38. III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë îëîí ãýìòýëòýé áîë I íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãè
I
II
III
IV
V
Áººðíèé äýýä áóë÷èðõàéí ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë
Ǻâõºí õîëòîñëîã á¿òöýíä õàãàðñàí (<2ñì)
Òàðõèëàã á¿òöýíä òàðõñàí (≥2ñì)
>50% - ïàðåíõèì ãýìòñýí
Á¿ðýí öóñã¿éæñýí
Ais-90
1
1
2
2
3
Àíãèëàë 2 òàëûí ãýìòýëä I-ýýð íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãè
I
II
III
IV
V
Õýëáýð
Öóñ õóðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Áººðíèé ñóâãàíöàðûí ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë, òýæýýë àëäààã¿é
<50% - ýðãýí òîéðîí õàãàðñàí
>50% - ýðãýí òîéðîí õàãàðñàí
Õºíäëºí á¿ðýí òàñàð÷ <2ñì ýäèéí øèíæ
àëäàãäñàí
Õºíäëºí á¿ðýí òàñàð÷ >2ñì ýäèéí ÷àíàð
Ais-90
2
2
3
3
3
Îëîí ãýìòýëòýé áîë III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë I íýìýãäýíý.
Äàâñàãíû ãýìòýë
Àíãè
I
II
III
Õýëáýð
Íÿöðàë
Õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
IV
V
õàãàðàõ
Õàãàðàõ
Íÿöðàë, öóñ õóðàõ
Äàâñàã ðóó íýâòýðýýã¿é
Ãÿëòàíãèéí ãàäíà <2ñì
Ãÿëòàíãèéí ãàäíà >2ñì
Ãÿëòàíãèéí äîòîð <2ñì
Ãÿëòàíãèéí äîòîð >2ñì
Áººðíèé ñóâãàíöàð, äàâñàãíû õ¿ç¿¿ ð¿¿
òàðõñàí
Ais-90
2
3
4
4
4
4
III aíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë îëîí øàðõ, ãýìòýë I àíãèàð íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
Õýëáýð
I
Íÿöðàë
II
Ñóíàõ
III
Õýñýã÷ëýí
òàñàðñàí
Øýýñíèé ñ¿âíèé ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Øýýñíèé ñ¿âýýð öóñ áóëòàéõ, óðåòðîãðàôèÿä õýâèéí
Ñ¿â ñóíàæ-óðòñàí óðåòðîãðàôèÿä òîäîòãîã÷
áîäèñ îð÷èíäîî ãàðààã¿é
Ñ¿âíèé ãýìòñýí ò¿âøèíãýýð òîäîòãîã÷ áîäèñ
îð÷èíäîî äàâñãàíä ãàðñàí õàðàãäàíà.
Ais-90
2
2
3
38
39. IV
Á¿ðýí
õàãàðàõ
V
Á¿ðýí
õàãàðàõ
Ãýìòñýí ò¿âøèí òîäîòãîã÷ áîäèñ ãàðñàí,
äàâñàãàíä òîäîòãîã÷ áîäèñ ãàðíà.
Ñ¿âíèé òàñðàëûí çàé <2ñì
Ñ¿âíèé òàñðàëûí çàé ≥2ñì
Õàãàðàë, äàéâàð áóë÷èðõàé, õÿðçàí, ¿òðýý
ð¿¿ òàðõàíà.
3
4
Àíãèëàë III õ¿ðòýë 2 òàëäàà ãýìòýëòýé áîë I àíãèàð íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
Õóøãàíû ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë
Õàãàðàë <25% (äèàìåòð)
Õàãàðàë ≥25% (äèàìåòð)
Òàñàðñàí <50% (äèàìåòð)
Òàñàðñàí ≥50% (äèàìåòð)
Òºìñíèé ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë, ãåìàòîì
Öàãààí á¿ðõýâ÷ òàñðàíà (øèíæ òýìäýã èëðýýã¿é)
Öàãààí á¿ðõýâ÷ òàñàð÷, ïàðåíõèéí >50% ãýìòýíý
Öàãààí á¿ðõýâ÷ èõýýð òàñàð÷ ≤50% - ïàðåíõèì
ãýìòýíý
Òºìñ á¿ðýí òàñàðíà
Ais-90
1
1
2
2
2
Ais-90
1
1
2
2
2
2 òàëäàà ãýìòñýí áîë V àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë I íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
Ýð ãàäíà áýëýã ýðõòíèé ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë áóþó àðüñ òàñðàõ
Êàâåðíîç-õýñýã òàñàð÷ ãýìòýýã¿é
Àðüñ òàñàð÷, øýýñíèé (êîâåðíàÿ) õýñýã <2 ñì
ñ¿â äóòìàãøèæ áýëýãèéí òîëãîéã òàñðàë
äàéðíà
Õàãàñ òàñàð÷ øýýñíèé ñ¿â êîâåðíàç õýñýãò ≥2
ñì äóòìàãøèëòàé
Á¿ðýí òàñðàõ
Óìàéí (æèðýìñýí áèø) ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàõ, öóñ õóðàõ
ªíãºö õàãàðàõ (<1 ñì)
ÿí òàñðàõ (≥1 ñì)
Ais-90
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
Ais-90
2
2
3
39
40. IV
V
Óìàéí àðòåðè õàãàðàõ
Öóñàí õàíãàìæã¿é (òàñðàõ)
3
3
III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë îëîí ãýìòýëä I àíãèàð íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
Óìàéí (æèðýìñýí) ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë, öóñ õóðàõ / èõýñ õîâõîðîîã¿é
ªíãºö ÿçàðñàí (<1 ñì) èõýñèéí <25% õàãàñ
õîâõîðñîí
ÿí ÿçàðñàí (≥1 ñì) 2 äàõü 3 ñàðòàé áîë <25<50% ýõýñ õîâõîðñîí
ÿí ÿçàðñàí (≥1 ñì) 3 äàõü 3 ñàðòàé
Óìàé àðòåðè õàìàðñàí ÿçàðñàí (≥1 ñì)-ýýñ
<50% ýõýñ õîâõîð÷ ã¿í õàãàðñàí
Óìàé õàãàðàõ 2 äàõü 3 ñàð
3 äàõü 3 ñàðòàé
Èõýñ á¿ðýí õîâõîðñîí
Ais-90
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
4-5
III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë îëîí ãýìòýëòýé áîë I àíãè íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
Óìàéí õîîëîéí ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöàðñàí áóþó öóñ õóðàõ
Ýðãýí òîéðîí <50% ÿçðàõ
Ýðãýí òîéðîí ≥50% ÿçðàõ
Õºíäëºí
Ñóäàñ ãýìòýæ, öóñã¿éæèõ
Ais-90
2
2
2
2
2
III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë 2 òàëäàà áîë I àíãè íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
ªíäãºâ÷èéí ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàë áóþó öóñ õóðàõ
ªíãºö ÿçðàõ (ã¿í íü<05 ñì)
ÿí óðàãäàõ (ã¿í íü ≥05 ñì)
Õýñýã÷ëýí õàãàðàõ öóñ õàíãàìæ îðñîí
Á¿ðýí òàñàðñàí
Ais-90
1
2
3
3
3
40
41. III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë 2 òàëäàà ãýìòñýí áîë I àíãè íýìýãäýíý.
Àíãèëàë
I
II
III
IV
V
¯òðýýíèé ãýìòýë
Ãýìòëèéí áàéäàë
Íÿöðàõ áóþó öóñ õóðíà
ªíãºö ÿçðàõ (çºâõºí ñàëñò á¿ðõýâ÷)
ÿí ÿçðàõ áóë÷èíëàã äàâõàðò îðíî
Íèéëìýë õýëáýðýýñ óðàãäàõ óìàéí õ¿ç¿¿, õÿðçàí
ðóó îðñîí
Çýðãýëäýýõ ýðõòýí (àíóñ, ãåñíèò, óìàé, äàâñàã
ðóó îðñîí)
Ais-90
1
1
2
3
3
III àíãèëàë õ¿ðòýë îëîí ãýìòýë àâñàí áîë I çýðýã íýìýãäýíý.
41
42. The Comprehensive Classification
of Fractures of Long Bones
A classification is useful only
if it considers the severity of the bone
lesion and serves as basis for treatment
and for evaluation of the results.
Maurice E. Muller.
The Principle of the Classification
The fundamental principle of this classification is the division of all fractures of a
bone segment into three types and their further subdivision into three groups and
their subgroups, and the arrangement of these in ascending order of severity
according to the morphologic complexities of the fracture, difficulties inherent in
their treatment, and their prognosis.
Which type?... Which group? … Which subgroup?... These three questions, and
the three possible answers to each, are the key to the classification. The three
types labeled A, B and C. Each type divided into three groups. A1, A2, A3; B1,
B2, B3; C1, C2, C3.Thus there are 9 groups. As each group is further subdivided
into 3 subgroups, denoted by a number .1, .2, .3, there are 27 subgroups for
each segment. The subgroups represent the 3 characteristic variations within the
group.
The colours green, orange, and red, as well as the darkening arrows, indicate the
increasing severity. A1 indicates the simplest fracture with the best prognosis
and the C3 most difficult fracture with the worst prognosis. Thus when one has
classified a fracture one has established its severity and obtained a guide to its
best possible treatment.
42
44. The Anatomic Location
This is designated by two numbers, one for the bone and one for its segment.
The Long Bones
Ulna and Radius, and tibia and fibula are each considered as one bone.
Therefore we have four long bones.
1=humerus, 2=radius/ ulna, 3=femur, 4=tibia/ fibula
The Bone Segments
Each long bone has three segments: the proximal, the diaphyseal and the distal
segment (Fig. 2.). The malleolar segment is an exception and is classified as the
fourth segment of the tibia/ fibula (44-).
The segments are designated by numbers: 1=the proximal, 2=the middle, 3=the
distal segment.
The proximal and distal segments of long bones are each defined by a square
whose sides are the same length as the widest part of the epiphysis (exceptions:
31- and 44- ). Before a fracture can be assigned to a segment, one must first
determine its center. In a simple fracture the center is at the level of the broadest
part of the wedge. In a complex fracture the center can only be determined after
reduction. Any fracture associated with a displaced articular component is
classified as an articular fracture. If the fracture is associated only with an
undisplaced fissure reaches the joint, it is classified as metaphyseal or
diaphyseal depending on the location of its center.
44
46. The Fracture Types
Diaphyseal Segment
All fracture of the diaphyseal segment ( see Glossary ) are either “simple” ( type
A ) or “multifragmentary”. Multifragmentary fractures are either “wedge” fractures
(type B) or “complex” fractures ( type C).
Proximal and Distal Segments
In the proximal and distal segments the fractures are either “extra-articular” (type
A) or “articular”. The articular fractures are either “partial articular” (type B) or
“complete articular” (type C).
The 3exceptions are: the proximal humerus ( A=extra-articular unifocal, B=extraarticilar biafocal, and C=articular ), the proximal femur ( A=trochanteric area,
B=neck, C=head ), and the malleolar segment ( A=infrasyndesmotic,
B=transsyndesmotic, and C=suprasyndesmotic ).
The Coding of the Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a fracture is obtained by combining its anatomic location with its
morphological characteristic. The answers to the “Where?” … and “What?”… are
the key to the diagnosis.
An alpha-numeric coding system was chosen to express the diagnosis in order to
facilitate computer storage and retrieval. Two numbers are used to express the
location of the fracture. These are followed by a letter and two numbers which
express the morphological characteristics of the fracture ( Fig. 5).
Example of the coding of a fracture of a diaphyseal segment: 32-B2.1
3
Femur
2diaphysis
B
Wedge
fracture
2
Bending
wedge
.1
Subtrochanteric
Example of the coding of a fracture of a distal segment: 33-C3.2
3
3C
3
.2
Femur
distal
Complete
multiMetaphyseal
articular
fragmentary
multifracture
fragmentary
Fig.4 THe fracture types of the diaphyseal ( A=simple, B=wedge, C=complex )
and of most of the proximal and distal segments ( A=extra-articular, B=partial
articular, C=complete articular ) of long bones.
Fig.5
Alpha-numeric coding of the diagnosis ( =location+morphological
characteristic ).
46
48. Glossary
All fractures are either simple or multifragmentary.
simple: A term used to characterize a single circumferential disruption of a
diaphysis or metaphysis or a single disruption of an articular surface. Simple
fractures of the diaphusis or metaphysic are spiral, oblique or transverse.
Multifragmentary: A term used to characterize any fracture with one or more
completely separated intermediate fragment(s). In the diaphuseal and
metaphyseal segments, it includes wedge and the complex fractures. The term
wedge and complex are used only for diaphyseal or metaphyseal fractures.
-wedge: A fracture with one or more intermediate fragment(s) in which, after
reduction, there is some contact between the main fragment(s). The spiral or
bending wedge maybe intact or fragmented.
-complex: A fracture with one or more intermediate fragment(s) in which, after
reduction, there is no contact between the main proximal nad distal fragments.
The complex fractures are spiral, segmental or irregular. The term comminuted is
imprecise and should not be used.
Impacted: Stable and usually simple fracture of the metaphysis or epiphysis in
which the fragments are driven one into the other.
Specific Terms for the Proximal and Distal Segments
Fractures of the proximal and distal segments are either extra-articular or
articular.
Extra-articular fractures: These do not involve the articular surface, although they
may be intra-capsular. They include apophyseal and metaphyseal fractures.
Articular fractures involve the articular surface. They are subdivided into partial
and complete.
Partial articular fractures: The fractures involve only part of the articular surface,
while the rest of that surface remains attached to the diaphysis.
Varieties of the partial articular fractures:
-pure split: A fracture, resulting from a sharing force, in which the deriction of the
split is usually longitudinal.
-pure depression: An articular fracture in which there is pure depression of the
articular surface without a split. The depression may be central or peripheral.
-split depression: A combination of a split and depression in which the joint
fragments are usually separated.
-multifagmentary depression: A fracture in which part of the joint is depressed
and the fragments are completely separated.
Complete articular fragments: The articular surface is disrupted and completely
separated from the diaphysis. The severity of these fractures depents on whether
its articular and metaphyseal components are simple of multifragmentary.
48
49. 11-Humerus proximal
A1 = Extra-articular unifocal fracture, tuberosily
1. greater tuberosity, not displaced
2. greater tuberosity, displaced
3. with a glenohumeral dislocation
A2 = Extra-articular unifocal fracture, impacted metaphyseal
1. without frontal malalignment
2. with varus malalignment
3. with valgus malalignment
A3= Extra-articular unifocal fracture, non-impacted metaphyseal
1. simple, with angulation
2. simple, with translation
3. multifragmentary
B1 = Extra-articular bifocal fracture, with metaphyseal impaction
1. lateral + greater tuberosity
2. medial + lesser tuberosity
3. posterior + greater tuberosity
B2 = Extra-articular bifocal fracture, without metaphyseal impaction
1. without rotatory displacement of the epiphyseal
2. with rotatory displacement of the epiphyseal fragment
3. multifragmentary metaphyseal + one of the tuberosities
B3 = Extra-articular bifocal fracture, with glenohumeral dislocation
1. <<vertical>> cervical line + greater tuberosity intact + anterior and medial
dislocation
2. <<vertical>> cervical line + greater tuberosity fractured + anterior and
medial dislocation
3. lesser tuberosity fractured + posterior dislocation
C1 = articuler fracture, with slight displacement
1. cephalotubercular, with valgus malalignment
2. cephalotubercular, with varus malalignment
3. anatomical neck
C2 = articuler fracture, impacted with marked displacement
1. cephalotubercular, with valgus malalignment
2. cephalotubercular, with varus malalignment
3. transcephalic and tubercular, with varus malalignment
C3 = articuler fracture, dislocated
1. anatomical neck
2. anatomical neck and tuberosities
3. cephalotubercular fragmentation
49
51. 12- Humerus Diaphysis
A=Simple fracture
A1
Simple fracture, spiral
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
A2
Simple fracture, oblique (≥300)
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
A3
Simple fracture, transverse (<300)
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
B=Wedge fracture
B1
Wedge fracture, spiral wedge
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
B2
Wedge fracture, bending wedge
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
B3
Wedge fracture, fragmented wedge
1. proximal zone
2. middle zone
3. distal zone
C= Complex fracture
C1
Complex fracture, spiral
1. with two intermediate fragments
2. with three intermediate fragments
3. with more intermediate fragments
C2
Complex fracture, segmental
1. with one intermediate segmental fragments
2. with one intermediate segmental and additional wedge
fragment(s)
3. with two intermediate segmental fragments
C3
Complex fracture, irregular
1. with two or three intermediate fragments
2. with limited shattering (<4cm )
3. with extensive shattering (≥4cm)
51
55. 21-Radius/Ulna Proximal
A=Extra-articuler fracture
A1. Extra-articuler fracture, of the ulna, radius intact.
1. avulsion of the triceps insertion from the olecranon
2. metaphyseal simple
3. metaphyseal multifragmentary
A2. Extra-articuler fracture, of the radius, ulna intact
1. avulsion of the bicipital tuberosity of the radius
2. neck simple
3. neck multifragmentary
A3. Extra-articuler fracture, of both bones
1. simple of both bones
2. multifragmentary of one bone and simple of the other
3. multifragmentary of both bones
B=Articular fracture of one bone
B1. Articular fracture, of the ulna, radius intact
1. unifocal
2. bifocal simple
3. bifocal multifragmentary
B2. Articular fracture, of the radius, ulna intact
1. simple
2. multifragmentary without depression
3. multifragmentary with depression
B3. Articular fracture, of the one bone with extra-articular fracture of the
other
1. ulna, articular simple
2. radius, articular simple
3. articular multifragmentary
C= Articular fracture of both bones
C1. Articular fracture, of both bones, simple
1. olecranon and head of radius
2. coronoid process and head of radius
C2. Articular fracture, of both bones, simple and the other
multifragmentary
1. olecranon multifragmentary, radial head simple
2. olecranon simple, radial head multifragmentary
3. coronoid process simple, radial head multifragmentary
C3. Articular fracture, of both bones, multifragmentary
1. three fragments of each bone
2. ulna, more than three fragments
3. radius, more than three fragments
55
57. 22-Radius/Ulna Diaphysis
A=Simple fracture
A1. Simple fracture, of the ulna, radius intact
1. oblique
2. transverse
3. with dislocation of the radial head ( Monteggia )
A2. Simple fracture, of the radius, ulna intact
1. oblique
2. transverse
3. with dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint ( Galeazzi )
A3. Simple fracture, of the both bones
1. radius, proximal bones
2. radius, middle zone
3. radius, distalzone
B=Wedge fracture
B1. Wedge fracture, of the ulna, radius intact
1. intact wedge
2. fragmented wedge
3. with dislocation of the radial head ( Monteggia )
B2. Wedge fracture, of the radius, ulna intact
1. intact wedge
2. fragmented wedge
3. with dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint ( Galeazzi )
B3. Wedge fracture, of the one bone, simple or wedge fracture of the other
1. ulnar wedge and simple fracture of the radius
2. radius wedge and simple fracture of the ulna
3. ulnar and radial wedges
C=Complex facture
C1. Complex facture, of the ulna
1. bifocal, radius intact
2. bifocal, radius fractured
3. irregular
C2. Complex facture, of the radius
1. bifocal, radius intact
2. bifocal, radius fractured
3. irregular
C3. Complex facture, of the bones
1. bifocal, radius intact
2. bifocal, radius fractured
3. irregular
57