1. 25.1 The Beginnings of25.1 The Beginnings of
IndustrializationIndustrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts inThe Industrial Revolution starts in
England and soon spreads toEngland and soon spreads to
other countries.other countries.

2. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
 English authorEnglish author
Charles DickensCharles Dickens
(1812-1870)(1812-1870)

3. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
 Original cover ofOriginal cover of TheThe
Posthumous PapersPosthumous Papers
of the Pickwick Clubof the Pickwick Club
(commonly known as(commonly known as
The PickwickThe Pickwick
PapersPapers), the first), the first
novel by Charlesnovel by Charles
Dickens.Dickens.

4. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
 FirstFirst
editionedition
front piecefront piece
ofof AA
ChristmasChristmas
CarolCarol
(1843)(1843)

5.  FrontFront
piece ofpiece of
the firstthe first
edition ofedition of
OliverOliver
TwistTwist
(1838).(1838).
Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion

6. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
 First Edition cover ofFirst Edition cover of
David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield
(1850)(1850)

7. Gads Hill Place: Country Home ofGads Hill Place: Country Home of
Charles DickensCharles Dickens
Dickens family on their
porch at Gads Hill Place

8. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
 New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases—greatly increases
output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods.

Revolution begins in England in the middleRevolution begins in England in the middle
1700s.1700s.

9. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
 The Agricultural Revolution Paves theThe Agricultural Revolution Paves the
WayWay

EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by—large farm fields enclosed by
fences or hedgesfences or hedges

Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land onceWealthy landowners buy, enclose land once
owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers.

Enclosures allowed experimentation with newEnclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methodsagricultural methods

11. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
 Rotating CropsRotating Crops

Crop rotationCrop rotation——
switching crops eachswitching crops each
year to avoid depletingyear to avoid depleting
soilsoil

Livestock breedersLivestock breeders
allow only the best toallow only the best to
breed, improve foodbreed, improve food
supply.supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in
Kansas in June 2001

12. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
 Why the Industrial Revolution Began inWhy the Industrial Revolution Began in
EnglandEngland

IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine—move to machine
production of goodsproduction of goods

Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,
rivers, harborsrivers, harbors

Expanding economy in Britain encouragesExpanding economy in Britain encourages
investmentinvestment

Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—
land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital

13. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization
 Changes in theChanges in the
Textile IndustryTextile Industry

Weavers workWeavers work
faster withfaster with
flying shuttlesflying shuttles
andand spinningspinning
jenniesjennies

Water frameWater frame
uses wateruses water
power to drivepower to drive
spinning wheelsspinning wheels

15. Spinning Jenny

18.  ““Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks upCarding” is a mechanical process that breaks up
locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then alignslocks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns
the individual fibers so that they are more or lessthe individual fibers so that they are more or less
parallel with each other. This enabled them to be moreparallel with each other. This enabled them to be more
easily spun into thread. The old method was done byeasily spun into thread. The old method was done by
hand using these tools.hand using these tools.
cardingcarding
machine-machine-
replaces thereplaces the
hand processhand process
of combing outof combing out
the fibersthe fibers
before theybefore they
can be spuncan be spun
into yarn orinto yarn or
thread.thread.

19. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Power loomPower loom, and, and spinning mulespinning mule (next(next
slide) speed up production, improveslide) speed up production, improve
quality.quality.

21. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Factories—Factories—
buildings thatbuildings that
containcontain
machinery formachinery for
manufacturingmanufacturing

22. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Cotton ginCotton gin
boostsboosts
AmericanAmerican
cottoncotton
productionproduction
to meetto meet
BritishBritish
demanddemand
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving
fromfrom Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This, 1869. This
carving depicts a roller gin, whichcarving depicts a roller gin, which
preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.

23. James Watt
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
 Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine

Need for cheap, convenientNeed for cheap, convenient
power spurs developmentpower spurs development
of steam engineof steam engine

James Watt improvesJames Watt improves
steam engine, financed bysteam engine, financed by
Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton

Boulton—anBoulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur
—organizes, manages,—organizes, manages,
takes business risks.takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton

24. Steam engine
designed by
Boulton & Watt.
Engraving of a
1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

25. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
 Water TransportationWater Transportation

Robert Fulton builds firstRobert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont,steamboat, the Clermont,
in 1807in 1807

England’s water transportEngland’s water transport
improved by system ofimproved by system of
canalscanals

26. Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

27. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
 Road TransportationRoad Transportation

British roads areBritish roads are
improved;improved;
companies operatecompanies operate
them as toll roads.them as toll roads.
These were calledThese were called
“turnpike trusts”.“turnpike trusts”.
The A4 is a
historic major
road in England,
portions of
which are
known as the
Great West
Road and Bath
Road.

28. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

By the early Victorian periodBy the early Victorian period
toll gates were perceived astoll gates were perceived as
an impediment to free trade.an impediment to free trade.
The multitude of small trustsThe multitude of small trusts
were frequently charged withwere frequently charged with
being inefficient in use ofbeing inefficient in use of
resources and potentiallyresources and potentially
suffered from pettysuffered from petty
corruption.corruption.

The railway era speltThe railway era spelt
disaster for most turnpikedisaster for most turnpike
trusts.trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll
House) at Stanton Drew

29. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
 Steam-DrivenSteam-Driven
LocomotivesLocomotives

InIn 1804, Richard1804, Richard
TrevithickTrevithick builds firstbuilds first
steam-drivensteam-driven
locomotivelocomotive

30. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and
illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement,
Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

31. The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is
known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

32. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway
locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

33. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
 Sir Topham HattSir Topham Hatt
(nicknamed “The Fat(nicknamed “The Fat
Controller”) was a famousController”) was a famous
railway administrator onrailway administrator on
the Island of Sodorthe Island of Sodor
located between Englandlocated between England
and the Isle of Mann.and the Isle of Mann.
Called by Thomas (theCalled by Thomas (the
Tank Engine) the fatherTank Engine) the father
of the Sodor Railway!of the Sodor Railway!

35. Attention: The previous two slidesAttention: The previous two slides
were a joke. The Sir Topham Hattwere a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt
and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!
April Fool!April Fool!

36. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

In 1825, GeorgeIn 1825, George
Stephenson buildsStephenson builds
worlds first railroadworlds first railroad
line.line.

He is called theHe is called the
“Father of Railways”.“Father of Railways”.

His rail gauge of 4 feetHis rail gauge of 4 feet
8½ inches (1,4358½ inches (1,435
mm), sometimesmm), sometimes
called "Stephensoncalled "Stephenson
gauge", is the world'sgauge", is the world's
standard gauge.standard gauge.

37. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester Railroad

Entrepreneurs build railroadEntrepreneurs build railroad
from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester

38. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Stephenson’sStephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as theacknowledged as the
best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)

41. A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

42. Rocket
replica

43. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
 Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs

Cheaper transportation boosts manyCheaper transportation boosts many
industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities