NIGERIA AMONG THE WIND POWERED NATIONS

1. NIGERIA AMONG THE WIND POWERED
NATIONS
A
PAPER PRESENTATION
BY
ADENIJI, AYODEJI
SAMUEL(MNSE,MIEEE,MAFRIWEA)
Email: samueldeji@yahoo.com,
Tel:+2347030709556,+23470588149,
VERGNET WIND ENERGY LIMITED,
LAMBAR RIMI KATSINA
AT THE NIGERIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
EXPO 2012 (NAEE 2012)
VENUE: Cultural Centre Kuto Abeokuta,
Nigeria
29th October – 31st October 2012

2. Introduction
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven
heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's
surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by
the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind
flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines,
can be used to generate electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two
basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm
windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like
the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.
Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Horizontal turbine components include:
blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to
rotational shaft energy;
a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground
support equipment, and interconnection equipment.
Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power
plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical
power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility grid and
distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to
produce electric power. A large wind farm may consist of several
hundred individual wind turbines, and cover an extended area of
hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be
used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also be
located offshore.
Society is currently facing two serious challenges – climate change
and the security of future energy supplies – and it is technology in the
proven form of renewable energy that will play a vital role in meeting
both of these challenges head on.

3. But climate change is not the only driver for investment in renewables.
Last year, RES published a survey of future global energy supplies,
which concluded that the world faces a serious shortfall between
demand and supply for oil and gas that could become evident soon
after 2010, with a 10 percent shortfall by 2020 and an 18 per cent
shortfall by 2030. Eventually this gap will be filled by a mix of
renewables, clean coal and nuclear. However, wind power as a safe,
carbon-neutral, economic and indigenous energy resource, is the best
choice to fill the electricity generation gap left by gas in the short and
medium term.
Nigeria Must not be left behind as Wind energy is one of the fastest
growing technologies in energy generation industry nowadays. The
erratic and epileptic state of power in this country and the concern
about global warming should be a great concern for all and should
drive us into strong demand for wind generation. The main advantages
of electricity generation from wind are the absence of harmful
emissions, very clean and the almost infinite availability of the wind
that is converted into electricity.
Wind Energy Development Environmental Concerns
Wind energy development environmental concerns include, noise,
visual impacts, and avian and bat mortality
Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the
environment compared to fossil fuel power plants, concerns have been
raised over the noise produced by the rotor blades, visual impacts,
and deaths of birds and bats that fly into the rotors (avian/bat
mortality).

4. Noise
Like all mechanical systems, wind turbines produce some noise when
they operate. Most of the turbine noise is masked by the sound of the
wind itself, and the turbines run only when the wind blows. In recent
years, engineers have made design changes to reduce the noise from
wind turbines. Early model turbines are generally noisier than most
new and larger models. As wind turbines have become more efficient,
more of the wind is converted into rotational torque and less into
acoustic noise. Additionally, proper siting and insulating materials can
be used to minimize noise impacts.
Visual Impacts
Because they must generally be sited in exposed places, wind turbines
are often highly visible; however, being visible is not necessarily the
same as beingintrusive. Aesthetic issues are by their nature highly
subjective. Proper sitingdecisions can help to avoid any aesthetic
impacts to the landscape. One strategy being used to partially offset
visual impacts is to site fewer turbines in any one location by
using multiple locations and by using today's larger and more efficient
models of wind turbines.
Avian/Bat Mortality
Bird and bat deaths are one of the most controversial biological issues
related to wind turbines. The deaths of birds and bats at wind farm
sites have raised concerns by fish and wildlife agencies and
conservation groups. On the other hand, several large wind facilities
have operated for years with only minor impacts on these animals.
To try to address this issue, the wind industry and government
agencies have sponsored research into collisions, relevant bird and
bat behavior, mitigation measures, and appropriate study design
protocols. In addition, project developers are required to collect data
through monitoring efforts at existing and proposed wind energy
sites. Careful site selection is needed to minimize fatalities and in

5. some cases additional research may be needed to address bird and
bat impact issues.
While structures such as smokestacks, lighthouses, tall buildings, and
radio and television towers have also been associated with bird and
bat kills, bird and bat mortality is a serious concern for the wind
industry.
Other Concerns
Unlike most other generation technologies, wind turbines do not use
combustion to generate electricity, and hence don't produce air
emissions. The only potentially toxic or hazardous materials are
relatively small amounts of lubricating oils and hydraulic and
insulating fluids. Therefore, contamination of surface or ground water
or soils is highly unlikely. The primary health and safety
considerations are related to blade movement and the presence of
industrial equipment in areas potentially accessible to the public. An
additional concern associated with wind turbines is potential
interference with radar and telecommunication facilities. And like all
electrical generating facilities, wind generators produce electric and
magnetic fields.
Wind Powered Nations and their Motivations
The most overused necessity is electricity. The high demand on power
usage has become a problem to some countries and Nigeria in
Particular. Scarcity of water greatly affects the supply of electricity
that can result to power outage. Since almost everything are being
powered by electricity, an absence of is a great loss of money to most
businesses and a big discomfort to most households.
Non-renewable resources like natural gases, oil and petroleum
became a hit. Many realized that the use of these resources is
beneficial as an alternative way in producing electricity. The only
disadvantage is that, the source is limited which is not an assurance
that you can use it continuously. One good option that they have
thought of using is the energy generated by the wind.

6. The number of countries using wind energy for electricity generation
increased in the first half of 2012 to 86. All wind turbines installed
worldwide have crossed 254 Gigawatt and can generate 430 TWh per
annum, equalling 2,5 % of the global electricity
consumption(WWEA,September 2012).
Using wind as the main source of energy is a win-win situation. Its
source is unlimited, free and most of all, natural. With these
characteristics, many countries have decided to use wind turbines but
here are the countries that are fervent users of wind energy, thus
cradles of wind turbines:
1. United States. US is considered as one of the most successful
and advanced country today. Of course, they use higher voltages
of energy and they were also ranked first in generating energy
through wind turbines. Power coming from these economical
wind turbines is well used in the United States. Other renewable
resources such as petroleum and various gases coming from
fossils fuels results some side effects that are hazardous to
human health. This community considers wind turbine as safe
and effective renewable energy that can provide efficient
electricity. Wind turbines are widely scattered in the US after the
power of wind turbines were discovered. Total Installed Capacity
as at June 2012 is 49,802MW
2. Germany. This country is a pro-green community. More than 10%
of the household are greatly dependent on wind turbines for their
own power supply. With the same status like US, Germany is also
considered as one of the most affluent countries that have
advanced technology. They prefer to use wind energy compared
to the gas that was produced by fossil fuels. They wanted to
maintain the healthy environment on earth by relying to these
wind turbines that are eco-friendly. Their contribution as a
concerned citizen protecting the earth is a good example in

7. influencing people to rely on nature. Installed Capacity as at
June 2012 is 30,016MW
The Wind Fortress: Burg 1 Wind Farm in Germany shows ruling power
Source:WindPowerMonthly.com
3. India. This is also considered as a developing country that has a
huge number of inhabitants. The big population consumes a big
amount of energy in each household. More than 5% of the
population relies on the effectiveness of wind power to be their
tool in creating renewable energy of their own to sustain
electricity. The growth of the percentage varies each year.
Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 17,351MW
Hail the Gods: A Wind Farm in India salutes at the gray dusk
Source: Dynamatics.com

8. 4. France. Their cities are known of their lighting method. They use
other renewable resources such as hydro-power and nuclear
energy as well as wind power in generating electricity. Cities in
France are generating their own power by using wind turbines for
about 1% or more. They discovered the advantage of using wind
turbines since it is safe and free and is not hazardous to the
environment. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 7,182MW
Gracing the Arable Fields: Serene wind turbines in the lovely rolling countryside in France
Source: Spuddey.Wordpress.com
5. United Kingdom. Wind turbines are scattered on their shores that
seem like fences that enfolds the whole area. United Kingdom is
also one of the countries that are actively using wind turbines as
their source of electrical power. Their annual usage of wind
energy is about 1-2%. There are certain areas in UK that provides
good location for a wind turbine to take advantage of the wind’s
full capacity. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 6,840MW

9. The Wind Shepherds: A wind farm in Scotland, UK serves as cradle of herds
Source: UK.Reuters.com
6. Spain. A whopping 11% of this country’s society is inclined in
making use of our natural resources. The benevolent act of
preserving nature concerning the earth is an attitude admirable
for Spain. This mindset opened their consciousness to be
protective to the environment and this is reflected on how active
they are in using the natural energy coming from the wind that is
generated through wind turbines.Installed Capacity as at June
2012 is 22,087MW
Remembering Olympus: Meira Wind Farm in Galicia, Spain prevails in the thick mist
Source: RechargeNews.com
7. China. This country is perceived to be destructing the
environment but China wanted to change this perception by
engaging themselves in using renewable resources that is purely

10. natural like this wind energy. The vast amounts of energy that
are taken out from electric companies are widely distributed to
each household but cannot accommodate all families in an area
because of the country’s big population. This circumstance
motivated China to find an alternative source to supply them
enough electrical energy. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is
67,774MW representing by far the largest windfarm market
adding well over 1,500MW in 2012.
Call of Duty: Wind turbines in Da Bancheng Wind Farm in China gather for full force
Source: TheHindu.com
8. Italy. Another environment friendly country, Italy is an elegant
place and are well-liked by most tourist because of its panoramic
view and beautiful architectures. Even this fine country also
believes in wind turbine in providing excellent energy but is still
environment friendly. Wind turbines are used partly in homes and
even businesses in the said country. Installed Capacity as at
June 2012 is 7,280MW

11. Welcoming the Blues: A wind farm in Italy greeting the bright blue skies
Source: EnergyInsight.info
Denmark. Since the first oil crises in 1973 the main objectives of
Danish energy policy have been:Security of energy supply,
diversification in use of energy sources, environmental and
climate aspects of the use of energy, cost effectiveness of energy
supplies. In order torealize these goals various policies are being
followed. One policy is to develop as wellas utilize new energy
technologies. Another objective is to focus on energy solutions. This
alone proves that Denmark is also environment conscious like the
above mentioned countries. This country is proud of their clean and
peaceful living to where there’s no pollution that can damage the
environment. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 5,511
Empire Next to Bermuda: A huge offshore wind farm in Denmark rules the seas
Source: TreeHugger.com

12. 10. Portugal. Although the country is just small, their contribution in
maintaining a healthy environment is big. Around 11% of the country’s
residents are using wind power. They also believe in the effectiveness
of the natural energy from wind to provide them electricity. Wind
turbines are greatly used in this country.
Behold the Heights: Wind turbines towering the mountain peaks of Portugal
Source:CSRPlus.co.uk
These countries belonged to the top ten spots that actively use wind
energy by wind turbines. As you can see, wind turbines are already
known worldwide as an excellent source of electricity. These
countries have proven the efficiency of the device to provide an
alternative source of energy without spending much and without
compromising the environment and the welfare of the people.
Currently there are ninety seven (97) countries that have an installed
capacity of wind power.
The various countries are listed in Table 1 below:

13. Number of
Capacity (MW)
Country ISO code Continent wind farms
in the database
listed
Albania AL Europe 2 650
Algeria DZ Africa 1 25
Argentina AR South America 15 174
Armenia AM Asia 2 93
Australia AU Oceania 52 3,218
Austria AT Europe 113 1,315
Azerbaijan AZ Asia 3 6
Bangladesh BD Asia 2 2
Belarus BY Europe 3 4
Belgium BE Europe 85 1,391
Brazil BR South America 82 1,814
Bulgaria BG Europe 44 803
Canada CA North America 134 6,288
Cape Verde CV Africa 4 25
Chile CL South America 9 313
China CN Asia 460 47,920
Colombia CO South America 1 20
Costa Rica CR North America 11 281

14. Croatia HR Europe 10 198
Cuba CU North America 3 8
Cyprus CY Asia 6 228
Czech Republic CZ Europe 50 262
Denmark DK Europe 1,435 4,826
Dominican
DO North America 2 94
Republic
Ecuador EC South America 3 24
Egypt EG Africa 8 547
Eritrea ER Africa 1 1
Estonia EE Europe 30 435
Ethiopia ET Africa 2 171
Faroe Islands FO Europe 2 5
Fiji FJ Oceania 1 11
Finland FI Europe 73 232
France FR Europe 676 7,789
Gambia GM Africa 1 1
Germany DE Europe 3,651 33,332
Greece GR Europe 121 1,683
Grenada GD North America 1 1
Guyana GY South America 1 14

15. Honduras HN North America 1 102
Hungary HU Europe 32 543
India IN Asia 411 14,104
Indonesia ID Oceania 1 1
Iran IR Asia 8 146
Ireland IE Europe 132 1,884
Israel IL Asia 1 6
Italy IT Europe 327 8,219
Jamaica JM North America 4 51
Japan JP Asia 207 2,005
Jordan JO Asia 3 2
Kenya KE Africa 2 38
Latvia LV Europe 9 32
Libya LY Africa 1 20
Lithuania LT Europe 51 198
Luxembourg LU Europe 13 45
Macedonia MK Europe 1 1
Mauritania MR Africa 2 35
Mauritius MU Africa 1 2
Mexico MX North America 20 1,583

16. Mongolia MN Asia 8 51
Morocco MA Africa 15 1,352
Mozambique MZ Africa 1 1
Namibia NA Africa 1 1
Netherlands NL Europe 179 2,770
New-Zealand NZ Oceania 17 624
Nicaragua NI North America 4 163
Nigeria NG Africa 1 11
Norway NO Europe 29 900
Pakistan PK Asia 1 6
Panama PA North America 4 406
Peru PE South America 2 1
Philippines PH Oceania 3 59
Poland PL Europe 95 1,867
Portugal PT Europe 252 4,493
Puerto Rico PR North America 1 76
Romania RO Europe 45 2,259
Russia RU Asia 8 15
Saint Kitts and
KN North America 2 303
Nevis
Slovakia SK Europe 3 6

17. South Africa ZA Africa 4 62
South Korea KR Asia 34 578
Spain ES Europe 902 22,808
Sri Lanka LK Asia 5 47
Sweden SE Europe 765 3,161
Switzerland CH Europe 34 46
Taiwan TW Asia 20 509
Tanzania TZ Africa 1 50
Tunisia TN Africa 3 243
Turkey TR Asia 62 2,823
Ukraine UA Europe 13 245
United-Kingdom GB Europe 348 10,540
Uruguay UY South America 7 166
USA US North America 959 57,615
Vanuatu VU Oceania 1 4
Venezuela VE South America 1 101
Vietnam VN Asia 5 92
Table 1: Countries around the world and their Wind Power Installed
capacity

18. Africa Perspective and Initiatives on Wind Power
There are sixteen countries in the continent of Africa know to have an
installed capacity of wind power or an ongoing wind farm project in
the database. Table 2 reflects the status of Windpower installed in
Africa.
African Countries Using Wind Power for
Electricity Generation
Wind Farm
Country Listed Capacity in MW
Algeria 1 25
Capeverde 4 25
Egypt 8 547
Eritrea 1 1
Gambia 2 1
Kenya 2 38
Libya 1 35
mauritania 2 35
Mauritius 1 2
Morocco 15 1,352
Mozambique 1 1
Nambia 1 1
Nigeria 1 11
South africa 1 50
Tanzania 1 50
Tunisia 3 243
Table 2: Status of Wind Power Installed in Africa
Challenges that Must be Addressed in Africa Wind Power Installations
Although wind energy is a clean and renewable source of electric
power, many challenges must be addressed. Wind turbines are
complex machines, with large flexible structures working under
turbulent and unpredictable environmental conditions, and are
connected to a constantly varying electrical grid with changing
voltages, frequency, power flow, and the like. Wind turbines have to
adapt to those variations, so their efficiency and reliability depend

19. heavily on the control strategy applied. As wind energy penetration in
the grid increases, additional challenges are being revealed: response
to grid disturbances, active power control and frequency regulation,
reactive power control and voltage regulation, restoration of grid
services after power outages, and wind prediction.
The Government of South Africa has set up the South African
Renewables Initiative (SARi)to develop a financing arrangement that
would enable a critical mass of renewables to be developed in South
Africa, through a combination of international loans and grants, as
well as domestic funding.
East Africa Case Study
The existing level of dedication has yet to be put into action. The
potential for decentral
solutions with investments by the private sector still has to be fully
exploited.
• Sector reform liberalization of the power sector
oUnbundling
oEstablishment of an independent, sufficiently financed and efficient
regulator
oPossibility to sell power to the grid: standardized Power Purchase
Agreements
(PPAs)
• PSP in renewable energies sector policy
oLong term perspective with binding quantitative objectives
oAdequate fixed PPA tariffs for renewable energies
oAvoidance of thermal power plants (especially diesel plants)
• Finance and subsidies
oGovernment guaranteed schemes for private sector financing
oPilot projects and schemes through national development banks
oFacilitation of use of climate change funding i.e. CDM mechanisms,
support
from national focal point, lobbying on international level for simplified
procedures

20. oExemption from import duties for all kinds of renewable energy and
climate
friendly technologies
oTax exemption for private sector investment in renewable energy
projects
oUse of budget funds for PPP projects
• Use of rural electrification funds for private sector projects
oEstablishment of an explicit and clear policy
oEstablishment of a strong implementation agency
oProvision of adequate funding
oEfficient and clear procedure for the distribution of funds (tendering
or call for
proposals)
• Encouragement of PSP in power sector
oPolicy for funding Private Sector Participation in infrastructure
oPromotion of Public Private Partnership
oLegal framework for PPP
oUse of development partner funds for PSP
oModel PPA for electricity from grid
oAdequate prices for production from renewable energy.
Nigeria: Case Study
The Nigeria Policy documents has identified the following as the
barriers to Renewable Electricity Industry
Barriers to the renewable electricity industry
Specific policy, regulatory, financing and investment, technological,
public awareness, quality and standards, poor resource database and
intermittency of resource availability confront the development of the
market for renewable electricity.
a) Policy and regulatory barriers
The focus of national policy has consistently been on centralized
conventional sources of electric power. Several incentives were
established to promote investments in conventional power generation.
Subsidizing grid power has so far penalized investments in alternative

21. energy solutions. This lack of a level playing field for all energy
sources and technologies has constituted a formidable barrier to the
growth of alternative electricity services.
Until lately, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) was the
only entity legally permitted to produce and distribute electricity.
Under the 2005 Act, independent power producers are permitted to
operate, however, the legal framework for successfully implementing
PPA is still evolving. The perception of significant regulatory risks by
potential investors and financial institutions compound the challenges
faced by potential renewable electricity investors. Moreover,
guaranteed access to the grid is an important element of an
investment decision to embark on grid-connected power projects. At
present, a non-discriminatory open access to the national electricity
grid, for renewable power, is not assured.
b) Financing and Investment barriers
Renewable energy projects have high initial costs. This affects the
overall cost of energy produced per kWh. Investors will not be
favorably disposed to wind, small hydro or power from cogeneration
plants if they will not make profit by selling the electricity. Average
electricity tariff in Nigeria is put at about N6:75 per KW-h
(approximately 5 cents per kWh). Average cost of typical sources of
renewable power for mini hydro is 5-10 cents; solar PV: 20-40 cents;
biomass power: 5-12cents; wind power: 6-10 cents. Without adequate
financial incentives market entry will be difficult.
Renewable electricity projects are not common practice, therefore
bankers perceive a higher degree of risk and are reluctant to lend –
instead they give preference to large-scale conventional electricity
investments. Interest rates are generally high and the appetite for long
term credits are low among financial institutions, especially for non-
business-as-usual projects as small scale renewable power projects.
Nigeria has no significant manufacturing capacity for components of
renewable energy technologies. The existing capacity in solar PV and
small hydro plants is limited. Significant supply chain constraints
include long project implementation periods, high import tariffs, bottle-
necks in the customs clearing of goods and the issue of corruption.

22. c) Technological Barrier
As noted in the 2005 National Renewable Energy Master Plan1
supplies and servicing for renewable electricity projects are not
readily available in Nigeria. Therefore, potential IPPs may face
significant logistical challenges in procuring equipment and
maintenance support for renewable electricity projects.
Beyond the local availability of supplies, there are significant gaps in
the capacity for manufacture and maintenance of system components
such as small hydro and wind turbines. In most cases, the choice and
design of turbines are site-specific. With no local turbine
manufacturers available in Nigeria, this adds to project complexity and
costs. The simple fact that the project will be dependent on
manufactures of the turbines for spares and major maintenance
presents a major technical challenge. To compound these barriers,
these projects are often located in remote areas and therefore face
significant challenges in attracting competent and qualified manpower
for operations.
d) Public awareness
There is limited public awareness of the potentials of renewable
electricity in meeting some of the energy and development challenges
facing the country. The inadequacy of awareness creates a market
distortion which results in higher risk perception for potential
renewable electricity projects. The general perception is that these
forms of energy technologies are not mature and only suited for niche
markets.
e) Standards and quality control
A major constraint to the development of the renewable energy market
in Nigeria is the poorly established standard and quality control of
locally manufactured and imported technologies. Creating quality
assurance is a precondition for building consumer confidence and in
growing the market for renewable energy. Two important dimensions
to issues of quality include the perception of potential users, poorly
developed regime for standards setting, testing and certification as
well as professionalism among operators.
f) Inadequate resource assessment
The growth of the renewable power industry will depend to a large
extent on the availability of a solid resource database. Reliable and

23. up-to-date sources of data will assist investors in making decisions on
renewable electricity.
g) Intermittency of resource availability
An underlying barrier affecting all renewable electricity resources is
the intermittency of their availability. The challenge of energy storage
and system management presents a major challenge and adds to the
complexity and costs of renewable electricity.
The Policy Guideline establishes a framework to addresses the above
barriers. It creates measures that enable market expansion and
private sector participation in renewable electricity business. It
further facilitates grid-connected and off-grid operations as well as
increased role for renewable electricity in rural electrification.
Transmission Issues Associated with Power Evacuation
• Major challenges faced are way leave issues.
– Globally, transmission line projects have always been
resisted by the host communities.
– While elsewhere, resistance is due to fear of electromagnetic
radiation and degradation of property value, in Nigeria resistance is
fuelled by demand for payment of compensation for traversing
ancestral lands.
• The weather has a significant influence on the pace of work. During
the
periods of heavy rainfall, not much work can be accomplished.
• Again, since the transmission projects cut across forests the work is
generally slowed down by the lack of access roads, this is made worse
during the rainy season.
• Bad roads also affect the transportation and handling of heavy
equipment
like transformers. A case in point is an incident where two power
transformers fell and were damaged when being transported to the
site.

24. Wind Power Potentials in Nigeria
1. Data Source Reflecting the Wind Availability in Nigeria
The data employed for the study were monthly mean wind speeds
obtained from the Nigerian meteorologicaldepartment, Oshodi, Lagos
state, Nigeria covering the period from 1987 to 2007. These were
recordedcontinuously using cup-generator anemometer at a height of
10 m. Figs. 1 and 2 gives the 21 years’ monthly andyearly average
distribution of the mean speeds, while Figs. 3 and 4 presents the
monthly and annual range of meanmeasured wind speed profiles
across the period.
Fig1: Plots of 21 years monthly Average Wind Speed

25. Fig 2: Plots of 21 years Annual Wind Speed
Global Steps taken that Encourages Wind Power Utilization
that can be adopted in Nigeria
Several countries have adopted special programs to subsidize and
promote wind energy. Among the most successful ones are the feed-in-
tariff (FiT) programs and the production tax credit (PTC) programs.
The FiT programs have been adopted by more than 60 countries and
states all over the world, including some of the top-producing
countries: Germany, Spain, Canada, and Denmark. They typically
include:
(1) guaranteed grid access for the wind farm,
(2) long-term contracts to sell the electricity produced by the wind
turbines, and
(3) purchase prices for distributed renewable generation that are
substantially higher than the retail price of electricity (and will
gradually be reduced toward grid parity).

26. Career Opportunities
The wind industry is experiencing record growth, and subsequently the
demand for trained labor is increasing at all levels, from high school
graduates to students with advanced degrees.
A broad range of career opportunities already exists for individuals
who wish to work within the wind industry, and the number of
positions and career paths is increasing quickly. Many of these
opportunities are found within the manufacturing industry and will
require trained managers, contractors, engineers, materials
specialists, designers, operators of equipment and systems,
assemblers, technicians, analysts, utility experts, legal professionals,
sales/procurements specialists, and accountants.
Conclusion
It can be summarized that renewable energies have become more and
more competitive, mainly due to the increase of oil prices but also as a
result of technological progress and economies of scale resulting from
growing markets.
Renewable energies have thus become a key element of energy supply
strategies, aiming at diversified investment portfolios that represent
an optimum combination of least cost and risk
mitigation aspects. Furthermore it was stated that the expanded use
of renewable energies isa key element to limit further global warming
and climate change.
Most national energy policies worldwide aim at ensuring an energy
portfolio that supports a cleaner environment and stronger economy
and that strengthens national security by providing a stable, diverse,
domestic energy supply. Clean energy is a global and urgent
imperative. Renewable generation, especially from wind and solar, and
smart grid concepts are critical technologies needed to address global
energy warming and related issues. The key challenge is to reduce the
cost of renewable energies to affordable levels. And Nigeria policy
makers can actualize their mid term target of 40MW wind power by the
end of Year 2020 as part of NV 20:2020 if extra implementation
commitment is placed on the wind power.

27. Scenes from the 10MW Windfarm in Katsina
Scene 1: Turbine Inspection

28. Scene 2: Wind Turbine(Nacelle) Installation on the Tubular tower

29. Scene 3: Installed Turbine

30. Scene 4: Array of Wind turbines(Nacelles)

31. Scene 5: various Scenes displaying the Environmental Comfortability
of a Wind Farm

32. Scene 6: HV Transformers at the Shelter base of each turbine

33. Scene 6: Wind Generated Power Substation
Scene 7: Work on the Transmission Lines from the Substation in
Progress

34. Power System Network
Grid Code requirements are always related to the PCC
Wind Turbine
0.69 /33 kV 33 kV
Generator Converter WTG Trafo Busbar
132/400 kV 400/16 kV
33 kV
Wind Turbine Busbar
0.69 /33 kV 33 kV 33/132 kV 132 kV 132 kV
Generator Converter WTG Trafo Busbar Park Trafo Busbar PCC
Power Station
Wind Turbine
0.69 /33 kV 33 kV
Generator Converter WTG Trafo Busbar 132/50 kV 50/10 kV 10/0.4 kV
HPPP
Consumer

35. References:
1. Wind Power Planning and Public Engagement:Challenges and
Opportunities.www.windpower.org
2. DrMhairiAitken∗ISSTI Briefing Note (Number 8) May 2010
www.issti.ed.ac.uk
3. AWEA (American Wind Energy Association). Wind Energy Basics
[Online], 2007. Available at http://www.awea.org/newsroom/
pdf/Wind_Energy_Basics.pdf.
4. T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, and E. Bossanyi. Wind Energy
Handbook. London: Wiley, 2001.
5. Eduardo F. Camacho, Tariq Samad, Mario Garcia-Sanz, and Ian
Hiskens. Control for Renewables and Smart Grids
6. poul Erick MorthorstRiso DTU Technical University
Denmark.WindEnergy.The Facts Part 3:”The Economics of Wind
Powe”r.

36. 7. Final Report. Invest in Renewable Energies in East Africa. East
Africa Renewable Energy Council. Dr. Fromme International
Consulting(DFIC).
8. Engr. Otis Anyeaji(New Initiatives on Electric Power Transmission
And distribution in Nigeria. 6th Annual German African Energy
Forumn,Hamburg Germany
9. Ajayi O.O.;Fagbenle R.O.;Katende J. “Wind Profile Characteristics
and Econometrics analysis of wind Power Generation of a site in
Sokoto state Nigeria: Energy science and technology.Vol.1, No. 2,2011
PP. 54-66.ISSN 1923- 8479.www.cscanada.org
10. Prof. Dr. IngJurgenSchmid Master Plan fo Renewable Energy Based
Generation in the Gambia. March 2010.
11. Agbetuyi A. Felix, Akinbulire T.O, Abdulkareem A,
AwosopeC.O.A;Wind Energy Potential in Nigeria. International
Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 3 (2012) No. 1, pp. 595-601
ISSN 2078-2365 595
12. Dr Ian Mays, CEO, Renewable Energy Systems Group. Ecology and
technology – how can modern technologies protect the environment?
Published in The Independent, 22 February 2007:
13. The World wind Energy Association(WWEA),2012 Half Year
report.www.wwindea.org
14. Prof. A.S. Sambo,”Renewable Energy Policy and Plans in
Nigeria.Power Kick 2011,Nicon Luxury Hotel Abuja.
15. Abridged Version,Nigeria Vision 20:2020
16. Federal Ministry of Power and Steel,Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Renewable Energy Policy Guidelines.December 2006
17. U.S. Department of Energy;Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy”Wind Energy Programs for
Schools”www.windpoweringamerica.org
18. Wind Power in the Nordic Region; Conditions for Expansion.
October 2011
19. PrebenMaegaard;Danish Renewable Energy Policy
20. America Wind Energy Association(AWEA);The Reality of U.S.
energy Incentives
21. http://windturbinesllc.blogspot.com/2011/02/10-cradles-of-wind-
turbines-resourceful.html

37. 22. www.thewindpower.net - The Wind Power ® - 2005-2012 - all rights
reserved - SIRET: 510 877 194 00017