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The Middle Ages
1.
The Medieval Period
Ancient Music & the Middle Ages Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-1 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
2.
Ancient Period
Beg of time unknown to 1300 Up until birth of Christ-Ancient Music, 0-1300-Medieval Period Instruments-violin, flute, versions of No known composers, trumpet, oboe mostly passed down Rna-chum-Tibet, orally between made of human skulls generations Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-2 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
3.
Greek & Roman
Civilizations 1st written music found in Greece, 600 B.C. Golden Age of Pericles-value of music in Greek society Plato-considered music essential part of education, influenced moral Listen to This character 1-3 PRENTICE HALL By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
4.
Greek & Roman
Civilizations Greeks developed instruments Zither or Lyre Harp-like Instrument Romans emphasized military music Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-4 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5.
Middle Ages:
476 CE - ~1400 CE Beginning with the fall of the Roman Empire Ending with the beginning of the Renaissance Period Music: reflects sacred and secular functions Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-5 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6.
Middle Ages(450-1450)
Development of monasteries responsible for preserving writings & culture of ancient world Gothic Period-1100 to 1450 Poems of troubadours, legends of King Arthur Dante The Divine Comedy Most secular music lost but did exist outside the Church Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-6 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.
Middle Ages: Overview
Time Period: 476 CE - ~1400 CE 476--Fall of Western Roman Empire 800--Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne 936--Otto I establishes Holy Roman Empire 1066--Normans conquer England 1095--Beginning of first crusade 1215--King John of England signs Magna Carta 1348-1350--Black Death ravages Europe Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-7 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
8.
Christianity
Had no standard musical practice for 1st 3 centuries Borrowed from Judaism, reciting psalms, call & response method Adopted other practices upon expansion through Asia Minor & Europe Symbolism very important to medieval life- age of miracles, mysticism, etc. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-8 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9.
Middle Ages: Music
for Sacred Spaces Churches/Cathedrals = most important sacred structures of the Middle Ages Reflected testimonies toward God and power of Church itself Created spaces in which music could be performed Large with incredible acoustic qualities Built to instruct the faithful (e.g., stained glass windows depicting Biblical scenes) Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-9 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10.
Pope Gregory I
6th Century-codified music of worship services, establishment of liturgy, body of rites prescribed for worship Function = to project the text clearly so that it could be understood by the people. Possessed clarity and melodic beauty; thus it was inspirational. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-10 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
11.
Music of the
Catholic Church The “Ordinary” of the Mass: the part that doesn’t change each day: 5 parts Kyrie Eleison: Lord, Have Mercy (in Greek) Gloria: Glory to God in the Highest (in Latin) Credo: I Believe (in Latin) Sanctus and Benedictus: Holy, Holy, Holy (in Latin) Agneus Dei: Lamb of God (in Latin) Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-11 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
12.
Music of the
Catholic Church The “Proper” of the Mass: changes every day: the main chanted parts (in Latin): Introit: introductory prayer Gradual: often prayer of thanks or intercession (request) Offertory: prayer of offering Communion: prayer of thanks after communion Post-Communion: prayer just before end of Mass Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-12 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
13.
The Liturgical Year
Advent Palm Sunday Nativity/Christmas Maundy Thursday Epiphany Good Friday Candlemass Easter Ash Wednesday Pentecost Lent All Saints/All Souls (Halloween) Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-13 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
14.
Parts of Mass
Were Sung in Chant Liturgical (for worship) Chants: also called plainchant or plainsong: were based on “modes.” Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-14 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
15.
The Church Modes
Unfamiliar scales, not like major & minor Consist of seven different tones, an eighth tone duplicating the first(octave) Different pattern of half-steps & whole-steps Were the basic scales of Western music during the Middle Ages-Renaissance Used in secular & sacred music Many still used in Western folk music Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-15 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
16.
The Church Modes
Setting words to music Syllabic--one note per syllable Melismatic--many notes per syllable Melismas often used to emphasize words Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-16 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
17.
Gregorian Chant
Sung only by monks & priests Text-Latin Features Non-metrical rhythm Monophonic texture Smooth, stepwise contour Composers of chant primarily unknown Modal scales Music passed down almost strictly Reverent mood by oral tradition Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-17 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
18.
Middle Ages: Notation
Earliest chant manuscripts merely showed whether the chant went up or down, not specific pitches. Most manuscripts created by monks in monasteries, by hand. Parchment and ink were expensive. Printing emerged--middle of 15th century. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-18 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
19.
Chapter 1: Hildegard
von Bingen--Play of Virtues A morality play--dramatized allegory of Good vs. Evil struggling over the fate of a single soul Written for dedication of convent church at Rupertsberg Plot centers around disputes between Satan and 16 virtues (e.g., Charity, Obedience, Humility, Chastity, Knowledge of God, Discipline, Compassion, Mercy, Victory, Discretion, Patience, Faith, Hope, Innocence, World Rejection, Heavenly Love). Each virtue = 1 female singer Chorus of all virtues sings same melody monophonically (called unison singing). Music was based on a florid style of liturgical plainchant. Devil was a spoken part (by a male). Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-19 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
20.
Hildegard von Bingen(1098-1179)
The Composer Hildegard von Bingen--most prolific composer before 1500 First woman composer from whom a large number of works survived Powerful abbess, theologian, naturalist, healer, poet, musician Born in what is now western Germany to a noble family. Became a Benedictine nun at age of 16. Used prominent position in Church to improve that of women Experienced visions and revelations that were recorded in books-writer of theology, medicine, botany, and lives of the Saints Musical works consisted of chants for religious services which took place throughout the day in the convent. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-20 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
21.
A Medieval Castle
in Wales--13th Century Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-21 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
22.
Middle Ages: Music
for Entertainment Castles = most important secular structures of the Middle Ages Reflected importance of secular and worldly power for royalty/aristocracy Created opportunities for musical performances Demonstrated power to subjects and each other. Rulers competed for services of best composers, artists, and musicians. Songs for Medieval entertainment sung in language of people. Music for dancing served an important social function. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-22 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
23.
Middle Ages: Secular
Music Not much is known about this non-religious music because little of it was written down. What was written was monophonic, but it is believed it was accompanied by instruments (homophonic). We know it existed because of paintings and illustrated manuscripts from the period. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-23 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
24.
Estampie
13th century dance in triple meter Anonymous composer Clear, fast tempo No instrumentation specified This recording Rebec Pipe Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-24 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
25.
Middle Ages: Secular
Musicians of the Period Minstrels: professional poet-musicians who traveled the countryside Their music was the “news” of the day: gossip, recent events, legends. They were the original “vaudeville” performers. They performed a variety of acts: juggling, magic, acrobatics. They were itinerant and didn’t write their songs down. They were outcasts in society. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-25 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
26.
Middle Ages: Secular
Musicians of the Period Troubadours: about the 12th century, these knights of the Provence of Southern France performed songs about love, the beauty of women, honor, and the Crusades. Trouvères: about the 12th and 13th centuries, noblemen from the courts of Northern France composed songs related to love and chivalry in their own French dialect. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-26 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
27.
Middle Ages: Secular
Musicians of the Period Minnesingers: German knights who composed and sang their own songs about the approach of dawn (“watchers’” songs), and the beauty of nature and of women Meistersingers: c. 14th-16th centuries, middle class performers who built on tradition of Minnesingers Formed guilds (the first musical unions) Developed rules for songwriting Tested composers for knowledge of rules before admitting them to the guild Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-27 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
28.
The Development of
Polyphony The first harmony was organum: singers sang same melody, but at different intervals Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-28 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
29.
The Development of
Polyphony: Organum Polyphony Combination of two melodic lines Appeared sometime between 700 & 900 11th century notation indicates other pitches added to melody Take line of chant, add additional parallel line a fourth or fifth below Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-29 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
30.
The Development of
Polyphony Second line eventually became more independent around 1100, when chant and added melody were no longer restricted to note against note style Development of music related to development of musical notation system Neumes-signs written above words to indicate direction of pitch movements Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-30 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
31.
The School of
Notre Dame Leonin(1169-1201) Composer at Notre Dame Began to give chant longer note values, composed more active line above Perotin(1198-1236) Followed same practice, added 3rd & 4th line First known composer to write music with more than 2 voices Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-31 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
32.
The School of
Notre Dame Name given to these composers & their followers Made use of measured rhythm, with definite time values & defined meter First time in history-notation indicated precise rhythm as well as pitch Sounds hollow because of accepted intervals 8ve, 4th, 5th- consonant, 3rd dissonant but found in secular music Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-32 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
33.
Alleluia vidimus stellam(We
Have Seen His Star) Based on Gregorian alleluia melody, referred to as a cantus firmus(fixed melody) Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-33 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
34.
Guido d’Arezzo(995-1050)
First “music theorist” Made fixed pitch relationships possible Solfege syllables for scale patterns do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do Patricia Gray Website Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-34 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
35.
14th Century Music:
The Ars Nova (New Art) in France Ars nova 1322 Treastise by Philippe de Vitry including acceptance of division of beat Literary works became more about sensuality than virtue Secular music more important than sacred New system of music notation evolved Composers could specify any rhythm pattern Beats divided into 2s as well as 3s Syncopation appears Polyphony not based on chant, drinking songs, etc. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-35 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
36.
Guillaume de Machaut(1304-1377)
Single most important figure in French Ars Nova Priest-studied theology & took holy orders Served as court musician for royal families; King of Bohemia, royal family of France Important church official in Reims Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-36 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
37.
Guillaume de Machaut
Most important works Secular songs Inspired by relationship with Peronne d’Armentieres which ended in disappointment Decline of church reflects works- mainly love songs for one or two voices & instrumental accompaniment Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-37 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
38.
Notre Dame Mass-Agnus
Dei (Mid- 14th Century) First polyphonic treatment of mass ordinary by known composer Written for four voices Some parts probably performed and/or doubled on instruments Performance practice of piece unknown When & why mass was written unknown Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-38 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
39.
Instruments of the
Middle Ages Harps Lutes (like a guitar) Flutes (end blown, called recorders) Shawns (like oboes) Early violins Trumpets and drums Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-39 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Chapter 3: Francesco
Landini--Behold Spring A secular song of love Courtly love in this age Knight declares himself servant of his lady love Heroic deeds done in her honor Love for her ennobles him Poet Giovanni Boccaccio (poem: Decameron) describes how a group of lords and ladies, fleeing the plague, sang this song to divert their minds. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-40 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Francesco Landini
The Composer Most prolific and famous Italian composer of the 14th century Blinded by smallpox as a child Served as organist at a church in Florence Was also a famous poet Music: Balletas--like Behold Spring Virelais--French songs Caccia--hunting songs Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-41 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Chapter 4: Alfonso
el Sabio-- “He Who Gladly Serves” From Songs to the Virgin Mary, no. 249 A collection of more than 400 songs A piece using voice, drums (percussion) and shawms (woodwinds, like the oboe) Shawm = double reed instrument Player blows through a pair of reeds that vibrate; vibrations are magnified by a long wooden tubular instrument. Has a raucous, rough sound Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-42 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Alfonso el Sabio--“He
Who Gladly Serves” Form: The form of this piece is ABA ABA AA Based on 2 relatively short melodic units A and B move similarly, but B moves to a higher register. The whole form (ABA) is repeated twice. The A section is then repeated twice again at the end. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-43 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Alfonso el Sabio--“He
Who Gladly Serves” Texture--three kinds in this piece Monophony--both instruments play same notes together. Homophony--one instrument plays melody while the other plays a single long note underneath (called a drone bass). Heterophony--both instruments play same melody at same time, but one is embellished and more elaborate than the other. Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-44 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Alfonso el Sabio
The Composer Ruled the Kingdom of Castile and León (in modern central and northwestern Spain) during the 13th century. May not be the real composer; probably attributed to him, but really by an anonymous person. Possibly a monk, priest, or nun Could have been a court musician or a traveling musician (called a troubadour, trouvère, or minnesinger). Listen to This PRENTICE HALL 1-45 By Mark Evan Bonds ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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