SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 29
Baixar para ler offline
Section 3, Chapter 13
The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Location: The thyroid gland is located just inferior to the larynx.

Structure:
• It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus
• Contains several follicles.
Thyroid Gland Follicles
Follicles consists of simple cuboidal epithelium & a colloid
center
Follicular Cells: produce T3 & T4

Coloid: contains Thyroglobulin,
which is a storage form of thyroid
hormones.
Extrafollicular Cells: produce Calcitonin

Follicular Cells take up thyroglobulin by endocytosis, then release
the thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
Thyroid Hormones
Target Cells: T3 & T4 affect many cells throughout the body.
Actions of T3 & T4: Raise Metabolic Rate
• Increase rate of carbohydrate catabolism
• Enhance protein synthesis
• Promotes the breakdown and use of lipids

T3 & T4 are major factors in determining the basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
BMR = calories required to sustain life
Thyroid Hormones
Follicular cells require iodine salts
(iodide) to produce T3 and T4.

T3 & T4 are hydrophobic molecules (insoluble in water)
• Nearly 75% of thyroid hormones are attached to thyroid binding
globulins.
• Only the small amounts of the unbound hormones act on target cells.
Transport of Thyroid Hormones
T4 accounts for 95% of circulating Thyroid Hormone, But…
T3 is physiologically more active.
• T3 is 5 times as potent as T4
• T3 also has a 50-fold higher “free” concentration in the plasma (see figure
below).
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism – insufficient T3 & T4
• During infancy – results in intellectual disability,
stunted growth, abnormal bone formation (cretinism)
• During adulthood – low metabolic weight,
sluggishness, poor appetite, and sensitivity to cold
Infantile
hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism – excess T3 & T4
• Results in high metabolic rate, hyperactivity, weight
loss, sensitivity to heat, and exophthamia (protruding
eyes)
• Grave’s Disease
• Autoimmune Disorder: Antibodies target the
thyroid gland and mimic TSH. Thyroid antibodies
Grave’s disease may
overstimulate thyroid gland, resulting in
cause exophthalmia
Calcitonin
Extrafollicular cells (C-cells) secrete Calcitonin
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium concentrations.
Actions of Calcitonin
• Stimulates Osteoblast activity – increases bone deposition

• Inhibits osteoclast activity – reduces bone resorption
• Promotes the excreting of calcium from the
kidneys

Major Source of Control: elevated blood calcium ion concentrat
Parathyroid Glands
• Location:
4 small parathyroid glands are located
on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
•Hormone: PTH (parathyroid hormone)

One parathyroid gland surrounded by thyroid
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone elevates blood calcium levels.
Actions of PTH:
• Stimulates Osteoclast activity – increases bone resorption
• Inhibits osteoblast activity – reduces bone
deposition
• Promotes calcium reabsorption from the kidneys.
• PTH also promotes the activation of Vitamin D, which
enhances calcium absorption from the small intestine.

Major Source of Control: Inadequate blood calcium ion concent
Figure 13.27 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates bone to release Calcium
(Ca2+) and the kidneys to conserve calcium. It indirectly stimulates the intestine to
absorb calcium. The resulting increase in blood calcium concentration inhibits
secretion of PTH by negative feedback.
Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on the levels of calcium
ions in circulation. Both work together to maintain calcium
Adrenal Glands
Location: The adrenal glands are located on the superior aspect of the
kidneys.
Structure:
• Adrenal glands are pyramid shaped organs that consist of two parts
• Adrenal Medulla = secretions controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers
Adrenal Cortex = Under hormonal control
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Nerve fibers control secretions: Hormones of the adrenal medulla are
under control by the sympathetic division (fight or flight) of the ANS.

Hormones: Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) & Epinephrine (adrenalin)
• Both are classified as catecholamines.

Actions: Effects are similar to sympathetic nerve fibers, but longer lasting.
• Increases heart rate and force of contraction
• Increases blood pressure
• Increases metabolic rate
• Increases blood glucose levels (primarily epinephrine)
• Decreases digestion
Beta Blockers
• Epinephrine & Norepinephrine exert their effects by binding to Beta
(ß) adrenergic receptors in heart and walls of the blood vessels.
• Beta blockers bind to ß-receptors, thus obstructing the binding of catecholamines.
• Hence beta blockers reduce sympathetic influences of the heart and blood vessels.
• Therefore, beta blockers decrease heart rate, contractility, and reduce blood pressure.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
3 Layers of the adrenal cortex secrete over 30 types of steroid hormones.

Hormones
Aldosterone – produced in zona glomerulosa
Cortisol – produced in zona fasciculata
Androgens – produced in zona reticularis
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
1. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
• regulates Na+ and K+ concentrations
• regulates blood pressure
Actions
• Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and to excrete K+
• Aldosterone indirectly raises blood pressure:
Increased Na+ reabsorption increases water reabsorption by osmosis.
Controls of Aldosterone Secretion
• Low blood pressure stimulates aldosterone secretion
(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway)
• Elevated blood K+ concentration promotes aldosterone secretion
• Low Na+ has only a slight effect on aldosterone secretion.
Renin-Angiontensin-Aldosterone System

ACE Inhibitors block
the actions of ACE,
and thus lower blood
pressure.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
2. Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
• Its primary effect is to build up and conserve blood glucose supplies
• Its actions keep blood glucose levels constant between meals.
Actions
• Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
gluconeogenesis = glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates
• Promotes the release and used of fatty acids from adipose for energy.
Using fatty acids for energy allows glucose to be conserved.
• Inhibits protein synthesis: amino acids used in gluconeogenesis
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
3. Androgens
• Supplement the sex hormones secreted from the gonads.
• Androgens may be converted into testosterone and estrogens.
The Pancreas
Structure & Location: The pancreas is located posterior to the stomach,
attached to the duodenum.
The pancreas has both digestive and endocrine functions.
• Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans) = endocrine cells
• Digestion cells
(we’ll discuss these with the digestive system)
Cells of the Pancreatic Islets
3 distinct type of cells secrete 3 hormones:
• Alpha Cells – secrete glucagon
• Beta Cells – secrete insulin
• Delta Cells – secrete somatostatin
Pancreatic hormones regulate
the storage, use, and release of
fuels (glucose).
Pancreatic Hormones
1. Glucagon
Overall Effect: During fasting, when blood glucose levels drop,
glucagon elevates blood glucose levels
Actions of Glucagon:
• Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver (breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
• Glucagon also promotes gluconeogenesis
• Glucagon also stimulates the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
• Glycerol is used in gluconeogenesis
• Fatty Acids are metabolized for energy
Liver
Amino acids glycerol

Gluconeogenesis

glycogen

Glycogenolysis

glucose
glucose

Glucagon secretions elevates blood glucose concentrations.

• Gluconeogenesis converts noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids
and glycerol, into glucose.
• Glycogenolysis breaks down large glycogen molecules into glucose.
Pancreatic Hormones
2. Insulin
Overall Effect: Following a meal, when blood carbohydrate levels
are high, insulin removes excess glucose from the blood.
Actions of Insulin:
• Stimulates glycogenesis in the liver (formation of glycogen from glucose).
• It inhibits gluconeogenesis.
• Insulin promotes glucose uptake in adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and
cardiac muscle.

3. Somatostatin
Overall Effect: Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the
secretion of glucagon and insulin.
Hormonal Control of Glucose

Insulin and glucagon function together to stabilize
blood glucose concentration. Negative feedback
responding to blood glucose concentration controls
the levels of both hormones.
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (juvenile)
• Autoimmune disease – immune system destroys beta cells, resulting in the
loss of insulin production.

• Without insulin, blood glucose cannot be taken up and used for energy.
• Glucose accumulates in the blood and urine = hyperglycemia.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus (adult onset)
• Receptors on target cells wear down and become insensitive to insulin.
• Target cells resist glucose uptake, even in the presence of insulin.

• Insulin levels must be higher than normal just to maintain
normal glucose concentrations.
Other Endocrine Glands
Pineal Gland
• Located posterior to thalamus.
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which
regulates circadian rhythms (sleep/wake cycle)
• Melatonin secretions are greatest in dark. Light
inhibits secretions.

Thymus Gland
• Secretes thymosins
• Promotes development of certain lymphocytes
• Important in role of immunity
Other Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Organs
• Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
• Testes produce testosterone
• Placenta produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropin
Other organs: digestive glands, heart, and kidney

End of Section 3, Chapter 13

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

02. thyroid physiology
02. thyroid physiology02. thyroid physiology
02. thyroid physiologyFahad Zakwan
 
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
 
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The Endocrine Functions Of The PancreasThe Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreasmeducationdotnet
 
Kidneys& Its Function
Kidneys& Its FunctionKidneys& Its Function
Kidneys& Its Functionraj kumar
 
Lecture 1 the endocrine system
Lecture 1 the endocrine systemLecture 1 the endocrine system
Lecture 1 the endocrine systemNada G.Youssef
 
Posterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary glandPosterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary glandrobert robert
 
Hormone introduction
Hormone introductionHormone introduction
Hormone introductionrishi2789
 
Pitutary gland
Pitutary gland Pitutary gland
Pitutary gland cutiepie39
 
The large intestine to the anus
The large intestine to the anusThe large intestine to the anus
The large intestine to the anuslagum014
 
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgens
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgensSource, synthesis and metabolism of androgens
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgensTHILAKAR MANI
 
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Vikas Reddy
 

Mais procurados (20)

Physiology thyroid hormone
Physiology thyroid hormonePhysiology thyroid hormone
Physiology thyroid hormone
 
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal glands
 
02. thyroid physiology
02. thyroid physiology02. thyroid physiology
02. thyroid physiology
 
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)
 
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
 
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The Endocrine Functions Of The PancreasThe Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
 
Kidneys& Its Function
Kidneys& Its FunctionKidneys& Its Function
Kidneys& Its Function
 
Lecture 1 the endocrine system
Lecture 1 the endocrine systemLecture 1 the endocrine system
Lecture 1 the endocrine system
 
Posterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary glandPosterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
 
Female sex Hormones
Female sex HormonesFemale sex Hormones
Female sex Hormones
 
Hormone introduction
Hormone introductionHormone introduction
Hormone introduction
 
Urinary system
Urinary systemUrinary system
Urinary system
 
Pitutary gland
Pitutary gland Pitutary gland
Pitutary gland
 
pitutiary gland.pptx
pitutiary gland.pptxpitutiary gland.pptx
pitutiary gland.pptx
 
Adrenocortical hormones
Adrenocortical hormonesAdrenocortical hormones
Adrenocortical hormones
 
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
 
The large intestine to the anus
The large intestine to the anusThe large intestine to the anus
The large intestine to the anus
 
Biochemistry quiz 3
Biochemistry quiz 3Biochemistry quiz 3
Biochemistry quiz 3
 
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgens
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgensSource, synthesis and metabolism of androgens
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgens
 
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
 

Destaque

Thyroid Hormones Females
Thyroid Hormones FemalesThyroid Hormones Females
Thyroid Hormones FemalesWAlid Salem
 
17. thyroid gland
17. thyroid gland17. thyroid gland
17. thyroid glandNasir Koko
 
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notes
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 NotesWorld History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notes
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notesskorbar7
 
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modifiedMechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modifiedTeal Agency by Joe Bolu Company
 
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs
Thyroid and antithyroid drugsThyroid and antithyroid drugs
Thyroid and antithyroid drugsPravin Prasad
 
Anti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugsAnti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugsmadhursejwal
 
Thyroid & antithyroid drugs
Thyroid & antithyroid drugsThyroid & antithyroid drugs
Thyroid & antithyroid drugsAsif Hussain
 
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhriti
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors   drdhritiThyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors   drdhriti
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhritihttp://neigrihms.gov.in/
 
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Disorders of the Thyroid GlandDisorders of the Thyroid Gland
Disorders of the Thyroid GlandPatrick Carter
 
Anatomy of thyroid gland
Anatomy of thyroid glandAnatomy of thyroid gland
Anatomy of thyroid glandSara Al-Ghanem
 

Destaque (17)

Thyroid Hormones Females
Thyroid Hormones FemalesThyroid Hormones Females
Thyroid Hormones Females
 
Thyroid metabolic hormones
Thyroid metabolic hormonesThyroid metabolic hormones
Thyroid metabolic hormones
 
Thyroid Hormone
Thyroid HormoneThyroid Hormone
Thyroid Hormone
 
17. thyroid gland
17. thyroid gland17. thyroid gland
17. thyroid gland
 
Thyroid gland
Thyroid glandThyroid gland
Thyroid gland
 
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notes
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 NotesWorld History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notes
World History Ch. 15 Section 3 Notes
 
Anti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugsAnti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugs
 
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modifiedMechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
 
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs
Thyroid and antithyroid drugsThyroid and antithyroid drugs
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs
 
Anti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugsAnti thyroid drugs
Anti thyroid drugs
 
Thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormoneThyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
 
Thyroid & antithyroid drugs
Thyroid & antithyroid drugsThyroid & antithyroid drugs
Thyroid & antithyroid drugs
 
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhriti
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors   drdhritiThyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors   drdhriti
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhriti
 
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Disorders of the Thyroid GlandDisorders of the Thyroid Gland
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
 
Thyroid & antithyroid drug
Thyroid & antithyroid drugThyroid & antithyroid drug
Thyroid & antithyroid drug
 
Anatomy of thyroid gland
Anatomy of thyroid glandAnatomy of thyroid gland
Anatomy of thyroid gland
 
Thyroid presentation
Thyroid presentationThyroid presentation
Thyroid presentation
 

Semelhante a Section 3, chapter 13

Pearson's Endocrine System
Pearson's Endocrine SystemPearson's Endocrine System
Pearson's Endocrine SystemAshley Wu
 
Endocrine Physiology.pptx
Endocrine Physiology.pptxEndocrine Physiology.pptx
Endocrine Physiology.pptxFarazaJaved
 
Endocrine system
Endocrine systemEndocrine system
Endocrine systemKirantengse
 
Concepts endocrines system.ppt
Concepts endocrines system.pptConcepts endocrines system.ppt
Concepts endocrines system.pptHubaioos
 
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.ppt
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.pptADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.ppt
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.pptAmosiRichard
 
Hormones 5076 2015
Hormones 5076  2015Hormones 5076  2015
Hormones 5076 2015Jacklyn Kong
 
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenalineA small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenalineRuvarasheMutadza1
 
Endocrine physiology.pptx
Endocrine physiology.pptxEndocrine physiology.pptx
Endocrine physiology.pptxeyobkaseye
 
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical Coordination
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical CoordinationEdexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical Coordination
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical CoordinationChandima Walpita Gamage
 
Homeostasis and hormonal action
Homeostasis and hormonal actionHomeostasis and hormonal action
Homeostasis and hormonal actionDeon Peterkin
 
Lecture 8 endocrine_system
Lecture 8 endocrine_systemLecture 8 endocrine_system
Lecture 8 endocrine_systemjagan _jaggi
 

Semelhante a Section 3, chapter 13 (20)

Adrenal glands
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal glands
 
Pearson's Endocrine System
Pearson's Endocrine SystemPearson's Endocrine System
Pearson's Endocrine System
 
Endocrine Physiology.pptx
Endocrine Physiology.pptxEndocrine Physiology.pptx
Endocrine Physiology.pptx
 
Endocrine system 3
Endocrine system 3Endocrine system 3
Endocrine system 3
 
Endocrine system
Endocrine systemEndocrine system
Endocrine system
 
Pancreas.ppt
Pancreas.pptPancreas.ppt
Pancreas.ppt
 
Concepts endocrines system.ppt
Concepts endocrines system.pptConcepts endocrines system.ppt
Concepts endocrines system.ppt
 
Hormones 2015
Hormones  2015Hormones  2015
Hormones 2015
 
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal glands
 
adrenal cortex
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adrenal cortex
 
adrenals.pptx
adrenals.pptxadrenals.pptx
adrenals.pptx
 
Endocrine System.pptx
Endocrine System.pptxEndocrine System.pptx
Endocrine System.pptx
 
The endocrine system
The endocrine systemThe endocrine system
The endocrine system
 
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.ppt
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.pptADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.ppt
ADRENAL BMLS dec 2009.ppt
 
Hormones 5076 2015
Hormones 5076  2015Hormones 5076  2015
Hormones 5076 2015
 
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenalineA small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
 
Endocrine physiology.pptx
Endocrine physiology.pptxEndocrine physiology.pptx
Endocrine physiology.pptx
 
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical Coordination
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical CoordinationEdexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical Coordination
Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology - Chapter 06 - Chemical Coordination
 
Homeostasis and hormonal action
Homeostasis and hormonal actionHomeostasis and hormonal action
Homeostasis and hormonal action
 
Lecture 8 endocrine_system
Lecture 8 endocrine_systemLecture 8 endocrine_system
Lecture 8 endocrine_system
 

Mais de Michael Walls

section 1, chapter 12: general senses
section 1, chapter 12: general sensessection 1, chapter 12: general senses
section 1, chapter 12: general sensesMichael Walls
 
chapter 19 respiratory system
chapter 19 respiratory systemchapter 19 respiratory system
chapter 19 respiratory systemMichael Walls
 
chapter 21 electrolyte balance
chapter 21 electrolyte balancechapter 21 electrolyte balance
chapter 21 electrolyte balanceMichael Walls
 
chapter 20: urinary system
chapter 20: urinary systemchapter 20: urinary system
chapter 20: urinary systemMichael Walls
 
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteriessection 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteriesMichael Walls
 
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressuresection 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressureMichael Walls
 
section 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
section 4, chapter 15: blood vesselssection 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
section 4, chapter 15: blood vesselsMichael Walls
 
Section 3, chapter 15: ecg
Section 3, chapter 15: ecgSection 3, chapter 15: ecg
Section 3, chapter 15: ecgMichael Walls
 
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heartsection 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heartMichael Walls
 
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heartSection 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heartMichael Walls
 
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestinesSection 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestinesMichael Walls
 
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreasSection 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreasMichael Walls
 

Mais de Michael Walls (20)

A&P Chapter 10
A&P Chapter 10A&P Chapter 10
A&P Chapter 10
 
A&P Chapter 09
A&P Chapter 09A&P Chapter 09
A&P Chapter 09
 
A&P Chapter 08
A&P Chapter 08A&P Chapter 08
A&P Chapter 08
 
A&P Chapter 06
A&P Chapter 06A&P Chapter 06
A&P Chapter 06
 
A&P Chapter 04
A&P Chapter 04A&P Chapter 04
A&P Chapter 04
 
A&P Chapter 03
A&P Chapter 03A&P Chapter 03
A&P Chapter 03
 
A&P Chapter 02
A&P Chapter 02A&P Chapter 02
A&P Chapter 02
 
A&P Chapter 01
A&P Chapter 01A&P Chapter 01
A&P Chapter 01
 
section 1, chapter 12: general senses
section 1, chapter 12: general sensessection 1, chapter 12: general senses
section 1, chapter 12: general senses
 
chapter 19 respiratory system
chapter 19 respiratory systemchapter 19 respiratory system
chapter 19 respiratory system
 
chapter 21 electrolyte balance
chapter 21 electrolyte balancechapter 21 electrolyte balance
chapter 21 electrolyte balance
 
chapter 20: urinary system
chapter 20: urinary systemchapter 20: urinary system
chapter 20: urinary system
 
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteriessection 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
 
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressuresection 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
section 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
 
section 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
section 4, chapter 15: blood vesselssection 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
section 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
 
Section 3, chapter 15: ecg
Section 3, chapter 15: ecgSection 3, chapter 15: ecg
Section 3, chapter 15: ecg
 
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heartsection 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
 
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heartSection 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
 
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestinesSection 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
 
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreasSection 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
 

Último

Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisSujoy Dasgupta
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 

Último (20)

Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 

Section 3, chapter 13

  • 1. Section 3, Chapter 13 The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
  • 2. Thyroid Gland Location: The thyroid gland is located just inferior to the larynx. Structure: • It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus • Contains several follicles.
  • 3. Thyroid Gland Follicles Follicles consists of simple cuboidal epithelium & a colloid center Follicular Cells: produce T3 & T4 Coloid: contains Thyroglobulin, which is a storage form of thyroid hormones. Extrafollicular Cells: produce Calcitonin Follicular Cells take up thyroglobulin by endocytosis, then release the thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
  • 4. Thyroid Hormones Target Cells: T3 & T4 affect many cells throughout the body. Actions of T3 & T4: Raise Metabolic Rate • Increase rate of carbohydrate catabolism • Enhance protein synthesis • Promotes the breakdown and use of lipids T3 & T4 are major factors in determining the basal metabolic rate (BMR) BMR = calories required to sustain life
  • 5. Thyroid Hormones Follicular cells require iodine salts (iodide) to produce T3 and T4. T3 & T4 are hydrophobic molecules (insoluble in water) • Nearly 75% of thyroid hormones are attached to thyroid binding globulins. • Only the small amounts of the unbound hormones act on target cells.
  • 6. Transport of Thyroid Hormones T4 accounts for 95% of circulating Thyroid Hormone, But… T3 is physiologically more active. • T3 is 5 times as potent as T4 • T3 also has a 50-fold higher “free” concentration in the plasma (see figure below).
  • 7. Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism – insufficient T3 & T4 • During infancy – results in intellectual disability, stunted growth, abnormal bone formation (cretinism) • During adulthood – low metabolic weight, sluggishness, poor appetite, and sensitivity to cold Infantile hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism – excess T3 & T4 • Results in high metabolic rate, hyperactivity, weight loss, sensitivity to heat, and exophthamia (protruding eyes) • Grave’s Disease • Autoimmune Disorder: Antibodies target the thyroid gland and mimic TSH. Thyroid antibodies Grave’s disease may overstimulate thyroid gland, resulting in cause exophthalmia
  • 8. Calcitonin Extrafollicular cells (C-cells) secrete Calcitonin Calcitonin lowers blood calcium concentrations. Actions of Calcitonin • Stimulates Osteoblast activity – increases bone deposition • Inhibits osteoclast activity – reduces bone resorption • Promotes the excreting of calcium from the kidneys Major Source of Control: elevated blood calcium ion concentrat
  • 9. Parathyroid Glands • Location: 4 small parathyroid glands are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland •Hormone: PTH (parathyroid hormone) One parathyroid gland surrounded by thyroid
  • 10. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Parathyroid Hormone elevates blood calcium levels. Actions of PTH: • Stimulates Osteoclast activity – increases bone resorption • Inhibits osteoblast activity – reduces bone deposition • Promotes calcium reabsorption from the kidneys. • PTH also promotes the activation of Vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption from the small intestine. Major Source of Control: Inadequate blood calcium ion concent
  • 11. Figure 13.27 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates bone to release Calcium (Ca2+) and the kidneys to conserve calcium. It indirectly stimulates the intestine to absorb calcium. The resulting increase in blood calcium concentration inhibits secretion of PTH by negative feedback.
  • 12. Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on the levels of calcium ions in circulation. Both work together to maintain calcium
  • 13. Adrenal Glands Location: The adrenal glands are located on the superior aspect of the kidneys. Structure: • Adrenal glands are pyramid shaped organs that consist of two parts • Adrenal Medulla = secretions controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers Adrenal Cortex = Under hormonal control
  • 14. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Nerve fibers control secretions: Hormones of the adrenal medulla are under control by the sympathetic division (fight or flight) of the ANS. Hormones: Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) & Epinephrine (adrenalin) • Both are classified as catecholamines. Actions: Effects are similar to sympathetic nerve fibers, but longer lasting. • Increases heart rate and force of contraction • Increases blood pressure • Increases metabolic rate • Increases blood glucose levels (primarily epinephrine) • Decreases digestion
  • 15. Beta Blockers • Epinephrine & Norepinephrine exert their effects by binding to Beta (ß) adrenergic receptors in heart and walls of the blood vessels. • Beta blockers bind to ß-receptors, thus obstructing the binding of catecholamines. • Hence beta blockers reduce sympathetic influences of the heart and blood vessels. • Therefore, beta blockers decrease heart rate, contractility, and reduce blood pressure.
  • 16. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 3 Layers of the adrenal cortex secrete over 30 types of steroid hormones. Hormones Aldosterone – produced in zona glomerulosa Cortisol – produced in zona fasciculata Androgens – produced in zona reticularis
  • 17. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 1. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) • regulates Na+ and K+ concentrations • regulates blood pressure Actions • Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and to excrete K+ • Aldosterone indirectly raises blood pressure: Increased Na+ reabsorption increases water reabsorption by osmosis. Controls of Aldosterone Secretion • Low blood pressure stimulates aldosterone secretion (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway) • Elevated blood K+ concentration promotes aldosterone secretion • Low Na+ has only a slight effect on aldosterone secretion.
  • 18. Renin-Angiontensin-Aldosterone System ACE Inhibitors block the actions of ACE, and thus lower blood pressure.
  • 19. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 2. Cortisol (glucocorticoid) • Its primary effect is to build up and conserve blood glucose supplies • Its actions keep blood glucose levels constant between meals. Actions • Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver gluconeogenesis = glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates • Promotes the release and used of fatty acids from adipose for energy. Using fatty acids for energy allows glucose to be conserved. • Inhibits protein synthesis: amino acids used in gluconeogenesis
  • 20. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 3. Androgens • Supplement the sex hormones secreted from the gonads. • Androgens may be converted into testosterone and estrogens.
  • 21. The Pancreas Structure & Location: The pancreas is located posterior to the stomach, attached to the duodenum. The pancreas has both digestive and endocrine functions. • Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans) = endocrine cells • Digestion cells (we’ll discuss these with the digestive system)
  • 22. Cells of the Pancreatic Islets 3 distinct type of cells secrete 3 hormones: • Alpha Cells – secrete glucagon • Beta Cells – secrete insulin • Delta Cells – secrete somatostatin Pancreatic hormones regulate the storage, use, and release of fuels (glucose).
  • 23. Pancreatic Hormones 1. Glucagon Overall Effect: During fasting, when blood glucose levels drop, glucagon elevates blood glucose levels Actions of Glucagon: • Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) • Glucagon also promotes gluconeogenesis • Glucagon also stimulates the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids. • Glycerol is used in gluconeogenesis • Fatty Acids are metabolized for energy
  • 24. Liver Amino acids glycerol Gluconeogenesis glycogen Glycogenolysis glucose glucose Glucagon secretions elevates blood glucose concentrations. • Gluconeogenesis converts noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, into glucose. • Glycogenolysis breaks down large glycogen molecules into glucose.
  • 25. Pancreatic Hormones 2. Insulin Overall Effect: Following a meal, when blood carbohydrate levels are high, insulin removes excess glucose from the blood. Actions of Insulin: • Stimulates glycogenesis in the liver (formation of glycogen from glucose). • It inhibits gluconeogenesis. • Insulin promotes glucose uptake in adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscle. 3. Somatostatin Overall Effect: Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin.
  • 26. Hormonal Control of Glucose Insulin and glucagon function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration. Negative feedback responding to blood glucose concentration controls the levels of both hormones.
  • 27. Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Mellitus (juvenile) • Autoimmune disease – immune system destroys beta cells, resulting in the loss of insulin production. • Without insulin, blood glucose cannot be taken up and used for energy. • Glucose accumulates in the blood and urine = hyperglycemia. Type II Diabetes Mellitus (adult onset) • Receptors on target cells wear down and become insensitive to insulin. • Target cells resist glucose uptake, even in the presence of insulin. • Insulin levels must be higher than normal just to maintain normal glucose concentrations.
  • 28. Other Endocrine Glands Pineal Gland • Located posterior to thalamus. • The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms (sleep/wake cycle) • Melatonin secretions are greatest in dark. Light inhibits secretions. Thymus Gland • Secretes thymosins • Promotes development of certain lymphocytes • Important in role of immunity
  • 29. Other Endocrine Glands Reproductive Organs • Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone • Testes produce testosterone • Placenta produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropin Other organs: digestive glands, heart, and kidney End of Section 3, Chapter 13