DNA Sequencing process.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
BIOINFORMATICS
DNA SEQUENCING PROCESS

2. GROUP MEMBER
SAJIBUL HASSAN
NAHIAN AHMED
TARIQUL ISLAM
MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ
OMAR FARUQ

3. NAHIAN AHMED
ID- 151-15-5137

4. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that
functions include:
->Storage of genetic information
->Expression of the genetic message
DNA’s major function is to code for proteins.
Information is encoded in the order of the
nitrogenous bases.


5. DNA SEQUENCING
 Determining the order of bases in a
section of DNA.
 To analyze gene structure and its
relation to gene expression as well as
protein conformation

6. HISTORY
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first
discovered and isolated by Friedrich
Miescher in 1869
• 1953 structure of DNA established as a
double helix
• 1970 first method of DNA sequencing
involved a location specific primed
extension strategy.

7. • 1977 Frederick sanger published a method for DNA
sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors.
• 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to
late90,s
• 2003 complete human genome project
History

8. SAJIBUL HASSAN
ID-151-15-4986

9.  DNA Sequencing is used for:
• Mapping genomes
• Determining gene structure
• Detecting polymorphism
• Analyzing genetic variation
• Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA
fragments
• Many purposes depending on the
questions one is asking

10. DNA SEQUENCING METHOD
Methods of DNA sequencing :
1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
2.Chain termination method (Sanger method)
Next generation methods:
1.Massively parallel signature sequencing
2.Polony sequencing
3.Pyrosequencing
4.Illumina sequencing
5.Solid sequencing

11. SANGER METHOD
• Most common approach used for DNA
sequencing .
• Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977
• Nobel prize - 1980
• Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy
method

12. TARIQUL ISLAM
ID -151-15-5144

13. STEP - 1
The reaction mixture

14. • It sorts the newly
synthesized DNA strands
by length.
• The reaction mixture is heated
to keep the newly synthesized
strands separated
• Separated strands are loaded
onto a tiny capillary tube
• The tube is not much thicker
than a human hair and is 1 to 3
feet long
STEP - 2

15. 1.The emerged strands
are passed through a
laser beam
2.The beam causes the
dye to glow at a specific
wavelength, or color. This
color is then detected by a
photocell
STEP - 3

16. • Computers read the sequence from the gel
and interpret the colors and print a sequence
of nucleotides across the top.
STEP - 4

17. MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ

18. COMPARISON
Sanger Method Maxam Gilbert Method
Enzymatic Chemical
Requires DNA synthesis Requires DNA
Termination of chain
elongation
Breaks DNA at different
nucleotides
Automation Automation is not available
Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded or single-
stranded DNA

19. MORDEN
APPLICATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING
• Forensics: to help identify
individuals because each individual
has a different genetic sequence
• Medicine: can be used to help
detect the genes which are linked to
various genetic disorders such as
muscular dystrophy.
• Agriculture: The mapping and
sequencing of a genome of
microorganisms has helped to make
them useful for crops and food
plants.

20. OMAR FARUQ
ID-151-15-5444

21. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• The biggest challenge for the life sciences
• 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA)
• Primary goal  Sequence base pairs of human
beings that form DNA
• Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes
• Significance  Physical & functional
•standpoint

22. ADVANTAGES
• Improved diagnosis of disease
• Identify the genes causing genetic diseases
• Identifying crime suspects
DISADVANTAGES
• Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once
• Very slow and time consuming

23. Thank You!!!