1. Livestock 31 October 2012
Thomas Weaver

2. Presentation structure
1. Baseline
– Species/system selection
– Brief species overviews
– Sector linkages
– Key considerations
1. Impact and vulnerability assessment findings
– Method
– Overview of impact and vulnerability assessments
1. Conclusions
2

3. LIVESTOCK BASELINE
3

4. Structure of the full baseline
1. Species/systems selection
2. Prominent livestock systems
descriptions
3. Wild species/breeds descriptions
4. Species/systems tolerances
5. Impacts of past extreme events
6. Linkages between sectors
7. Priority province profiles
8. Inventory of species/breeds
9. Livestock and wild species and
systems climate change database
4

5. Sources used in construction of the baseline
• Various scientific, socio-economic and development
project papers and reports
• GLiPHA database
• Expert discussions
• Personal experience
Example:
5

6. Species/system selection considerations
Farming systems type approach
Rationale for selection of systems:
Contribution to:
• LMB livestock numbers (total, LU, number of
households raising, stock densities)
• Local/national economies
• Livelihoods and food security
• Global genetic diversity (indigenous breeds; wild
species)
• Current and projected significance in terms of
regional production and consumption 6

7. Bovines, pigs and poultry are ubiquitous basin-wide
Smallholder systems are numerically dominant
Smallholders typically operate diversified,
mixed farming and livelihood systems
Stock density by total area is, broadly, inversely related
to density by area of agricultural land
7

8. Select species/systems
identified and assessed
8

9. Large ruminants (bovins)
• Cattle: smallholder extensive
(cattle ‘keeping’)
– Draught
– Beef
• Buffaloes
• Dairy

10. Cattle Buffalo

11. Pigs (suidae)
• Small commercial (large commercial)
• Smallholder low-input
11

12. Pigs
12

13. Poultry
• Scavenging chicken
• Small commercial chicken
(broiler, layer)
• Field running layer ducks
• Large commercial
13

14. Poultry
14

15. LMB indigenous breeds:
Important genetic resources
Examples:
• Pigs
– Mong Cai, Ban, Moo Chid
• Poultry
– Ri, Ac, Luong Phuong, Thai
fighting cock

16. Example effects of CC on livestock (tolerances)
• Temperature:
> critical point =  intake,  growth
< critical point =  intake,  efficiency
– Animal health risks: pathogen viability/ proliferation, vectors, fomites
– Effects on other livelihood components
• Rainfall:
– Animal health: pathogen viability/proliferation, vectors, fomites
– Effects on other livelihood components
• Extreme events:
– Direct losses
– Indirect impacts: feed availability; disease transmission; markets – access
(input and product), supply and demand
16

17. Wild species
(elements of, and affected by, wider
farming systems)
• Ruminants
– Banteng (Mondul Kiri)
– Gaur
– Saola
– Kouprey (?)
– Eld’s Deer (Mondul Kiri)
• Wild pigs (Sus scrofa)
• Wild poultry

18. Livelihood linkages, examples Fisheries
Positive and negative effects + Feed
(production and
processing waste)
- Run off
+ Feed
+/- Manure
(protein supplements)
+ Waste management
- Disease
(production and processing)
- Destructive grazing/browsing
- Shifting cultivation
Natural - Run off Livestock
Systems/P Systems
rotected
Areas +/- Feed (forages, grazing)
+ Traditional animal health + Manure
measures + Draught
(land preparation, marketing)
+ Pest control
+/- Feed (grain, forages,
crop residues, - Run off
fallow grazing,
Agro-industrial byproducts)
- Mycotoxins
- Mechanisation
Cropping
Systems
18

19. Socio-economic
Crosscutting
Key trends and drivers
Demand

Socio-
Supply
Cultural
? 
19

20. Socio-economic issues, trends and drivers
affecting responses and resilience to climate change
• Livelihoods and food security
• Demographic changes - consumption
• Price signals, price setting power
• Trade
• Commodity prices
• Commercialisation
• Land
• Animal health and extension services, veterinary public
health
• Policy environment 20

21. Domesticated Wild species
If:  Incursion of stock/people into forest and/or wetland
E.g. Climate change forces households’ to:
• Procure feed from wild habitats: grazing, browsing, sourcing forages
• Secure direct livelihood contributions (hunting, sourcing timber/NTFPs)
Then:  Pressure (direct and indirect) on wild flora and fauna
E.g. Destructive grazing/browsing/cut and carry  pressure on vegetation
E.g. Risk of disease transmission:
– To wild species: hemorrhagic septicaemia, foot and mouth disease, etc
– From: influenzas, etc
21

22. Summary of key issues for livestock systems to
consider in the face of climate changes
Feed
Animal
Markets
Health
22

23. IMPACT AND VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT
23

24. CAM methodology
• Province
• Identified priority
species/systems
• Species/system tolerances
• Climate change predictions
such as: E.g: T increase-Mondulkiri
– Temperature
– Precipitation
– Extreme events
• Exposure, sensitivity
and adaptive capacity
24

25. Vulnerability assessment criteria:
Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive capacity
Duration Breed Species/breed
Frequency Housing system Availability of/adaptability to other
feed sources (**)
Severity Feeding system Production system (stress)
Location of stock* Animal health risk (typical Accessibility of animal
vaccination rate, level of biosecurity health/extension services (cost,
employed) quantity, quality, reputation)
Location of relevant assets Value to household (cost of losses, Outbreak responses (surveillance,
(feedstock, housing, etc.)* livelihoods, food security)** compensation etc)
Household wealth status**
*Relate primarily to extreme events, in terms of exposure, but also locality specific impacts of other climate
changes. Requires location specific assessment.
**Location specific assessment required
25

26. Adaptive capacity:
• Adaptive capacity: internal (biological) and
external (e.g. management practices,
accessibility/quality of services, policy
environment). Requires evaluation and weighting in
the given situation.
– Internal is more consistent within and between systems
– External is location and system specific
26

27. Broad findings on adaptive capacity:
Systems Internal adaptive capacity External adaptive capacity
Low market integration High Low
High market integration Low High
Wild species High Very low
27

28. General systems vulnerability to CC assessment
Impact Adaptive capacity Vulnerability
Smallholder Low Low Medium
cattle/buffalo
Dairy/large Very high High High
commercial
Small commercial High Medium High
pig
Smallholder low Low Low Medium
input pig
Small commercial Very high Low Very high
chicken
Scavenging Low Low Medium
chicken
Field running layer Very low Low Low
duck 28

29. Wild species general assessments
Impact Adaptive capacity Vulnerability
Banteng High Very low Very high*
(esp. Mondul Kiri)
Eld’s Deer High Very low Very high*
(esp. Mondul Kiri)
Sus Scrofa Low Very low High
Wild Poultry Medium Very low High
*Assuming greater human and domestic stock incursion into habitats  disease risks, hunting etc
29

30. CONCLUDING STATEMENTS
BASIN LEVEL 30

31. Concluding statements
• LMB livestock systems: 7 prominent, distinct livestock systems
selected and assessed. Wild species considered as linked systems.
• Low-input systems ‘local’ breeds: greater internal resilience to
climate changes but lower external resilience. Systems typically slow
to change, lacking knowledge of, access to and/or sufficient belief in
supporting services.
• (More) commercial systems raising higher performance
exotics/crossbreds exhibiting lower internal adaptive capacity but
typically greater external capacity to adapt to climate changes.
• Wild species in the LMB, an important genetic resource, primarily
threatened by loss of habitat, hunting and the threat of infectious
diseases directly and indirectly related to climate change. 31

32. Fundamental considerations
Directly and indirectly related to, and influenced by,
climate change
• Feeding systems; availability and quality, costs
• Disease risk factors: pathogen viability, proliferation,
risk of transmission; ability and willingness to
change practices
 Increasing demand, access to input and product
markets, level of competition – competitiveness in a
changing natural and economic environment
32

33. THANK YOU