in length (143 cm.). It has the following scutellation: ventrals 234, caudals 66; scale rows 25-27-23-19, upper labials 8-8, lower labials 11-11; head plates atypical, the preocularson both sides being almost completely divided, and the lateral extensions of both prefrontals completely separated from the prefrontalsproper, giving the ap- pearanceof two loreals. The caudal count is unusually low. As Dr. Reeve Bailey of Iowa State College reports that only slight indicationsof these variant characteristics are to be found in his material from northeasternIowa, the specimen is considered simply as an aberrantindividual. The other DOR specimenwas slightly larger but in an advanced stage of decompositionand was not preserved. A third specimen,in the possession of Emil Liers of Homer, Minnesota, was examined and identified; it had been securedat about the same place in Houston County on September16 and turned over to Mr. Liers. This specimen later was sent alive to Lew Johnson at Ashland, Wisconsin.-W. Minnesota Museum of Natural History, University of J. BRECKENRIDGE, Minnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota.